Table of Content

30 December 1994, Volume 12 Issue S1

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EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN PARASITOSES IN SICHUAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  8-16. 

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From 1987 to 1992, a sampling survey on human parasitoses was carried out in Sichuan by using 5 conventional methods. A total of 97 159 persons (compliance rate of 94.1%) on 196 random sampling spots of 44 counties were examined. Twenty seven species of parasites were revealed during the survey, showing a total infection rate of 82.1% in the population. Of the parasites detected, 9 were new records of the province. The items of computerized data amounted to ca. 10 million. The number of persons probably to contract parasite infections was estimated to be over 80 million. The result exhibited the seriousness of parasitic infections in public health in Sichuan. The epidemiological factors of human parasitoses were concurrently interpreted.

AN INVESTIGATION ON HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN HUNAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  17-21. 

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A total of 63 794 people on 120 pilot spots of 30 counties/cities were included in a survey of human parasites in Hunan, the procedures being in accordance with the nationwide undertaking by using random sampling. The overall infection rate was found to be 76.7% according to fecal examination. Among the 26 species of parasites discovered, the infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm were 67.7% and 22.9%, respectively. Six species of parasites comprising Rhabditis axei, Trichostrongylus orientalis, Echinostoma sp., Endolimax nana, Entamoeba hartmanni and Chilomastix mesnili were the first records in Hunan.

INVESTIGATION ON HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN HAINAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  22-26. 

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This paper reports on the investigation of human parasite infections in 5 districts by random sampling with a coverage of 15 pilot sites in 5 counties/cities. A total of 7 958 people were under fecal examination, showing an overall infection rate of 94.7%. Of the discovered parasite species, 11 were nematodes, 2 taeniae, 9 trematodes and 8 protozoa. Fifteen species including Entamoeba hartmanni were the first records of the province; and Trichuris trichiura (66.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (61.8%), hookworm (60.9%) and Enterobius vermicularis (39.6%) were the species associated with high infection rates. Nationality based analysis showed infection rates in Hans, Lis, Miaos and Huis being 93.8%, 94.6%, 97.1% and 98.4% , respectively. Polyparasitism occurred frequently. A. lumbricoides was generally in moderate intensity of infection, while that of T. trichiura and hookworm, in mild intensity. Parasite infection rates were higher in age groups of 5-9 years and 10-14 years. Trematode infections were analysed on the basis of different localities and populations. Control of parasitic infections in the province with emphasis on several important species was suggested.

INFLUENCE OF SOME FACTORS ON PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITES IN SHANGHAI

1994, 12(S1):  27-30. 

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A survey was made in 110 pilot sites in 10 counties of Shanghai suburbs for studying relationship between human intestinal parasitic infections and environmental and socioeconomic factors. Statistical analysis of data obtained showed that the overall infection rate of intestinal parasites was 45.7%(28 398/62 136). The rate was significantly higher in rural people (53.3%) than in town residents (20.8%)( P 0.001). The infection rate was found to decrease with the increase of farmers ’ income, but to increase concomitantly with the illiteracy proportion. Furthermore, people taking tap water were less frequently infected as compared with those drinking water from wells or rivers. In addition, sanitary environment was important in prevention of parasitic infections. The prevalence of Ascaris and Trichuris infections was higher in regions where grain and cotton were grown, while that of hookworm was higher in vegetable growing areas. Emphasis of health education as well as improvement of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation was suggested as important control measures in regions with inadequate hygienic facilities.

SURVEY OF DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN PARASITES IN GUANGXI ZHUANG AUTONOMOUS REGION

1994, 12(S1):  31-36. 

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From 1987 to 1989, a survey was made on 51 883 residents in 100 sites of 20 counties and cities of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The investigated sites, located respectively in north,south, west, east and central Guangxi, were selected according to different topography and socioeconomic status by stratified cluster sampling. The overall parasitic infection rate was 85.3%. A total of 24 species of parasites were found, including 7 species of nematodes, 2 species of trematodes, 4 species of cestodes and 11 species of protozoa. The most commonly infected parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm and Enterobius vermicularis . Their infection rates were 66.0%, 47.7%, 37.8% and 35.5%,respectively. It is suggested that infections of these four parasites should be listed as major ones in control program of Guangxi. Multiparasitism was very common, 68.5% of the infected persons haboured two or more than two species of parasites. The highest record falls on a person who was infected with 8 species of parasites. The infection rate of children of 5-14 year age group was 89.9%, being the highest among different age groups. The infection rate in females was significantly higher than in males. In the counties with poor cultural , hygienic and economic conditions, the infection rates were generally higher than the well off counties. A suggestion is made that the control practice should be focused on children, women and people living in the underdeveloped areas.

A SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN GUIZHOU PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  37-43. 

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According to the unified scheme for nationwide survey of human parasites, a pilot investigation was carried out in 102 spots randomly selected from 25 counties/cities in Guizhou Province in 1987-1991. A total of 52 938 people were subjected to stool examination. The overall intestinal parasitic infection rate was 81.0%. The detected 21 species and their infection rates were exhibited, i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides 71.1%, Trichuris trichiura 29.1%, hookworm 22.9%, Enterobius vermicularis 4.7% (under 12 years old), Trichostrongylus sp. 0.03%, Trichostrongylus orientalis 0.2%, Strongyloides stercoralis 0.3%, Rhabditis sp. 0.07% , Oesophagostimum s p. 0.07%, Fasciolopsis buski 0.01%, Taenia sp. 0.03%, Hymenolepis diminuta 0.01%, Entamoeba histolytica 2.3%, Entamoeba coli 5.5%, Entamoeba hartmanni 0.5%, Endolimax nana 1.7%, Iodamoeba buetschlii 0.8%, Giardia lamblia 1.5% , Trichomonas hominis 0.004%, Blastocystis hominis 0.08% and Isospora sp.0.002%. A significant correlation between parasitic infections and socioeconomic factors was indicated. Differences in geographical distribution of parasites were also noted. Polyparasitism was very common, while intensity of infection was rather low. The infection rate was higher in minorities than in Hans, and higher in students and farmers than in others. The age group of 10-19 years old was the most vulnerable one. Apparent tendency of family clustering was indicated in parasitic infections of A. lumbricoides, T.trichiura, hookworm, E. coli and G. lamblia. Summing up the preceding species and the parasites recorded in literature, the total number of human parasite species was thus noted as 27 in the province.

HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN SHANDONG PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  44-48. 

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Integrated into the Nationwide Survey of Human Parasite Distribution, an investigation at provincial level was conducted in Shandong, involving 161 pilot sites located in 13 prefectures/cities and 35 counties/districts. The result showed parasitic infections in 48 081 out of 85 417 people experienced fecal examination, the overall infection rate being 62.9%. The detected species of parasites comprised 6 species of nematodes,2 species for each of trematodes and taeniae, and 9 species of protozoa. Hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Taenia solium, Clonorchis sinensis,Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia showed high infection rates and wide distribution in people. The prevalence and distribution trends of different parasitic infections were analysed, which could be taken as basis for formulation of control strategies and measures in the province.

DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN HUBEI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  49-53. 

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The distribution of human parasitic infections in Hubei Province is reported in this paper. Altogether 49 species of parasites were detected including 16 species of nematodes, 11 species of trematodes, 5 species of cestodes and 17 species of protozoa. Among which 13 species were rarely found in Hubei,namely, Dioctophyma renale, Rhabditella axei, Gongylonema pulchrum,Rhabditis sp., Gordius sp. Fasciola hepatica, Echinochasmus perfoliatus, Heterophyes heterophyes, Metagonimus yokogawai,Opisthorchis felineus, Sparganum mansoni, Hymenolepis diminuta and Chilomastix mesnili. The documented important parasitic diseases in Hubei are schistosomiasis, malaria, hookworm disease, trichuriasis, ascariasis and enterobiasis. Children and juveniles are most readily affected. The prevalence of parasitic infections is related to natural and social factors, such as topography, climate, environmental sanitation, as well as age, occupation and habit of inhabitants.

FIRST SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN GANSU PROVICE

1994, 12(S1):  54-57. 

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A survey of human parasites was carried out on 57 pilot spots of 19 counties of Gansu in the years 1987-1990, showing an overall infection rate of 44.8% in a population totalling 28 700 . The 20 discovered species of intestinal parasites were a big sum while adding to the three species, i.e. Echinococcus granulosus, E.multilocularis and Paragonimus westermani, reported previously,accounting for 23 species in total in the province. The parasites and their infection rates were presented as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides 37.5%, Trichuris trichiura 2.1% , hookworm 0.01%, Trichostrongylus sp. 0.003%, Strongyloides stercoralis 0.4%, Enterobius vermicularis 19.2%, Clonorchis sinensis 0.1%, Fasciolopsis buski 0.2%, Fasciola hepatica 0.2%, Dicrocoelium dendriticum 0.007%, Entamoeba histolytica 2.0%, Entamoeba coli 4.1%, Entamoeba hartmanni 0.2%, Endolimax nana 0.9%, Iodamoeba buetschlii 0.6% , Giardia lamblia 1.1%, Balantidium coli 0.1%,Blastocystis hominis 0.2%, Trichomonas hominis 0.003% and Taenia sp. 0.05%. Polyparasitism occurred in 21.1% of the infected people. Among the detected parasites, F. hepatica, F. buski, C.sinensis, D. dendriticum, S. stercoralis, T. hominis and E.hartmanni were the first records in Gansu. Data review indicated a wild distribution of echinococcosis cases in the province(Jiayuguan Prefecture not affected).

AN INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN TIANJIN

1994, 12(S1):  58-60. 

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In compliance with the regulation and methodology stipulated in the Nationwide Survey of Human Parasite Distribution Program,an investigation on human parasite distribution was conducted inTianjin municipality during 1987-1990. As a consequence, 13 species of parasites comprising 6 species of protozoa and 7 species of helminths were disclosed, showing an integral infection rate of 38.6%. The following species were present in the parasite spectrum: Ascaris lumbricoides 28.3%, Trichuris trichiura 6.9%, Enterobius vermicularis 15.3% , hookworm 0.4%, Clonorchis sinensis 0.2%, Entamoeba histolytica 1.7%, Entamoeba coli 2.3%, Entamoeba hartmanni 0.2%, Endolimax nana 0.9%, Iodamoeba buetschlii 0.3% , and Giardia lamblia 1.7%. The infection rate of A. lumbricoides was found to be higher in females than that in males, but sex based differences were not demonstrated for other species except for G. lamblia (higher rate in males).

AN EVALUATION ON SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN HELONGJIANG PROVINGE

1994, 12(S1):  61-64. 

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As part of the Nationwide Survey of Human Parasite Distribution, a rando mized study based on cluster sampling was pursued in 101 pilot sites of 26 counties/cities in Heilongjiang with a coverage of 52 131 people in 1988-1991. Altogether 17 species of parasites involving 10 species of protozoa and 7 species of helminths were exhibited, the cumulative infection rate being 17.5%. The discovered species and the infection rates were noted as: Entamoeba histolytica 0.2%, Entamoeba coli 1.0%, Entamoeba hartmanni 0.02%, Endolimax nana 0.4% , Iodamoeba buetschlii 0.07%,Giardia lamblia 0.3%, Balantidium coli 0.01%, Blastocystis hominis 0.2%, Trichomonas hominis one cases, Coccidia sp. 2 cases, Ascaris lumbricoides 10.3%, Trichuris trichiura 0.6%, Strongyloides stercoralis 0.02%, Clonorchis sinensis 1.2%, Taenia solium 0.1%,Hymenolepis nana 0.03%, Enterobius vermicularis (15 years of age)16.0%. Sex based difference did not occur. High infection rates of A. lumbricoides and E. vermicularis fell on preschool children as well as pupils and middle school students, showing 24.9% for the former species, and 22.3% for the latter. C. sinensis showed its top infection rate of 2.9% in fishermen. Prevalence of the disclosed parasites in population was fundamentally related to socioeconomic status.

DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PARASITES IN INNER MONGOLIA

1994, 12(S1):  65-67. 

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An investigation on human intestinal parasite distribution was conducted in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region during 1989-1991. A total of 30 713 persons (a coverage of 94.3% of the residents) were under coprological examination, revealing a total infection rate of 23.8%. The infection rates for Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli were shown to be 16.6%, 5.2%, 1.8%, and 1.7%, respectively ; whereas those for other species were less than 1.0%. The distribution of intestinal parasites in areas of different landscapes and economic levels as well as sex , age , occupation ,nationality based analyses was presented.

AN OVERVIEW OF HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN XIZANG

1994, 12(S1):  74-77. 

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Being a part of the nationwide practice, a survey of human parasite distribution was undertaken in Xizang Autonomous Region from May 1988 to October 1990, covering 10 315 people residing in 30 pilot sites of 13 counties. The total infection rate in the study population was recorded as 51.6%, showing 24 species of parasites, i.e. 10 species of protozoa, 9 species of nematodes and 5 species of cestodes with infection rates as follows: Entamoeba histolytica 8.1%, Entamoeba coli 13.3%, Entamoeba hartmanni 1.5%, Endolimax nana 3.3% , Iodamoeba buetschlii 8.5%, Giardia lamblia 8.2%, Trichomonas hominis 0.02%, Balantidium coli 0.01%, Blastocystis hominis 0.3%, Sarcocystis sp.12.6% , Ascaris lumbricoides 6.0%, Trichuris trichiura 2.3%, Enterobius vermicularis 11.5%, hookworm 0.3%, Strongyloides stercoralis 0.01%, Trichostrongylus sp. 0.04%, Rhabditida sp.0.03%, Trichinella spiralis 26.8%, Taenia sp. 8.5%, Hymenolepis diminuta 0.1%, Hymenolepis nana 1.5%, Echinococcus sp. 34.9%, Diphyllobothrium sp. 21.4% (the critical situation of human parasitic infections in Xizang is noteworthy). Among the detected parasites, Entamoeba hartmanni, Trichomonas hominis, Blastocystis hominis, Rhabditida sp., Trichostrongylus sp. were the first records in situ . Topography, socioeconomic status as well as customs and habits of local inhabitants were deemed important in the prevalence of parasitic infections.

FIRST SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN SHANXI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  78-81. 

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The first province wide survey of human parasites was pursued in 100 pilot sites of 26 counties/cities/districts with a coverage of 54 506 people in Shanxi Province. A total of 27 species of parasites were detected, the overall infection rate being 41.0%. Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant species with a total infection rate of 25.9%. Children of 5-9 years old were the most vulnerable group with a total infection rate of 59.6%. Occupation based analysis showed maximum infection rate in pupils and middle school students with an infection rate as high as 51.1%. Economics underdeveloped counties and districts showed higher infection rates of 45.8% and 48.7% respectively as compared with the rather developed counties (38.5%) and districts (28.6%). Seven species of parasites harboring in organs other than the intestine were detected from residents of 18 counties/cities/districts.

HUMAN PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN AND JUVENILES IN NINGXIA

1994, 12(S1):  82-84. 

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An investigation on intestinal parasite infections was performed in Ningxia with a coverage of 9 460 children and juveniles. Of the intestinal parasites detected, the infection rates were: Ascaris lumbricoides 30.6%, Enterobius vermicularis 18.3%, Trichuris trichiura 0.4%,hookworm 0.3%, Strongyloides stercoralis 0.05%, Taenia sp. 0.01%, Hymenolepis nana 0.01%, Hymenolepis diminuta 0.02%, Trichinella spiralis 1.9%, Giardia lamblia 3.3% , Entamoeba histolytica 0.06%, Entamoeba hartmanni 0.3%, Entamoeba buetschlii 0.5% , Endolimax nana 0.7%, Blantocystis hominis 0.06% and Balantidium coli 0.02%. Polyparasitism occurred in 7.4% of the infected cases. Very significant differences in infection rates of A. lumbricoides and G. lamblia were revealed in children and juveniles between rural and urban areas.

DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL OF ZOONOTIC PARASITOSES IN QINGHAI PLATEAU

1994, 12(S1):  85-88. 

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Integration of pilot study with data review was implemented to display the present situation of prevalence and control of zoonotic parasitoses in Qinghai. The result revealed extensive distribution of hydatidosis, taeniasis, cysticercosis, sarcocystosis, trichinosis and toxoplasmosis. The detrimental effects of the prevalence of these zoonoses should prompt critical concern in formulating effective and feasible control strategies, and the data presented herewith will be of help.

A SURVEY OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PROTOZOA IN YUNNAN

1994, 12(S1):  89-92. 

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During 1987 to 1989, a survey of human intestinal protozoa was carried out in Yunnan Province. Altogether 103 pilot sites of 28 counties were selected via stratified and clustered random sampling. Iodine direct smear method was applied for fecal examination of 53 061 residents. A total of 10 species of intestinal protozoa were identified from 103 sites, the major pathogenic intestinal protozoa and infection rates were as follows: Entamoeba histolyica 2.5% , Giardia lamblia 2.5%, Blastocystis hominis 7.0%, Entamoeba coli 6.2%; Entamoeba hartmanni 2.1%, Endolimax nana 5.2%, Iodamoeba buetschlii 1.7%, Cryptosporidium sp. 2.3%. Multiple infection frequently occurred with 4 species as the maximum.

INVESTIGATION ON PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN PEOPLE OF JIANGSU PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  93-96. 

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A province wide survey of parasitic infections in humans was pursued in 120 pilot sites of 32 counties/cities in Jiangsu Province in accordance with the implementation details of the 〈Nationwide Survey of Human Parasite Distribution〉. An overall infection rate of 63.5% was revealed in 63 699 people under examination. A total of 9 species of protozoa and 13 species of helminths were detected. And polyparasitism was not infrequent. The infection rates of different parasites were found as follows: Entamoeba histolytica 0.9%, Entamoeba coli 2.7%, Entamoeba hartmanni 2.2%, Endolimax nana 0.5% , Iodamoeba buetschlii 0.2% , Giardia lamblia 2.4%, Balantidium coli one case, Chilomastix mesnili 0.01%, Blastocystis hominis 2 cases, Ascaris lumbricoides 32.5%, Trichuris trichiura 27.3%, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus 21.8%, Enterobius vermicularis 23.1%, Trichostrongylus orientalis 0.01%, Ternidens deminutus 2 cases, Strongyloides stercoralis 2 cases , Trichostrongylus axei 2 cases, Clonorchis sinensis 0.5%, Fasciolopsis buski 0.4%, Taenia sp. 2 cases and Hymenolepis nana 0.04%. Obviously,the prevalence of human parasitic infections in Jiangsu is noteworthy. The infection rates of A. lumbricoides, hookworm, T. trichiura and E. histolytica were higher in females; and that of G. lamblia, higher in children; suggesting the necessity of treating target populations for different parasitoses.

ON HUMAN INTESTINAL PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS IN QINGHAI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  97-99. 

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Stool specimens of 16 079 persons from 32 spots were examined by iodine staining method during 1988-1990. Among the people examined, 2 963 were positive, the overall infection rate being 18.4%. Nine species of protozoa were detected during the survey,namely: Entamoeba histolytica (0.5%), Entamoeba coli (7.2%), Iodamoeba buetschlii (0.7%), Entamoeba nana (3.8%), Entamoeba hartmanni (0.3%), Giardia lamblia (4.6%), Blastocystis hominis (2.6%), Trichomonas hominis (1.1%), Balantidium coli (0.01%). No significant difference was found between males (18.4%) and females (18.5%) ( P 0.05) . Nationality based infection rates were noted as 13.3% in Hans, and 14.4% in Tu, 22.1% in Zang, 23.7% in Hui, 27.7% in Menggu, and 53% in Sala minorities.

THE INCIDENCE OF INTESTINAL PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS IN GUANGXI

1994, 12(S1):  100-102. 

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Fecal examination using direct smear and iodine staining was carried out in 51 883 subjects in twenty counties of Guangxi in 1987-1989. Altogether 771 subjects were found to harbor the cysts of Entamoeba histolytica , the average infection rate being 1.5%. The highest infection rate (2.0%) was at the age group of 30 to 39. A total of 1 641 subjects were found parasitized by the cysts of Giardia lamblia , the average infection rate being 3.2%. The infection rate was significantly higher in males (3.5%) than in females (2.9%) ( P 0.01). The highest infection rate (5.9%) was at the age group of 5-9. Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba buetschlii,Entamoeba hartmanni, Trichomonas hominis and Balantidium coli were also detected in the survey. Water pollution is the essential cause of prevalence of protozoan infections; evidently, environmental sanitation should be stressed in control practice.

AN INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PROTOZOA IN HENAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  103-105. 

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A province wide investigation on human intestinal protozoa was undertaken in 164 sites of 39 counties/cities in Henan. By using Logol's solution as stain for direct fecal smears, 17 482 (20.4%) out of 85 553 people were detected to harbor protozoa. Altogether 11 species of protozoa were discovered, among which, Giardia lamblia showed the highest infection rate (7.1%), while others revealed infection rates ranging from 0.001% ( Balantidium coli ) to 5.6% ( Endolimax nana ). Age , sex , occupation and nationality based associations with protozoan infections were analysed to see their possible relationships. The investigation actually founded a base for working out control strategies aiming at protozoan infections in the province.

HUMAN INTESTINAL PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS IN INNER MONGOLIA

1994, 12(S1):  106-108. 

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In accordance with the standardized procedures set up in the nationwide survey, fecal examination was pursued in 60 pilot sites of 21 counties in Inner Mongolia. Of the 30 713 persons subjected to the study, 1 301 (4.2%) were revealed to have protozoan infections. Six species of protozoa were detected with infection rate shown in parenthesis, i.e., Entamoeba histolytica (1.8%), Entamoeba coli (1.7%), Giardia lamblia (0.2%), Iodamoeba buetschlii (0.2%), Endolimax nana (0.2%), Entamoeba hartmanni (0.04%). Illustration was made on the landscape and population based distribution of the former three species. The situation of prevalence presented in the study might arouse critical awareness of health institutions concerned.

INTESTINAL PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS IN ZHEJIANG PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  109-112. 

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A survey of intestinal protozoa was made in 106 pilot sites of 28 counties in Zhejiang; a total of 55 291 residents were subject to stool examination. The detected intestinal protozoa included Entamoeba histolytica (1.5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (4.1%), Entamoeba coli (2.9%), Endolimax nana (5.9%), Iodamoeba buetschlii (0.5%), Giardia lamblia (3.8%), Blastocystis hominis (0.8%), Retortamonas intestinalis (0.07%), Chilomastix mesnili (0.007%), Balantidium coli (0.007%) and Isospora sp. (0.004%). Population , locality , and occupation based distribution of protozoan infections were analysed specially for E. histolytica, G. lamblia and Blastocystis hominis . The situation that G. lamblia infection mostly occurred in children below 15 years of age was noted, the infection rate being 6.8%. Significant difference in infection rate existed between places of low income and those of high income.

A SURVEY OF HUMAN INTESTINAL HELMINTHS IN INNER MONGOLIA

1994, 12(S1):  116-118. 

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In 1989-1991 a survey of intestinal helminthic infections was undertaken in 60 pilot sites of 21 counties in Inner Mongolia, involving a total of 30 713 inhabitants. The survey disclosed 5 species of nematode and one species of cestode, i.e., Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale, and unidentified tapeworm; the infection rates being 16.6%, 5.2%, 0.2%, 0.07%, and 0.2%, respectively. A. duodenale was the first record in the Region. Analysis on various factors which might exert impact on the prevalence of intestinal parasitoses indicated occurrence of higher infection rates in warm pastures and economic developing areas, as well as in children, females, and some minorities.

EFFICACY OF ALBENDAZOLE MEDICATED SALT ON TREATMENT OF INTESTINAL HELMINTHIC INFECTIONS

1994, 12(S1):  122-124. 

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To search for an effective anthelmintic for mass treatment of Clonorchis sinensis, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura infections, a program was conducted to eva luate the effect of albendazole medicated salt during 1992-1993 in Lianping County, Guangdong. The medicated salt contained 1% albendazole. A total dose of albendazole 5 g in 500 g of medicated salt was administered in a period of 30 d. The egg negative conversion rate in 45 inhabitants infected with C. sinensis was found to be 91.1% a month after cessation of the medication; while the rates for persons infected with A. lumbricoides (78), hookworm (29) and T. trichiura (49) were 100%, 96.7% and 98.0%, respectively, upon using 2.5 g and assessed 2 wk post completion of the course of 15 d. The side effects of the medicated salt were mild and self limited, neither were there any changes in blood picture, urinalysis, liver function, ECG, or in ultrasonography.

DISTRIBUTION OF PARAGONIMUS AND PARAGONIMIASIS IN JIANGXI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  125-129. 

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This paper reports the sampling survey of Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in 16 counties/cities as well as data review comprising 32 counties/cities. The results suggested the occurrence of natural nidus and/or infection of residents in 48 counties/cities and districts. Intradermal (ID) test in 2 800 persons from 16 counties/cities and districts showed a positive rate of 9.0%, the majority revealing weak reaction. Of the 242 positively reacted indivi duals, 169 were also positive for ELISA (coincidence rate 69.8%). Crab consuming habit was common in people of the study counties/cities, especially in juveniles. Most of the ID test and/or ELISA positive individuals were asymptomatic. A total of 1 312 crabs caught from 16 counties/cities were dissected, consequently, 341 (26%) were found to harbour metacerca riae. Potamon fukienensis was the major second intermediate host, and Paragonimus westermani being the predominant pathogen.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CLONORCHIS SINENSIS IN HUNAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  130-131. 

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This paper presents the result of epidemiological survey of Clonorchis sinensis infection in Hunan during 1971-1990. The data collected from 9 out of 20 endemic counties/cities were under study. An overall infection rate of 7.5% (ranged from 2.1% to 85.2%) was showed in 40 509 people experienced stool examination. Age related analysis indicated significant higher infection rate of 19.8% in elder group 15 years old than that of 3.5% in children 15 years old (χ 2=114.2525, P 0.01). The infection rate in males (12.9%) was significantly higher than that in females (8.8%). Parafossarulus striatulus was the major first intermediate host, while Pseudorasbora parva and Rhodeus sinensis being the main second intermediate host. An investigation on the second intermediate host in 8 counties revealed a mean infection rate as high as 54.4% in P. parva. People got the infection mostly through taking fish baked by fire, whereas raw and half done fish was also consumed in some localities. Clinical manifestations of infected persons included dyspepsia, diarrhea, and hepatomegaly. Dog and rat were found to be important reservoirs in some counties.

A SURVEY OF HUMAN TAPEWORM INFECTIONS IN YUNNAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  132-134. 

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During 1987-1991, an investigation on human cestode infections covering 53 061 inha bitants in 103 pilot sites from 28 counties in Yunnan Province was made by cluster and randomized sampling. The infection rates shown by fecal examination were as follows: Taenia sp. 0.9%, Hymenolepis diminuta 0.02%, H. nana 0.01%. Cestodes were found to be widely distributed in Yunnan, showing infection rate up to 2.2% in the northern part, but only 0.05% in the western part. Cestode infections were mainly concentrated in 5 counties: Lanpin, Dali, Jinhong, Yongde and Yinjiang, with infection rate ranged from 0.7% to 17.4%. The highest infection rate (47.4%) was viewed in Sangje township of Lanpin, which was successively followed by 10.7% in Zhoucheng township of Dali, and 6.3% in Manting township of Jinghong. The youngest victim was a 2 year old child while the oldest was a 80 year old person. The infection rates were demonstrated to vary considerably with sex, age, nationality and occupation. Hymenolepis was in scattered distribution; the most vulnerable group was children. Hymenolepis nana infection in 7 cases was the first record in Yunnan.

INFECTION OF ECHINOCOCCUS SPECIES IN WILD ANIMALS IN QINGHAI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  135-137. 

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A survey of Echinococcus species in wild animals was carried out in Qinghai Province. Pseudois nayaur , and Procapra picticaudata were discovered for the first time to be the intermediate hosts of Echinococcus species in the Qing Zang plateau, showing infection rates of 6.4% and 6.6%, respectively. The evidence of Echinococcus parasitism was supplemented by histopathological and immunological examinations. Considering the geographical distribution and environmental conditions of habitats where the above wild animals live, presumption is made that there exists a cycle of Echinococcus species in the wild lives either irrespective of or mixed with the cycle among domestic animals. The survey provides a clue to the exploration of natural nidi of Echinococcus species in Qinghai and important epidemiological data regarding animal Echinococcus infection as well.

DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORTANT INTESTINAL NEMATODES IN POPULATION IN HENAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  138-140. 

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According to the procedures and methodology stipulated in the Nationwide Survey of Human Parasite Distribution, an investigation on intestinal nematode infections was conduc ted in Henan Province. Of the people examined in 164 pilot sites, 48134(56.3%) were found to be parasitized by intestinal nematodes. The respective infection rate for different species was recorded as: Ascaris lumbricoides 41.4%, hookworm 20.7%, Trichuris trichiura 8.2%, Trichostrongylus orientalis 0.01%, Strongyloides stercoralis 0.03%, a case of Oesophagostomum sp. infection. As a whole, ascarid and hookworm were the essential species contribu ting to intestinal helminthic parasitoses in Henan; the former mostly affected younger population below 15 years old; while the latter, predominantly parasitized in those above 16 years of age.

SITUATION OF HUMAN INTESTINAL NEMATODE INFECTION IN QINGHAI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  141-144. 

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The paper reports the investigation on human intestinal nematodes in Qinghai Province during 1988-1990. Stool specimens of 16 079 persons from 32 spots were examined by mo dified Kato Katz method and larva cultivation method. Among the people examined, 5 482 were positive, the overall infection rate being 43.1%. Five species of nematode were detec ted. The infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis (Children under 12 years old), Trichostrongylus orientalis and Strongyloides stercoralis were 33.9%, 0.6%, 20.6%, 0.08%, and 0.02%, respectively. Significant differences in infection rates were revealed between different groups when statistical analysis was made on the ground of age, sex, nationality or occupation. The survey provide scientific data for the prevention and treatment of intestinal parasites in the province.

INVESTIGATION ON HOOKWORM INFECTION IN HAINAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  148-151. 

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An investigation on hookworm infection was pursued by fecal examination. Fifteen townships in 5 counties (cities) were randomly sampled for the survey. A total of 4 846 out of 7 985 persons were found to infect with hookworm by Kato Katz method and test tube filter paper cultivation method. The overall infection rate was 60.9%, and the rates in Han, Li, Miao, and Hui nationalities were 47.8%, 75.5%, 87.3% and 54.3%, respectively. A trend of increase of incidence with age was indicated, except for age group above 70. The incidence in peasants was higher than in other occupations. Prevalence of the infection in rural area was higher than that in urban, township and coastal areas. 75.1% of the infected persons harbored simple Necator americanus and 1.7% simple Ancylostoma duodenale , as shown by hookworm larva cultivation. The mixed infection rate was 23.2% ( N.a.∶ A.d . = 4.37∶1). The result shows that Hainan Island is an endemic area of both species of hookworm with Necator americanus as the main species.

INVESTIGATION ON HOOKWORM INFECTION IN JIANGXI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  152-154. 

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An investigation on hookworm infection was pursued on 100 spots of 23 counties/cities in Jiangxi Province during 1988-1989. A hookworm infection rate of 17.6% was recorded in 52 042 people with the highest rate (29.3%) in Gannan prefecture, and the lowest (6.3%) in Shangyao prefecture, showing EPG of 850 for the former, and 262 for the latter. A trend of increase of incidence with the upgrading of age was indicated. The infection rate in females (18.7%) was significantly higher than that in males (16.6%) (χ 2=38.14, P 0.01). Species identification revealed ratios of 1∶2.1 and 1∶2.8 for Ancylostoma duodenale versus Necator americanus , in Gannan and Yichun prefectures, respectively. However, A. duodenale is the predominant species in other three prefectures.

PREVALENCE OF ASCARIS INFECTION IN POPULATION OF JIANGXI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  155-156. 

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The fecal specimens from 52 042 individuals in 100 villages from 23 counties of Jiangxi Province were examined from 1988 to 1989. The prevalence of Ascaris infection in populations was 71.2%, but the intensity of infection in most infected individuals (68.9%) was low (EPG5 000). Among 23 counties investigated, 19 (82.0%) with prevalence of Ascaris infection more than 80% was considered as highly endemic areas of this parasite. The results showed that the prevalence of Ascaris infection was higher in females (73.4%) than in males (69.0%). And the prevalence in different age groups varied with the peak at age group of 5-19 years old. Nevertheless, the infection rate was still high (65.1%) in the eldest persons of 70 years old, though EPG showed a decline trend with the increase of age.

INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS IN RURAL CHILDREN IN HAINAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  157-159. 

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This report analyses the status of intestinal parasite infections in 1 387 rural children from 1 to 6 years old in 15 places in 5 counties/cities sampled from the whole province. The result shows that the total parasite infection rate is 89.2%. Altogether 23 species of parasite including 10 species of nematodes, 8 species of protozoa, 4 species of trematodes and 1 species of cestodes were discovered. The prevalence of ascarid, Trichuris trichiura , hookworm and Enterobius vermicularis were higher than other parasites, showing infection rates of 67.1%, 58.7%, 29.0% and 33.4%, respectively. Infection rates of Giardia lamblia and Strongyloides stercoralis were low, being 8.2% and 2.6%, respectively. Of the infected persons, polyparasitism rate and those with more than 3 species accounted for 74.2% and 37.1%, respectively. Intestinal parasite infections in rural children from 1 to 6 years old in situ showed a wild distribution and noteworthy situation.

INTESTINAL NEMATODE INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN AND JUVENILES IN GUANGXI

1994, 12(S1):  160-162. 

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In compliance with the regulations stipulated in the “Nationwide Survey of Human Parasite Distribution”, an investigation on children and juveniles of 14 years old was carried out in 100 pilot sites located in 20 counties/cities of Guangxi in the years 1987-1989. Of the 19 341 subjects under fecal examination, 16 174 (83.6%) were found to infect with intestinal nematodes. Among the seven detected species, high infection rates were showed for Ascaris lumbricoides (69.2%), Trichuris trichiura (48.7%), hookworm (19.0%) and Enterobius vermicularis (35.5%), whilst the infection rates of Strongyloides stercoralis (0.8%) and Trichostrongylus orientalis (0.02%) were rather low. The results exhibited the extensiveness of common intestinal nematode infections in children and juveniles in the Region. The authors suggested that critical attention should be paid on intervention measures to control these nematode infections.

PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN ELDERLY PEOPLE IN HENAN

1994, 12(S1):  163-164. 

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The paper presented parasitic infections in elderly people aged 61-81 years in Henan based on data collected in the provincial investigation that coincided with the nationwide survey of parasite distribution. Twenty two species of human parasites were detected in stool examination covering 5 421 people in 164 pilot sites of 39 counties/cities. Of the discovered parasites, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura , hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia were those with high infection rate and extensive distribution. The infections of these 6 species of parasites in senile people were discussed and control measures were suggested.

A REPORT OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PARASITES IN EASTERN PLAIN OF HENAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  170-173. 

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Forty three investigation spots of 10 counties were randomly selected for examination of human intestinal parasites in eastern plain of Henan Province. A total of 22 424 stool specimens were under study. Twenty species of human parasites were found during the investigation, including 7 species of nematodes, 3 speices of Taenia , 1 species of trematodes and 9 species of protozoa. The overall infection rate was 69.2%.

DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL TRANSMITTED NEMATODES IN HUMANS IN NORTHEASTERN PLAIN OF HENAN

1994, 12(S1):  174-176. 

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An investigation on soil transmitted nematode infections was carried out in 22 056 people in 42 pilot sites of 10 counties/cities, Henan Province during 1988-1990. The overall infection rate was 61.9%. Five species of soil transmitted nematodes were detected, including Ascaris lumbricoides 40.7%, hookworm 9.2%, Trichuris trichiura 2.3%, Enterobius vermi cularis (below 12 years old) 21.8%, and Strongyloides stercoralis 0.02%. As females contact more frequently with fecal fertilizer during farming, the infection rate of hookworm was significantly higher in them than in males. Pre school children and juveniles were the most vulnerable age groups, so pupils and middle school students showed the highest infection rate as compared with other occupations; the situation is attributed to the poor personal hygiene.

HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN NANYANG BASIN, HENAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  177-179. 

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Nanyang Basin is the largest basin in Henan Province. Owing to its special topography, the mean temperature in the Basin is the highest in Henan. Undoubtedly it is also the locality with the highest prevalence of human parasitic infections in the province. Of 10 379 persons from five sites examined, 7 821 were infected with parasites, the overall infection rate being 75.4%. A total of 17 species of parasites were found, among which, Ascaris lumbricoides (infection rate 42.5%), hookworm (38.2%), Enterobius vermicularis (28.9%) and Trichuris trichiura (22.8%) and 5 common species of protozoa were the predominant ones. Trichinella spiralis infection (7.0%) was also noteworthy. Necator americanus is the major species of hookworm in situ , a sole situation as compared with other places of Henan.

A SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITES IN HILL AND MOUNTAIN AREAS OF SOUTH HENAN

1994, 12(S1):  180-182. 

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Human intestinal parasite investigations were carried out in Huangchuan, Huaibin, Luoshan and Tongbai counties of hill and mountain areas in Southern part of Henan Province. A total of 8 882 randomly selected population were under fecal examination, among which 6 065 were positive, the positive rate being 68.3%. There were 19 species of intestinal parasites discovered during the survey, including 7 species of nematodes ( Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, Oesophagostomum sp. Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus ), one species of taenia ( Hymenoloepis nana ), 3 species of trematodes ( Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola hepatica, Fasciolopsis buski ) and 8 species of protozoa ( Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba buetschlii, Blastocystis hominis, Giardia lamblia and Chilomastix mesnili. )

A SURVEY OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PARASITES IN MOUNTAINOUS AREAS OF NORTHWESTERN HENAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  183-184. 

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Forty two pilot spots located in the mountainous areas of 10 counties in Henan Province were randomly selected for stool examination to detect human intestinal parasites. A total of 21 812 stool specimens were examined. Twenty one species of parasites were found during the investigation, including nematodes (7 species), taeniae (3 species), trematodes (3 species) and protozoa (8 species). The overall infection rate in the examined people was 56.6%.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND AETIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF HYDATID DISEASE IN CHENDUO, QINGHAI PROVICE

1994, 12(S1):  185-188. 

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This paper presents high prevalence of hydatid disease in humans and animals in Chenduo, Qinghai. By using Casoni's intradermal test (ID), indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), and B mode ultrasonography, 820 Zans living in Chenduo were examined for hydatid disease. The positive rates assayed by the three methods were 21.0%, 11.7% and 5.0%, respectively. Forty one cases were found to harbor cystic hydatid. The infection rate was higher in females than in males, because Zang women had more chance to contact with dog and its excreta; besides, the infection rate was increasing with age. Concurrent survey of animals showed Echinococcus granulosus infection rate of 36.1% in dog, and hydatid infection rates of 52.7% and 35.0% in yak and sheep, respectively. The establishment of this parasite in dog sheep and dog yak cycles was revealed. Wild rodent Ochotona curzoniae with infection rate of 3.5% was found to be one of the intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis. Further study on E. multilocularis in domestic and/or wild animals is required.

INVESTIGATION ON HUMAN INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS IN THE EASTERN AGRICULTURAL AREA OF QINGHAI PROVICE

1994, 12(S1):  189-193. 

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Fecal specimens collected from 9 156 people in 18 sites of 9 counties in the eastern agricultural areas of Qinghai Province were examined according to the defined regulations of the “Nationwide Survey of Human Parasite Distribution”. The total infection rate was 54.0%. Polyparasitism was revealed in 23.4% of the infected people. The 15 species of parasites detected in the survey included 6 species of helminths with the highest infection rate of 43.5% for Ascaris lumbricoides , and 9 species of protozoa with the highest infection rate of 8.3% for Entamoeba coli . The features of human intestinal parasite infections and distribution were summarized as follows: Residents under 15 years old showed high incidence; the infection rate was significantly higher in females than in males; the minorities were more severely affected; parasite species and incidence were obviously different with topography,hydrography and altitude. Generally, the infection rate had a tendency to escalate from northwest to southeast of the investigated area.

HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN PASTURAGE AREA OF QINGHAI PROVICE

1994, 12(S1):  194-198. 

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An investigation on human parasites was conducted in 10 pilot sites in pasturage area of Qinghai, with 4 838 people under examination. A total infection rate of 32.1% was revealed. Of the 13 detected species of parasites, the respective infections were: Ascaris lumbricoides 12.8%, Trichuris trichiura 0.7%, Entamoeba histolytica 0.5%, Entamoeba coli 7.6% , Entamoeba hartmanni 0.3%, Endolimax nana 4.6%, Iodamoeba buetschlii 0.7%, Giardia lamblia 7.1%, Balantidium coli 0.02%, Blastocystis huminis 2.2%, Taenia saginata 1.2%, Enterobius vermicularis (below 12 years old) 15.5%,hydatid of Echinococcus sp. 3.0% . The results showed wild distribution and high prevalence of Ascaris and Enterobius infections, though less in infection rate and intensity than some other places due to the plateau climate. Hydatidosis, however, is the most hazardous parasitosis in Qinghai, so control practice is obliged to focus on this diseases.

INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN XINING CITY, QINGHAI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  199-202. 

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Based on the unified requirements and standardized methods determined by the Nationwide Survey of Human Parasite Distribution,a sampling investigation of human parasites was carried out on 4 spots in Xining in 1989. Eleven species of human parasites were detected by fecal examination, namely: Ascaris lumbricoides (40.7%), pinworm (13.0%, children under 12 years old), Trichuris trichiura (1.8%), Entamoeba histolytica (0.05%), Entamoeba coli (1.7%), Iodamoeba buetschlii (0.2%), Endolimax nana (5.4%), Entamoeba hartmanni (0.1%) , Giardia lamblia (4.2%), Blastocystis hominis (0.6%), Trichomonas hominis (0.05%) . The parasite infection rates on the 4 spots were 78.0%,46.4%, 34.7%, 24.9%,respectively, revealing significant differences between males(45.8%) and female (48.5%) . Parasitism with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 species of parasite was recorded as 76.8%, 19.8%, 2.5%, 0.7% and 0.1%, respectively. The highest infection rate of parasite was observed in the age group of 5-19 years old. It is clear that the prevention and treatment of human intestinal parasitic infections should be further carried out, especially in the juveniles and younger children.

ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PARASITES IN HUANGYUAN COUNTY, QINGHAI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  203-205. 

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Huangyuan County, one of the counties undertaking agriculture,of Haidong Profecture, Qinghai, is adjacent to pasturage area, and has complicated topography. Its climate is cha racteristic of the plateau type. To keep pace with the Nationwide Survey of Human Parasite Distribution, two townships, Riyue and Dahua were selected as pilot sites for performing fecal examination. Of 1 039 people examined, 429 were found to harbor parasites, the infection rate being 41.3%. The infection rates of 9 detected parasites were noted as: Ascaris lumbricoides 29.0%, Enterobius vermicularis (below 12 years old) 38.7%, Entamoeba coli 8.1% , Endolimax nana 4.3%, Iodamoeba buetschlii 2.2%, Giardia lamblia 1.7%, Blastocystis hominis 1.4%, Entamoeba hartmanni 0.9%, and Entamoeba histolytica 0.5%. Significant differences of infection rates were showed between groups of different ages, sexes, and also of different occupations (pupils were more vulnerable than others).

A SAMPLING SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN JINGDEZHEN CITY, JIANGXI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  206-208. 

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According to the unified programme of the “Nationwide Survey of Human Parasite Distribution”, an investigation on 2 068 persons residing in 10 natural villages in Jingdezhen was executed in 1988 by random sampling. Fourteen species of human parasites were detected, the infection rate was as high as 87.5% (1 810/2 068). Polyparasitism was revealed in 32.5% of the infected persons. Jingdezhen was also disclosed to be an endemic area of Paragonimus westermani . The survey showed that parasitic infections in humans are very common at the locality.

ANALYSIS ON PATHOGENICITY OF PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI WITH DIPLOID FORM IN LANTING OF SHAOXING COUNTY, ZHEJIANG PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  209-210. 

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Abstract The pathogenicity of Paragonimus westermani with diploid form of chromosome was analysed on the basis of review of epidemiological data in Lanting of Shaoxing County from 1934 to 1982. P. westermani infected persons showed typical manifestations of paragonimiasis when the prevalence was high, while signs and symptoms turned to atypical when the prevalence was low. Whether P. westermani with diploid form would contribute to typical manifestations of paragonimiasis might be related to the frequency, number, and way of eating Sinopotamon crabs; the infection rate and intensity of Paragonimus metacercaria in the consumed crabs would also play a role in clinical manifestations.

INVESTIGATIONS ON HYDATID DISEASE IN HAINAN ZANG AUTONOMOUS PREFECTURE OF QINGHAI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  210-211. 

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Abstract This paper presented the results of basic epidemiological investigations on hydatid disease from 1989 to 1991 in Shinaigai Township, Hainan Prefecture of Qinghai. Residents above one year of age were examined for hydatid disease by using ID, IHA, ELISA; the positive rates were 12.1%, 11.1% and 4.6% respectively. Forty three out of 1 611 cases were diagnosed to contract cystic hydatid disease by using B mode ultrasonography, immu nodiagnostic tests and clinical observations, the incidence being 2.7% (adjusted rate 2.8%). Five hundred and nineteen out of 825 (62.9%) sheep and 36 out of 78 (46.2%) yaks were found to be positive in slaughter houses in this area. In addition, 5 641 out of 10 617 (53.1%) livers and 4 527 out of 10 572 (42.8%) lungs of yaks were exhibited to harbour hydatid cyst. Eighteen out of 50 dogs treated with arecoline hydrobromide orally were found to infect with Echinococcus granulosus. Nationality based observation indicated that the prevalence of hydatid disease in Zang nationality was significantly higher than that in Han. The rate of female sheep with hydatid cyst were higher than that of castrated rams. The infection rate of dog in the pasture area was significantly higher than that in town and agricultural area. The above results indicate that Shinaigai is a hyperendemic region of hydatid disease, and design and implementation of appropriate control program is obviously in imperative need.

FAMILY CLUSTERING OF 6 SPECIES OF HUMAN PARASITES IN HENAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  212-214. 

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Abstract A survey of human parasites at provincial level revealed a total infection rate of 64.8% in Henan. The data concerning family clustering of 6 species of parasites were analysed, which included Ascaris lumbricoides (infection rate 41.5%), hookworm (20.8%), Trichuris trichiura (8.4%), Enterobius vermicularis (24.5%), Entamoeba histolytica (0.6%) and Giardia lamblia (7.2%)); the result of χ 2 test for binomial distribution of the above 6 parasitic infections showed values of 2338.5072, 8920.1552, 6207.5763, 758.3369, 293.9336 and 895.4514, respectively, all revealing P 0.01, hence very significant family clustering.

ANALYSIS ON FAMILY CLUSTERING OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN HEBEI PROVICE

1994, 12(S1):  215-216. 

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Abstract Using binomial distribution fitting and poisson distribution, a survey of human intestinal parasitic infections in 115 sites of Hebei Province with a coverage of 65 803 residents in 18 234 families was pursued to observe family clustering of the infections. The result showed that the infections of Ascaris lumbricoides , hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia showed obvious family clustering. Analogous habits in daily life and production are deemed to be important factors in clustering of parasitic infections in families.

INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN IN INNER MONGOLIA AUTONOMOUS REGION

1994, 12(S1):  217-218. 

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Abstract A surevy of intestinal parasitic infections in children was conducted in pilot areas of Inner Mongolia. A total of 10 420 children below 15 years of age were under study, and 3 134 of them were found positive, with an infection rate of 30.1%. The parasite species with respective infection rate were recorded as : Ascaris lumbricoides 17.2%, Enterobius vermicularis 13.0%, Taenia sp. 0.2% Trichuris trichiura 0.2%, Ancylostoma duodenale 0.1%, Entamoeba histolytica 1.6%, Entamoeba coli 1.3%, Giardia lamblia 0.4%, Endolimax nana 0.3%, Iodamoeba buetschlii 0.2%, and Entamobea hartmanni 0.03%. In Kalami Banner and Jiaohan Banner, the infection rates in childeren were as high as 73.2% and 77.0%, respectively; the situation was associated with the warm climate, high humidity and the pastoral landscape. The results of the survey demonstrated that Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis were 2 major species parasitizing local children; besides, polyparsitism was common(15%) in children. A suggestion was thus made that parasitic disease control in the study area should be concentrated on childern below 15 years old, and health eductaion should be taken as one of the important practices.

PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN HUZHU TU AUTONOMOUS COUNTY, QINGHAI PROVICE

1994, 12(S1):  219-220. 

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Abstract A survey was pursued in three pilot sites located at Huzhu Tu Autonomous County, Qinghai. Among 1 395 residents under fecal examination, 870 were infected with intestinal parasites, showing an infection rate of 62.4%. The 12 detected species of parasites and infection rates (in parenthesis) in residents were noted: Ascaris lumbricoides (57.1%), Trichuris trichiura 0.4% , Enterobius vermicularis (below 12 years old) 34.5% , Trichostrongylus orientalis (0.4%), Taenia solium (0.1%), Entamoeba histolytica (0.1%), Entamoeba coli (6.2%), Endolimax nana (0.9%), Iodamoeba buetschlii (0.1%), Entamoeba hartmanni 0.1%, Giardia lamblia 1.9% and Blastocystis hominis (4.3%). The infection rate was significantly higher in females (67.3%) than in males (57.5%). Generally, Hans showed higher infection rate (69.9%) than Tus(56.2%); however, the infection rate of Entamoeba histolytica was significantly higher in the latter than in the former ( P 0.001). The high prevalence of parasitic infections is related to the socioeconomic and natural conditions of the place.

PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN MINHE HUI AND TU AUTONOMOUS COUNTY, QINGHAI PROVICE

1994, 12(S1):  221-222. 

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Abstract Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County situated in the eastmost of Qinghai is known as a place with fine topographical and metereological conditions in the province. A survey of parasitic infections was undertaken in 1 020 local residents; consequently,675 (66.2%) persons were found to infect with parasites belonging to 9 species, i.e. Entamoeba histolytica 3.6% , Giardia lamblia 5.2%, Trichomonas hominis 17.9%, Entamoeba coli 12.9%, Endolimax nana 4.9%, Ascaris lumbricoides 50.2%, Enterobius vermicularis (below 12 years old) 27.6%, Trichuris trichiura 0.4% and Blastocystis hominis 0.1%.Polyparasitism was showed in 41.6% of the infected people. Judging by EPG, mild and moderate infections accounted for 54.9% and 41.0% of the infected people, respectively. Health education focused on pre school children and pupils and improvement of environmental sanitation were deemed important to control parasitic infections in the county.

HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN XUNHUA SALA AUTONOMOUS COUNTY, QINGHAI PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  223-224. 

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Abstract As part of the nationwide survey of human parasite program performed in Qinghai Province, related performance was carried out in Xunhua Sala Autonomous County of the Province. Of the 514 local residents examined, 378 were found to be parasitized, showing an overall infection rate of 73.5%. The infection rates of 11 detected parasite species were disclosed as: Ascaris lumbricoides 44.2%; Enterobius vermicularis (below 12 years old) 6.4%; Entamoeba histolytica and Balantidium coli , one case for each; Entamoeba coli 20.8%; Endolimax nana 13.6%; Iodamoeba buetschlii 4.9%; Entamoeba hartmanni 3.1%, Giardia lamblia 15.6%, Blastocystis hominis 19.5%, Taenia saginatta 1.0%. Among the infected people, those showing polyparasitism amounted to 48.4% of the total. All of the age groups showed infection rates above 50%, while the groups of 0-9 years and 10-19 years were most severely affected, showing infection rates of 71.1% and 83.2%, respectively. Occupation based assessment indicated significantly higher infection rates in farmers (64.9%), pupils and middle school students (84.8%) and pre school children (74.0%). The high prevalence of human parasitic infections in situ is presumably attributed to geographical and metereological features as well as dietary habits in Sala community.

INVESTIGATION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN PARASITE IN LINGAO COUNTY, HAINAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  225-227. 

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Abstract An investigation on intestinal parasites was pursued in 2 663 persons on 5 study spots in Lingao county according to the unified methods stipulated in the 〈Nationwide Survey of Human Parasite Distribution〉 in China. The total infection rate was 92.1%. Most of the infections were of moderate and light intensities. The prevalence in children of 5-9 and 10- 14 years old were high, the infection rates were 98.1% and 98.5% respectively. The infection rate in females was higher than that in males, and in fisherman and rural residents higher than urban residents. Altogether 26 species of parasite including nematodes (9 species). protozoa (8 species). trematodes (7 species) and cestodes (2 species) were found. Nine species of parasites Rhabditella axei. Gonylonema pulchrum.Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Echinosto matidae sp. Fasciola hepatica. Fasciola gigantica. Eurytrema pancreaticum. Blastocystis hominis. Isospora belii were reported firstly in our province. The infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, bookworm and Enterobius vermicularis were high, being 55.0% , 66.2% , 35.5% and 43.1% respectively.

SURVEY OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN CHANGJIANG COUNTY, HAINAN PROVINCE

1994, 12(S1):  231-233. 

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Abstract A survey of human intestinal parasitic infections was made in two pilot sites located at Changjiang County, Hainan Province. Of 1 053 people under fecal examination, 969 were found to infect with intestinal parasites, the overall infection rate being 92.0%. The detected parasites included 6 species of nematodes, 2 species of trematodes and 6 species of protozoa. The infection rates for different species were noted as: Ascaris lumbricoides 51.7% , Trichuris trichiura 40.7%, hookworm 58.9%, Enterobius vermicularis (below 12 years old) 50.7%, Strongyloides stercoralis 0.3%, Trichostrongylus sp. 0.2%, Dicrocoelium dentriticum 0.2%, Clonorchis sinensis 0.1%, Hymenolepis diminuta 0.4%, Entamoeba histolytica 8.3%, Giardia lamblia 7.8%, Iodamoeba buetschlii 1.3%, Endolimax nana 1.0% and Blastocystis hominis 1.4%. The proportion of polyparasitism was as high as 66.7% among the infected residents. Age based analysis revealed the highest infection rate of A.lumbricoides (55.7%-63.2%) in children below 14 years old; and the infection rate of hookworm showed a tendency of ascending with age. The severeness of human intestinal parasitic infections in situ is obvious.