Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are either newly emerging or previously existing infectious diseases that are experiencing a rapid increase in incidence or geographic spread. The risk of EIDs outbreaks and pandemics is escalating due to factors such as climate change, pathogen evolution. Outbreaks of EIDs, like coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have significantly impacted on global health, the economy, and social stability. Such global pandemics not only directly affect human health but also negatively impact on economic development, poverty reduction, and education. To tackle the challenges of EIDs, organizations at national and international levels have adopted a series of comprehensive prevention and control strategies, including reducing the risk of pathogen spillover, establishing comprehensive detection and early warning systems, and promoting cross-sectoral collaboration and sharing information with other departments, and implementing the One Health concept for cross-sectoral prevention and control. This article summarizes the challenges posed by EIDs pandemics, the prevention and control strategies at the national and international levels, the current progress, and specific cases to provide a reference for future responses to EIDs pandemics.

Objective To explore the composition and transcriptional profile characteristics of T cell subtypes in liver tissue microenvironment cells of mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus at different time points at the single-cell level. Methods Data were extracted from the single-cell RNA sequencing dataset (genome sequence archive: CRA008416) of BALB/c mouse liver tissue at 1 month (1 mouse), 3 months (1 mouse) and 6 months (2 mice) after E. granulosus infection and healthy mouse (1 mouse, control group) in the previous study of the research group and quality control was conducted. The uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) method was used to visualize the single cell clusters, and the clustering algorithm adopted shared nearest neighbour (SNN) to obtain the optimal cell clusters. SingleR software package was used for cell type annotation of cell subsets based on the immgen reference dataset. FindMarkers function from Seurat software package was used to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD8⁺ T cells in mice infected at different time points and control group mice. Functional enrichment and pathway enrichment of DEGs were analyzed using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), respectively. Results After quality control, 37 760 cells were obtained, which were divided into 8 types after manual optimization. After re-clustering the T cells, 12 cell groups were obtained. Seven T cell subtypes were annotated and identified, including CD4⁺ naive T cells, CD4⁺ effector T cells, Tregs, CD8⁺ naive T cells, CD8⁺ T cells, proliferative T cells, γδ T cells. The proportion of each T cell subtype did not change significantly at 1 month after E. granulosus infection. The proportion of proliferative T cells (11.91%, 56/470） and Tregs (13.40%, 63/470） were significantly higher than those in control group (3.51%, 38/1 082; 4.34%, 47/1 082） at 3 months after infection. The proportion of CD8⁺ T cells (30.20%, 1 145/3 791） was significantly higher than that of the control group (15.43%, 167/1 082） at 6 months after infection. Tregs showed high expression of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8 (Tnfaip8), Maf, IKAROS family zinc finger 3 (Ikzf3) and other Treg-maintaining genes at 3 months after infection, while CD8⁺ T cells showed high expression of depletion genes such as CD40 ligand (Cd40lg), chitinase-like 3 (Chil3), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) at 6 months after infection. GO analysis showed that DEGs of Tregs were mainly concentrated in transforming growth factor beta receptor complex assembly, positive regulation of T cell activation, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) mediated signalling pathway at 3 months after infection; while the DEGs of CD8⁺ T cells were mainly concentrated in the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, tryptophan catabolic process, extracellular matrix-cell signalling pathways at 6 months after infection. KEGG analysis showed that DEGs of Tregs were mainly involved in primary immune deficiency and Ras signalling pathway at 3 months after infection; while the DEGs of CD8⁺ T cells were mainly involved in fatty acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, folate metabolism and other pathways at 6 months after infection. Conclusion There are differences in T cell subtypes in liver of mice at 3 months and 6 months after E. granulosus infection; the proportion of Tregs increased at 3 months, and CD8⁺ T cells increased at 6 months after infection. There were differences in DEGs and their main enrichment pathways of Tregs and CD8⁺ T cells.

Objective To screen the miRNAs differential expression profiles in the serum from the sheep infected with Echinococcus granulosus and evaluate their potential values in the diagnosis of echinococcosis. Methods 10 sheep were divided into an infection group (5) and a control group (5). The E. granulosus infected-group was given 2 000 eggs per sheep by gavage, and the control group of sheep was given saline. Sixty days after infection, peripheral blood was collected from both groups, and total serum RNA was extracted. Small RNA high-throughput sequencing was used to identify and screen differentially expressed miRNAs. Five differentially expressed miRNAs were validated by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). MedCale software was used to draw receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calculate the area under the curve (AUC), and select miRNAs with potential diagnostic values (AUC ≥ 0.7). qRT-PCR was used to detect the relative transcription levels of miRNAs with potential diagnostic values in 15 serum samples of sheep infected with E. granulosus, and the AUC, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated.Target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted using miRanda and RNA hybrid software, and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were conducted. Results Sequencing results identified a total of 26 differentially expressed miRNAs, including 21 upregulated and 5 downregulated. The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression levels of five relatively abundant differentially expressed miRNAs in infection group, including oar-miR-191, oar-let-7a, oar-miR-150, oar-miR-26a, and oar-miR-21, were 2.22 ± 0.31, 2.12 ± 0.24, 2.42 ± 0.35, 2.09 ± 0.15, and 3.23 ± 0.83, respectively, which were higher than the control group (1.00 ± 0.11). There was a statistically significant difference in the relative expression levels of oar-miR-191, oar-let-7a, oar-miR-150, and oar-miR-26a compared to the control group (t = 3.960, 4.766, 4.096, 9.126; all P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis revealed that the AUC of oar-let-7a, oar-miR-26a, and oar-miR-21 were all less than 0.7. the AUC of oar-miR-191 was 0.858, with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 0.719-0.997 (P < 0.05), indicating its high diagnostic value, with a sensitivity of 71.43% and specificity of 85.71%. The AUC of oar-miR-150 was 0.738, with a 95% CI of 0.550-0.926 (P < 0.05), indicating its diagnostic significance, with a sensitivity of 53.33% and specificity of 86.67%. The results of the GO significance enrichment analysis showed that miRNA target genes with transcriptional levels increased by more than twice were mainly related to stress response, cell surface molecules, protein binding, and other functions. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis results indicate that miRNA target genes with at least a two-fold increase in transcription levels are mainly enriched in key signalling pathways such as inflammation response, autophagy, and apoptosis. Conclusion The oar-miR-191 and oar-miR-150 screened in this study have good sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of E. granulosus infection, suggesting their potential as a biomarker for the diagnosis of echinococcosis.

Objective To investigate the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the activity and growth of Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces in vitro. Methods The cysts were dissected aseptically from the gerbils and the active E. multilocularis protoscolices were obtained by grinding, filtering, and cleaning. The protoscolices were divided into different concentrations of the ATRA groups (10, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L groups with the corresponding final concentration of ATRA), the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group (the final concentration of DMSO was 0.1%), and the blank group (the same amount of complete medium was added). After 9 days of intervention, eosin staining was used to observe the activity and morphological changes of the groups under the microscope. The survival rate of the protoscolices was calculated, and the survival curve was drawn. E. multilocularis microcysts were obtained by co-culturing the protoscolices with rat hepatocellular carcinoma RH35 cells for 5-6 weeks, and the microcysts were treated with different final concentrations of ATRA (10, 100 μmol/L) for 9 days. The activity and morphological changes of the microcysts were observed under a microscope, and the DMSO group and blank group were set up. After 48 h of intervention, the EdU positive rate was detected by EdU cell imaging and the relative expression of Caspase-3 in protoscolices was detected using the Caspase-3 kit. After 24 hours of intervention, a ROS detection kit was used to quantify the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in each group. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the two groups of samples, and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the difference between the ATRA and DMSO groups of different concentrations. Results The volume of dead protoscoleces in the 10, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L groups significantly decreased and could be stained by eosin dye. With the increase in time and drug concentration, the outline blurred, light transmission weakened, and small hook detachment increased. On day 4, the survival rates of the protoscoleces in the 10, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L groups were (87.33 ± 4.90) %, (74.00 ± 2.08) %, (64.33 ± 2.03) % and (53.33 ± 1.86) %, respectively. They were all lower than those in the DMSO group [(95.67 ± 1.20) %] (F = 98.41, P < 0.05). On day 9, the survival rates of protoscoleces in the 10, 25, and 50 μmol/L groups were (62.00 ± 2.64)%, (36.33 ± 2.52)% and (7.67 ± 1.53)%, which were lower than those in the DMSO group [(85.67 ± 2.08)%] (F = 1154.34, P < 0.05). When different concentrations of ATRA were co-cultured with multilocular echinococcus microcysts for 9 days, with the increase in ATRA concentration, the vesicles grew slowly, and the intracapsular structure became cloudy. The germinal layer and stratum corneum of microcysts were intact in the blank group and the DMSO group. EdU cell imaging showed red and blue fluorescence in ATRA groups with different concentrations. The EdU positive rates in the 10, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L groups were (51.63 ± 3.09) %, (42.09 ± 1.36) %, (38.46 ± 0.65) %, and (25.23 ± 1.32) %, respectively. All of them were lower than those in the DMSO group [(58.32 ± 0.91)%] (F = 168.59, P < 0.05). The caspase-3 activity of the 10, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L groups was (19.23 ± 2.27), (26.27 ± 3.45), (43.29 ± 2.10) and (72.80 ± 1.40) U/L, respectively, showing a dose-dependent increase. All of them were higher than the DMSO group [(14.22 ± 0.52) U/L] (F = 404.08, P < 0.05). The green fluorescence of ROS in the ATRA group was stronger than that in the DMSO group. The fluorescence intensity of the 10, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L groups was 260.96 ± 2.52, 282.10 ± 7.40, 330.30 ± 12.46 and 346.10 ± 6.39, respectively. All of them were higher than the DMSO group (236.03 ± 6.89) (F = 80.53, P < 0.05). Conclusion ATRA can inhibit the activity and growth of E. multilocularis protoscoleces in vitro, induce significant ROS accumulation in protoscolices, inhibit protoscolices proliferation, and promote apoptosis.

Objective To analyze the genetic differentiation characteristics of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. shiquicus in Qinghai region to provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of echinococcosis in Qinghai Province. Methods Small mammals were captured in the main natural endemic areas of Echinococcus spp. in Yushu, Guoluo, and Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and were dissected to collect cysts. The genomic DNA from cysts tissue was extracted and the cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) gene was amplified using PCR and sequenced. DnaSP v6, Iqtree, BEAST v2.7.4 and other software were used for haplotype analysis, nucleotide polymorphism analysis, construction of a phylogenetic tree, and estimation of the divergence time of the Echinococcus genus. Results A total of 55 hydatid cysts were obtained from 2 864 small mammals. All 55 cyst samples were amplified for cox1 bands with a length of approximately 800 bp, of which 37 were E. multilocularis, and 18 were E. shiquicus, the prevalence of E. multilocularis in Neodon fuscus was 1.96% (37/1884). The prevalence of E. shiquicus in Ochotona curzoniae was 1.84% (18/980). In the 37 cox1 sequences of E. multilocularis, there were 5 haplotypes in the 37 cox1 sequences of E. multilocularis with EmH3 being the predominant one (33/37), the haplotype diversity index was 0.207, the nucleotide diversity index was 0.033 55, and there were 156 variable sites. In the 18 cox1 sequences of E. shiquicus, There were 8 haplotypes, with the EsH2 haplotype being the predominant one (8/18), the haplotype diversity index was 0.778, the nucleotide diversity index was 0.060 52, and there were 14 variable sites. Thirteen haplotypes of E. multilocularis and E. shiquensis were uploaded to GenBank. The accession numbers of haplotypes EmH1-EmH5 are OR821706, OR821707, OR830343, OR830344, OR826123, respectively. The accession numbers of haplotypes ESH1-ESH8 are OR835156, OR835157, OR830376, OR830378, OR831110, OR875250, OR835161, OR841080. The phylogenetic tree shows that the 5 haplotypes of E. multilocularis were clustered together with the Asian strain of E. multilocularis, and the 8 haplotypes of E. shiquicus were clustered with E. shiquicus in the GenBank. The divergence time based on the cox1 gene showed that the common ancestor of E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. shiquicus, E. oligarthrus and E. vogeli existed approximately 5.67 million years ago (Mya) (95% CI: 4.72-6.66 Mya), and the average divergence time for E. granulosus, E. shiquicus and E. multilocularis was approximately 2.02 Mya (95% CI: 1.51-2.49 Mya). Conclusion E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus in Qinghai region have high genetic diversity, with EmH3 haplotype dominating E. multilocularis and EsH2 haplotype dominating E. shiquicus.

Objective To observe the pathological characteristics of hepatocyte damage, local inflammation response, and the composition of cyst fibrin in liver of Echinococcus granulosus infected sheep during the cyst formation at different stages. Methods Livers with significant E. granulosus cysts were collected from slaughtered Altai sheep in an abattoir in Urumqi City, Xinjiang, China. From the sampled livers, cysts were separated and assigned into the groups of development stage, formation stage and mature stage according to the morphological features of the cysts. The cysts of all groups and the lesion tissues at the junction with healthy liver tissues were used to prepare paraffin sections. Liver tissues from healthy sheep were used as the control. The morphological features and changes of the hepatocytes and liver tissues around the cysts were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the fibrosis process of the cyst wall at different formation stages was observed by Masson staining. Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructural changes of hepatocytes. Immunohistochemical staining was used to observe the cysts and surrounding tissues at different cyst-formation stages for the changes of inflammatory cells CD3⁺ T lymphocytes (CD3⁺), CD25⁺ regulatory T cells (CD25⁺), CD56⁺ NK cells (CD56⁺), CD14⁺ monocyte macrophages (CD14⁺) and basophilic granulocytes CD63 (CD63), as well as the changes of expression of fibrotic proteins collagen type I (COL1), COL3, alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), calcium-binding protein A4 (S100A4), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3). One-way ANOVA analysis was used for comparison between groups, and the LSD-t test was used for pairwise comparison. Results The HE staining results showed that the liver exhibited significant inflammatory reaction bands and inflammatory cell clusters in the cyst wall during the encapsulation development stage. The inflammatory cells spread to the liver parenchyma in the periphery of the cyst, and the hepatocytes around the encapsulation atrophied, degenerated, and damaged. During the formation of the encapsulation, the cyst wall became thinner, the number of inflammatory cells decreased, the inflammatory reaction bands became thinner, the encapsulation cavity enlarged. In the maturation stage, fibrous tissue proliferation occurred in the encapsulation wall to form the cuticle, and the number of inflammatory cells decreased. The outer wall of the cyst, known as the stratum corneum, was formed by the proliferation of fibrous tissue. The number of inflammatory cells decreased, resulting in a significant reduction in the inflammatory response. Masson’s staining showed that a large amount of fibrous tissue was produced in the periphery of the cyst wall during the period of cyst development and showed extensive growth into the surrounding liver tissue. The cyst grew and developed during the period of cyst formation, the inflammatory response was attenuated, the fibrous tissue of the cyst wall matured, and a dense, fibrous cyst wall was formed during the period of cyst maturation. Transmission electron microscopy showed that as the cyst developed and formed, the mitochondria of the hepatocytes gradually enlarged and increased in number, and the lipid droplets in the hepatocytes increased in number and size. Immunohistochemical staining showed that as the cyst increases, the inflammatory response zone on the cyst wall becomes thinner, the range of positive expression of inflammatory cells decreases, and the expression level decreases. The mean optical density of the CD3⁺ inflammatory cells at the cyst developmental stage, cyst formation stage, and cyst maturation stage were 0.171 ± 0.009, 0.132 ± 0.009, 0.120 ± 0.006 (F = 1.640, P > 0.05); CD25⁺ cells were 0.302 ± 0.012, 0.174 ± 0.009, and 0.080 ± 0.005 (F = 49.051, P < 0.01); CD56⁺ cells were 0.219 ± 0.008, 0.209 ± 0.009, and 0.118 ± 0.004 (F = 126.411, P < 0.01), CD14⁺ cells were 0.140 ± 0.027, 0.096 ± 0.012, 0.090 ± 0.017 (F = 3.954, P > 0.05); CD63 cells were 0.318 ± 0.007, 0.096 ± 0.013, 0.086 ± 0.011 (F = 307.442, P < 0.01). The positive expression range and expression level of fibroin increased, and the mean optical density of COL1 were 0.139 ± 0.029, 0.157 ± 0.022, 0.186 ± 0.014 (F = 2.136, P > 0.05); COL3 were 0.109 ± 0.014， 0.144 ± 0.008， 0.206 ± 0.008 (F = 42.116, P < 0.01); α-SMA were 0.255 ± 0.008, 0.283 ± 0.009, 0.301 ± 0.022 (F = 5.106, P < 0.05); MMP2 were 0.155 ± 0.002, 0.172 ± 0.011, 0.185 ± 0.008 (F = 7.853, P < 0.05); S100A4 were 0.210 ± 0.012, 0.248 ± 0.004, 0.258 ± 0.007 (F = 18.137 3, P < 0.05). TNF-α was expressed in the surrounding tissue of the cyst, the positive expression range increased, and the expression level increased. the mean optical density of TNF-α were 0.115 ± 0.016, 0.263 ± 0.003, 0.267 ± 0.006 (F = 145.627, P < 0.01). VEGFR-3 VEGFR-3 was expressed in the cyst wall, with the highest expression during the formation of the cyst, and the mean optical density at 3 stages were 0.248 ± 0.009, 0.357 ± 0.045, 0.268 ± 0.004 (F = 9.423, P < 0.05). The mean optical density values in the cyst phase were higher than those in healthy livers (all P < 0.01). Conclusion As the cyst develops, the cyst and its surrounding liver tissue show varying degrees of hepatocellular damage, cyst wall structural changes and fibrotic response, enhanced liver mitochondrial metabolism, lipid metabolism affected, as well as the cyst-surrounding inflammatory cytokines and liver fiber seen in the inflammatory zone of cyst wall.

Objective To clone and express the metacaspase gene of Babesia caballi (BcMC), identify its reactivity, and perform bioimformatic analysis. Methods Primers for amplifying the Bcmc gene sequence were designed and synthesized based on previously determined partial gene sequences of B. caballi. The Bcmc gene was then amplified by PCR, and was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a. After extraction of the plasmid pET-28a-Bcmc, double enzyme digestion, PCR, and sequencing were performed for identification. The recombinant plasmids were transformed into competent cells Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). After optimizing the induction conditions, the optimal IPTG concentration, induction temperature, and time for induction were selected. The expression of the recombinant protein was analyzed by 12% SDS-PAGE. Following purification of the recombinant protein using a His-tag protein purification kit, the reactivity of the recombinant protein was assessed by Western blotting using positive serum from B. caballi infection as the primary antibody. Bioinformatics online software such as ProtParam was utilized to predict the physicochemical properties, phosphorylation sites, subcellular localization, antigenic epitopes, secondary and tertiary structures, and protein interaction networks of the Bcmc gene. The tertiary structure of BcMC was compared with those of Plasmodium spp. MC-1 (PsMC-1) and Trypanosoma theileri MC (TtMC). The Bcmc sequence is being compared using BLAST alignment on the NCBI database. Using Mega 7.0 software, the neighbor-joining method was employed to construct a phylogenetic tree based on the mc gene sequences. Results The PCR amplification product size of the Bcmc gene was approximately 996 bp, consistent with the expected fragment. Identification through double enzyme digestion, PCR, and sequencing of the recombinant plasmid pET-28a-Bcmc indicated the correct insertion of the target gene. The optimization results of induction conditions showed that the expression level of BcMC recombinant protein was highest when the final concentration of IPTG was 0.8 mmol/L and cultured at 37 ℃ for 5 hours. SDS-PAGE results showed that the recombinant protein was expressed in the form of inclusion bodies, with a relative molecular weight of approximately 36 000. Western blotting results demonstrated that the purified BcMC could specifically react with positive serum from B. caballi infection. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the relative molecular mass of BcMC was 36 956.72 by amino acid physicochemical properties analysis. Phosphate site prediction showed 25 phosphorylation sites for BcMC. Predicted subcellular localization of BcMC in mitochondria accounted for 10%. B-cell antigenic epitope analysis identified 12 potential antigenic epitopes in the protein; the secondary structure of BcMC protein comprised 50.30% irregular coils and 23.19% α-helices. The tertiary structure of BcMC was similar to PsMC-1 and TtMC. Protein interaction network prediction suggested that proteins interacting with BcMC and biological processes involving BcMC were associated with apoptosis. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the recombinant plasmid sequences were 99.90% identical to the sequences of Theileria equi (CP099439) and T. equi strain WA (XM 004830992), indicating a close phylogenetic relationship. Conclusion The prokaryotic expressed protein BcMC exhibited good reactivity, and bioinformatics analysis indicated that BcMC is involved in the apoptosis process of B. caballi.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatio-temporal distribution of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang, from 2005 to 2022, to provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies for VL in Kashi area. Methods Data on VL cases reported in Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang, from 2005 to 2022 were collected from the National Diseases Reporting Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the three-dimensional distribution characteristics of VL. Spatial auto-correlation analysis was performed using Geoda 1.22 software, and spatio-temporal scanning statistical analysis was performed using SaTScan 10.1.2 software. Results From 2005 to 2022, a total of 1 965 VL cases were reported in Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang, with an average annual incidence rate of 0.13 per 100 000 people. The peak incidence years were 2008 and 2015, with incidence rates of 6.10 per 100 000 (363 cases) and 8.29 per 100 000 (396 cases), respectively. Among the population distribution characteristics, 1 125 cases were male and 840 were female, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.34 ∶ 1. Cases were reported across all age groups, with the composition rate of 75.47% (1 483/1 965) in the 0-4 years age group. The high-risk population was scattered children (75.32%, 1 480/1 965). VL cases were reported monthly from 2005 to 2022, with noticeable seasonal distribution between 2008-2010 and 2014-2016, peaking from September to December. VL mainly occurred in the northern counties of Kashi, with the highest incidence rate in Jiashi County (15.84/100 000), Kashi City (4.10/100 000), Shufu County (1.30/100 000), and Bachu County (1.21/100 000). The results of spatial auto-correlation analysis revealed a significant positive spatial correlation in the incidence of VL in Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang in 2012 (Moran’s I = 0.126 5, Z = 2.193 2, P < 0.05). Local autocorrelation analysis exhibited that high-high clustering areas were mainly distributed in Shufu County, Kashgar City, Jiashi County and Shule County. Spatiotemporal scanning analysis showed that the main clustering area was Jiashi County, and a high incidence period was from 2008 to 2016. Conclusion From 2005 to 2022, the overall incidence of VL exhibited a downward trend in Kashi Prefecture, Xinjiang. The high-risk population consisted mainly of young scattered children, and the northern counties of Kashi were the high endemic areas of VL.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatio-temporal clustering of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Henan Province, and provide a theoretical basis for epidemic surveillance and formulating precise prevention and control measures. Methods The data on VL cases reported in Henan Province were collected from the Infectious Disease Surveillance Reporting and Management System from 2016 to 2022. The epidemiological characteristics of VL repored cases were analyzed using descriptive analysis. SaTScan v10.1 software was used for spatio-temporal clustering analysis. Results A total of 68 VL cases were reported in Henan Province from 2016 to 2022, with an annual average incidence rate of 0.010/100 000 showing an increasing trend year by year (χ² = 5.206, P < 0.05). The cases were reported throughout the year except for August, and the peak period of onset was from March to June, accounting for 50.0% (34/68) of reported cases. The ratio of males and females was 2.6 ∶ 1, and the annual average incidence rates in males and females were 0.011/100 000 and 0.004/100 000, respectively. The age range of reported cases was from 7 months to 71 years old. The majority of patients were in the 0-2 group and the ≥ 60 years age groups, accounting for 27.9% (19/68) and 25.0% (17/68), respectively. Farmers (42.7%, 29/68) and scattered resident children (32.4%, 22/68) were the dominant high-risk population. Among the 68 reported cases, 61 were local cases and 7 were imported from other provinces. The 61 local cases were distributed in 13 counties (cities, districts) among 5 provincial-level cities, including Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Anyang, Hebi and Sanmenxia. The results of spatio-temporal clustering analysis showed that two significant clustering regions (P < 0.01) were detected for VL in Henan Province, with the clustering centres being Linzhou in Anyang City and Gongyi in Zhengzhou City, respectively. Conclusion VL had been on the rise in Henan Province, with spatial-temporal clustering. It is necessary to carry out precise surveillance and implement prevention and control measures in different epidemic areas to prevent the ongoing spread of the epidemic.

Objective To identify the morphological and molecular characteristics of Ixodes persulcatus collected from Inner Mongolia and to understand their developmental life cycle and biological characteristics through artificial rearing. Methods Ticks were collected from the northeastern region of Inner Mongolia and identified morphologically using a 3D super depth microscope system. Tick DNA was extract, and mitochondrial 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA sequences was amplifed by PCR. After sequencing the positive amplification products, BLAST alignment was performed on the sequences, and the tick mitochondrial 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA genes phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor joining algorithm. Kunming mice were used as blood source to artificially rear the ticks at a temperature of (25 ± 3) ℃ and a relative humidity of 70%-90%. The biological characteristics of the tick life cycle at different stages were observed. In the egg hatching experiment, 30 eggs from each of 10 fully blood-fed female adult ticks were randomly selected, their hatching was observed, and the hatching rate was calculated. A total of 200 engorged larval ticks were randomly selected for the molting experiment, and their molting status was recorded and the molting rate was calculated. 100 engorged nymphal ticks were randomly selected for the nymphal ticks molting experiment and divided into 10 groups, with 10 ticks in each group. The molting situation was observed, and the molting rate was calculated. The comprehensive development rate of each stage after calculating the success rate of development was calculated. Results The morphological identification results showed that both the collected female and male ticks conform to the morphology of Ixodes. The PCR amplification and sequencing results showed that the 12S rDNA sequence with a length of 320 bp and the 16S rDNA sequence with a length of 455 bp were amplified from tick DNA. BLAST sequence alignment analysis showed that the amplified mitochondrial 12S rDNA sequences of female and male ticks had the highest homology with the sequences of I. persulcatus (GenBank: MF095801.1 and JF758624.1), with 99.69% and 99.09%, respectively. BLAST sequence alignment analysis showed that the amplified mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences of female and male ticks had the highest homology with the sequences of I. persulcatus (GenBank: MH790201.1 and MH790200.1), with 99.75% and 99.50%, respectively. The genetic evolution analysis results showed that both female and male ticks clustered on the same branch as the sequences of the I. persulcatus. The observed life cycle of artificially reared I. persulcatus showed that the oviposition period of engorged female adult ticks is 12-17 days, with an average oviposition period of 14.6 days. The total number of eggs laid is about 1 510-1 970 per tick, with an average oviposition of about 1 817 per tick, and a daily average oviposition of about 124 per tick. The eggs hatched into larval ticks after 21-28 days, with an average hatching period of 24.8 days and a hatching rate of 89.7% (269/300). The blood-feeding period of the larval ticks is 3-5 days, with an average blood-feeding period of 4.5 days. After 18-25 days of molting, engorged larval ticks molt as nymphal ticks, with an average molting period of 22.8 days and a molting rate of 86.5% (173/200). The blood-feeding period of nymphal ticks is 5-8 days, with an average blood-feeding period of 6.3 days. Engorged nymphal ticks molted after 120-170 days to become adult ticks, the average molting period is 157.2 days, and the molting rate is 92.0% (92/100). It took an average of 241.6 days to develop to the next generation of adult ticks from the engorged female adult ticks laying eggs, with a comprehensive development rate of 71.4%. Conclusion The ticks collected from Inner Mongolia is confirmed to be I. persulcatus through morphological and molecular biology identification. Artificial feeding experiments were conducted to obtain the biological characteristics of the life cycle of the I. persulcatus, including eggs, larval ticks, nymphal ticks, and adult ticks.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of interleukin 4 (IL-4) to Trichinella spiralis infection in the intestinal phase in mice. Methods The muscle samples of T. spiralis reservation mice were digested for collection of muscle larvae, which were sonicated and centrifuged to collect supernatant for preparing Trichinella antigen. Ten wild-type BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the non-infection group and wild-type infection group, with 5 mice each group, while additional 4 IL-4 knockout mice (IL-4KO) were assigned to IL-4KO infection group. The mice of wild-type infection group and IL-4KO infection group were given with 400 muscle larvae each by gavage respectively, while the non-infection group received the same volume of PBS. Eight days after infection, orbital blood samples were obtained to collect sera by centrifugation, and the content of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) was detected by ELISA. The mice of all groups were dissected to collect the duodenum and proximal jejunum for preparation of paraffin sections. The sections were stained with Hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Measure the length of villi and crypts as well as the number and size of goblet cells useing Aperio ImageScope 12.4.3, and calculate the villus length/crypt length (V/C) and the ratio of the number of goblet cell/villus length (GC/V). Lymphocytes isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes were cultured with Trichinella antigen (10 μg/ml) for 72 hours, and the supernatant was collected. A Luminex assay was performed to measure the levels of cytokines including IL-1β, IL-12p70, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The data was analyzed using SPSS 26.0 software with independent sample t-tests for pairwise comparisons and one-way ANOVA for multiple sample comparisons. Results ELISA results showed that serum MCP-1 levels were (344.90 ± 21.80), (350.50 ± 38.30) and (467.94 ± 190.01) pg/ml in the non-infection, wild-type infection and IL-4KO infection group, respectively, the IL-4KO infection group was higher than the wild-type infection group (t = 0.681, P < 0.05). HE staining revealed intact mucosa and normal villous architecture with no signs of inflammation in the non-infection group, whereas both the wild-type infection and IL-4KO infection groups showed vacuolated goblet cells, shortened villi and marked inflammation in the duodenum and jejunum, with more severe inflammation in the IL-4KO infection group. The IL-4KO infection group had V/C of 2.62 ± 0.12 and 2.78 ± 0.25 in the duodenum and jejunum, which were both lower than those in the wild-type infection group (3.46 ± 0.05, 3.65 ± 0.12) (F = 24.09, 20.46, P < 0.01, 0.05). The non-infection group had higher V/C of 4.69 ± 0.16 in the jejunum (F = 25.43, P < 0.01). The IL-4KO infection group had GC/V of 9.66 ± 0.88 and 7.33 ± 0.88 in the duodenum and jejunum, which were both higher than those in the wild-type infection group (5.33 ± 1.20 and 4.33 ± 0.33) (F = 17.12, 16.78, both P < 0.05). The goblet cell size in the duodenum and jejunum of the IL-4KO infection group were (12.39 ± 1.17) and (11.05 ± 0.60) μm, both larger than the wild-type infection group, which had (8.33 ± 0.44) and (8.44 ± 0.58) μm (F = 18.47, 16.22, both P < 0.05). The Luminex results showed that the levels of IL-1β, IL-12p70, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α in the lymphocyte culture supernatants of the IL-4KO infection group were (0.80 ± 0.37), (2.70 ± 0.94), (49.76 ± 16.40), (25.25 ± 3.26), (12.51 ± 4.86), (51.20 ± 8.93), (15.86 ± 2.74) pg/ml, whereas the wild-type infection group had levels of (0.45 ± 0.03), (1.03 ± 0.04), (1.00 ± 0.38), (0.64 ± 0.16), (0.62 ± 0.24), (0.57 ± 0.09), (0.94 ± 0.31) pg/ml, respectively. The IL-4KO infection group were higher than the wild-type infection group (F = 5.52, 24.73, 48.72, 5.00, 123.10, 50.55, P < 0.05 or 0.01) except IL-1β (F = 0.87, P > 0.05). Conclusion IL-4 plays a protective immunological role during the intestinal phase of T. spiralis infection in mice. It could reduce the serum MCP-1, mitigate inflammation response in the duodenum and jejunum and suppress the secretion of inflammatory cytokines.

Objective Molecular identification of four species of trematode larvae isolated from freshwater snails in the Nenjiang River Basin in Qiqihar City. Methods Freshwater snails were collected from the Liuyuan section of the Nenjiang River in Qiqihar City from March to July 2023. After classification and identification, the shell was crushed, the visceral mass was observed under a microscope, and the trematode larvae in the snails were isolated. The total DNA of different trematode larvae was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) of trematode larvae was amplified by PCR, and the amplified products were sequenced. After splicing using Contig Express software, the sequence consistency was compared on the NCBI website. The phylogenetic tree was using the neighbor-joining method, and the genetic distance was calculated using MEGA 11.0 software. Results A total of 7 species of freshwater snails (2 771 snails) were collected, of which 3 species were positive, including Koreoleptoxis amurensis (282 snails), Cipangopaludina chinensis (709 snails) and Bellamya limnophila (142 snails). A total of 4 species of trematode larvae were detected, and each freshwater snail only parasitized 1 species of trematode larvae, which were larvae a (positive rate 25.23%, 107/424) parasitized in K. amurensis and B. limnophila, larvae b (positive rate 2.82%, 20/709) parasitized in C. chinensis, larvae c (positive rate 0.70%, 2/282) parasitized in K. amurensis and larvae d (positive rate 0.56%, 4/709) parasitized in C. chinensis. The amplified lengths of ITS2 target sequences of larvae a-d were about 523 bp, 701 bp, 960 bp and 554 bp, respectively. The results of gene sequencing and sequence alignment showed that the larvae a ITS2 sequence had the highest identity with Notocotylus ephemera (GenBank: OP720890.1) sequence, which was 98.49%. It had the closest genetic distance with N. ephemera and Notocotylidae sp., both of which were 0.014. It was speculated that larva a was a trematode of the Notocotylidae. The larvae b ITS2 sequence had the highest consistency with the sequence of Echinostoma revolutum (GenBank: GQ463130.1), which was 94.56%. The genetic distance with E. revolutum is the closest, which is 0.085. It is speculated that larva b is a trematode of the genus Echinostoma in the family Echinostomatidae. The larvae c ITS2 sequence had the highest consistency with Echinochasmus suifunensis (GenBank: MT447049.1) sequence (99.82%). The genetic distance with E. milvi was the closest, less than 0.001, suggesting that larva c was a trematode of the genus Echinochasmus of the family Echinostomatidae. The larvae d ITS2 sequence had the highest consistency with the sequence of Asymphylodora markewitschi (GenBank: OP106430.1), which was 92.36%. The genetic distance with A. parasquamosa is the closest, which is 0.090, suggesting that the larva d was a trematode of the genus Asymphylodora of the family Monorchiidae. Conclusion Freshwater snails in the Nenjiang River Basin of Qiqihar may harbour trematodes of the Notocotylidae, Echinostoma and Echinochasmus of the Echinostomatidae, and Asymphylodora of the Monorchiidae, potentially endangering the health of fish, poultry and mammals.

Objective To understand the genotype characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii in Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, and provide a basis for the prevention and control of toxoplasmosis in pigs. Methods In 2021, pig lymphatic and muscle tissues were collected from Taigu District, Pingyao County, and Xiyang County in Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province. The genomic DNA of the samples was extracted using an animal tissue extraction kit, and the B1 gene of T. gondii was amplified and sequenced using semi-nested PCR. Using the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, 12 loci including SAG1, 5'-SAG2, 3'-SAG2, alter. SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico were amplified from positive samples and 8 reference strains of T. gondii. The amplified fragments were digested using restriction endonucleases, and the digested products were compared with 8 international reference strains of T. gondii. Genotypes were determined by band size. Results A total of 37 positive samples of T. gondii were detected in 130 pigs in Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province, with a positive rate of 28.5% (37/130). Among them, the positive rate in Taigu District is 32.7% (18/55), Pingyao County is 26.0% (13/50), and Xiyang County is 24.0% (6/25). The positive rate of T. gondii in pig lymphoid tissue is 33.0% (33/100), and the positive rate of T. gondii in muscle tissue is 13.3% (4/30). Out of 37 positive tissues for T. gondii, one sample was successfully amplified and all loci were cleaved, identified as ToxoDB#9; One sample successfully amplified and cleaved 8 sites, suspected to be ToxoDB#9, ToxoDB#20, or ToxoDB#137; Three samples were successfully amplified and enzyme cleaved to 6 sites, suspected to be ToxoDB#9, ToxoDB#20, or ToxoDB#137; One sample successfully amplified and cleaved 8 sites, suspected to be Type I or ToxoDB#27 or ToxoDB#35; One sample successfully amplified and cleaved 6 loci, suspected to be Type I or ToxoDB#24, ToxoDB#27, or ToxoDB#35. Conclusion This study conducted molecular detection and genotype identification of T. gondii infection in pigs in Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province. The positivity rate was high, and the positivity rate in lymphoid tissue was higher than in muscle tissue. ToxoDB#9 genotype and suspected ToxoDB#9 or Type Ⅰ genotype samples were identified by PCR-RFLP.

Echinococcosis is a kind of parasitic zoonosis that seriously endangers human health and economic development, which is mainly caused by the parasitization and development of the Echinococcus larvae in the intermediate host. According to current research advances, the globally identified Echinococcus includes 9 valid natural species, which can cause 4 types of echinococcosis. This consensus has evolved alongside the development of research methods and scientific technology over the past two thousand years. Therefore, this article introduced the whole process of human exploration, recognition and cognition of Echinococcus and echinococcosis by summarizing and combing references. The landmark historical event is that in 1801, Rudolphi established an independent genus of Echinococcus for this flatworm. After that, several species of Echinococcus have been found in the world successively. In 1953, Rausch re-classified Echinococcus based on biological characteristics and gradually developed the concept and classification method of subspecies for Echinococcus; in 1967, Rausch further proposed the concept of Echinococcus strains, which was confirmed in the 1990s by Bowles through molecular biological methods. In 2013, Nakao introduced the phylogenetic species concept, revising Echinococcus into nine valid natural species that are still in use today. In addition, this paper summarized the discovery history of Echinococcus and echinococcosis in China. Since 1908, five species of Echinococcus have been reported in China, including E. shiquicus, which was unique to the Qingzang Gaoyuan region. This article provides a systematic review of the historical understanding of Echinococcus and echinococcosis, summarizing extensive historical data to further comprehend the taxonomic research advancements of Echinococcus.

As one of the invasive alien species in China and the main intermediate host for spreading angiostrongyliasis cantonensis, Pomacea sp. are now widely spreading in China and posing a serious threat to agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery production, ecological environment and human health in the affected areas. Accurate and rapid identification of Pomacea sp. is the foundation for research on the invasion mechanism, dispersal patterns and population genetics. It is also of great significance to the development and implementation of prevention and control strategies. At present, the identification methods of Pomacea sp. are mainly based on traditional morphology and molecular biology, among which the molecular identification of Pomacea sp. is mainly based on specific primer PCR rapid identification technology and DNA barcode technology. This article reviews the species identification methods of Pomacea sp..

Pulicinae belongs to Siphonaptera, Pulicoidea, Pulicidae, are common haematophagous ectoparasites in rodents, cats and dogs. A total of 3 genera and 5 species (Ctenocephalides felis, C. canis, C. orientis, Xenopsylla cheopis and Pulex irritans) have been determined. The structural characteristics and polymorphisms of the mitogenome have the following characteristics: the mitogenome retains the typical arrangement of the arthropod ancestor without gene deletions, additions, or rearrangements; higher AT content and both AT-skewness and GC-skewness were negative. The preferred codon usage is similar to most holometabolous insects. The tRNA-Ser (trnS1) gene of P. irritans shows a typical cloverleaf structure, and the other species have the same trnS1 but lacks the D-arm with the metazoan animals. The trnS1 of 5 species within the Pulicinae subfamily replaced the common GCU with UCU as the anticodon.The control region of the Pulicinae subfamily is relatively large with up to more than 7 kb in length and are mainly dinucleotide repeats. Similar to most holometabolous insects, there is a 7 bp conserved overlapping region between NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nad4) and nad4L. This article aims to provide reference for the evolution of the flea subfamily in holometamorphosis insects in the future.

Malaria remains a major global health challenge. At present, due to the application of drugs and related technologies, the burden of disease has been reduced to a certain extent, but morbidity and mortality remain very high. With the widespread emergence of drug resistance, it is urgent to explore and develop new anti-malarial strategies to effectively control and block the spread of malaria. The transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV), which targets the sexual stage, is a good option to control the transmission of Plasmodium from human hosts to mosquito vectors. The development of TBV has attracted attention domestically and internationally. It is considered to be one of the new technologies for malaria control. This article summarizes the research and development of TBV, as well as the discovery and progress of candidate antigens, and provides a theoretical reference for further research on TBV.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a type of intestinal disease whose etiology has not been completely defined and is mainly characterized by intestinal symptoms. This disease is protracted and difficult to cure, making it a challenging medical condition both domestically and internationally, and seriously affects the life quality of the patients. Recently, it has been found that parasites and their related agents can regulate the immune microenvironment, improve intestinal flora and reduce inflammatory symptoms by inducing a series of immune responses after acting on the host. In this paper, the latest research advances in the experimental treatment of IBD with parasites and related agents are reviewed to provide a reference for developing new drugs for the treatment of IBD.

A method for detecting Leishmania based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was established to support for the prevention and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. According to the sequence of the kinetoplast 5.8S ribosomal RNA of Leishmania (GenBank: OP829811), specific primers for LAMP were designed and synthesized, and the LAMP method was established. The DNA of blood samples from patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and healthy individuals, as well as the promastigote DNA of Schistosoma japonicum, Toxoplasma gondii, and L. donovani, were detected by the LAMP method to evaluate the specificity. The promastigote DNA of L. donovani was diluted to 1 ng/μl, 100 pg/μl, 10 pg/μl, 1 pg/μl, 100 fg/μl, 10 fg/μl, and 1 fg/μl to determine the minimum detection limit of the LAMP method and the effect of the presence or absence of calcein on the detection limit. LAMP method and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to detect blood samples from patients with unexplained fever and healthy people. Bone marrow smears of positive patients were stained by Giemsa to find Leishmania amastigotes. The established LAMP method could detect L. donovani DNA, and the reaction results were green; the results of detecting blood samples of patients infected with 4 species of Plasmodium and healthy people, as well as S. japonicum and T. gondii DNA were all negative, and orange. A total of 46 healthy blood samples were tested by the LAMP method, all of which were negative, without cross-reaction, and with high specificity. After reaction at 65 ℃ for 60 min, the detection limits without and with calcein were 1 pg/μl and 1 ng/μl, respectively. The average peak values of turbidity rates without and with calcein were 0.194 and 0.120, and the time of turbidity after adding calcein was delayed by an average of 23.6 min compared with that without calcein. The LAMP method and qPCR method were used to detect 67 blood samples from patients with fever, of which the same 2 samples were positive. The bone marrow smears corresponding to the same two positive blood samples were examined under a microscope and Leishmania amastigotes were found. The LAMP method for detecting Leishmania is easy to operate, has high sensitivity and specificity, and the test results are visible, which has good promotion and application value.

To understand the malaria epidemic situation and prevention and control measures in Baoshan City of Yunnan Province in 2023, the malaria epidemic data was collected from the Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and the completion status of various task indicators for preventing the import and re-transmission of malaria was collected from related reports. The database was established by Microsoft Excel 2021 software, and SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analysis. In 2023, 55 malaria cases were reported in Baoshan City, all of which were imported from abroad. Among them, 51 cases were vivax malaria, 2 cases were falciparum malaria, 1 case was malariae malariae and 1 case was ovale malaria. Regional distribution in Tengchong City accounted for 41 cases (74.6%). The sex distribution was mainly male 91.9% (50/55), and female 9.1% (5/55). In the age distribution, the youngest was 10 years old, and the oldest was 67 years old. The number of cases in the 30-34-years-old group was the largest, with 11 cases, accounting for 20.0%. The occupation distribution was mainly farmers, with 35 cases (63.6%). In addition to no cases in February, all cases were reported in other months, and the peak month was June, with 14 cases (25.5%). The main source of infection was Myanmar, where 51 cases (92.7%) were imported. Throughout the year, blood tests of fever patients were carried out for 16 271 cases, with 42 active case investigations conducting in key villages, 21 vector investigations conducting, 56 sites with case identified investigating and prevention measures performing, 98 times of supervision conducting, 10 times of skill training conducting, and 611 personnel training. The imported case number of malaria in 2023 in Baoshan City is significantly higher than that in 2022 (5 cases). it is necessary to strengthen the control capacity at all levels, improve the monitoring sensitivity, earnestly implement the “1-3-7” approach, and continue to consolidate the results of malaria elimination.

The patient was a 67-year-old male American Chinese. On the evening of August 28th, 2023 (US local time), the patient developed fever symptoms, with a maximum body temperature of 39.7 ℃. On August 29th (US local time), he visited the Massachusetts General Hospital of Harvard Medical School. Chest X-ray showed bilateral ground glass shadows, diagnosed with “pneumonia”, and was treated orally with “azithromycin, benzoate, amoxicillin, and guaiacol”. The patient arrived in Zhuhai on August 31st (Beijing time). On September 1st, he sought medical attention at the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University due to persistent fever symptoms. Admission examination: hemoglobin 93.00 g/L↓, eosinophils 0.00 × 10⁹/L↓, urinary occult blood 4 +↑, urinary protein 2 +↑. Microscopic examination of blood smear revealed the presence of Babesia microti in red blood cells. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) detection of 1 338 308 sequences of Babesia microti. The patient has been residing in New Hampshire, USA (Babesia epidemic area) for a long time, and had a history of insect bites. The next-generation sequencing results showed positive results for Babesia microti. The patient was treated with minocycline (0.1 g each time, once every 12 hours) + clindamycin (0.6 g each time, once every 6 hours) for anti-infection. After treatment, the condition improved, and the patient was discharged on September 11th. The blood count prior to discharge showed: hemoglobin 76.00 g/L, platelet count 208.00 × 10⁹/L, alanine aminotransferase 39.60 U/L, and aspartate aminotransferase 37.20 U/L. After 2 months of follow-up after discharge, the patient recovered well.

A 67-year-old male farmer of Han ethnicity from Gansu presented to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University on May 12, 2023, with a complaint of a mass on the right chest wall that had been present for over two months. He had a historical diagnosis of hepatic echinococcosis more than 30 years ago and had undergone a right lower lung lobectomy and right upper lung wedge resection for pulmonary echinococcosis in December 2021. His medical history also included close contact with livestock and dogs. Upon admission, a physical examination revealed a soft, mass approximately 30 cm × 20 cm in size in the vicinity of the axillary region of the right upper chest. The mass was firm, with clear boundaries and positive tenderness. Blood tests showed elevated eosinophil counts. Laboratory serology revealed positive IgG antibodies for Echinococcus and Toxoplasma. Enhanced abdominal CT and abdominal ultrasound identified multiple cystic lesions in the liver, left upper abdominal cavity, perisplenic area, right abdominal cavity, and chest wall. Notably, the lesion beneath the right chest wall extended into the subcutaneous tissue through the intercostal space, with areas of partial calcification. The patient was diagnosed with “multiple intraperitoneal echinococcosis with chest wall involvement”. Later, the patient underwent surgical removal of the cysts. Postoperative histological examination with HE staining showed homogeneous red staining in some regions of the lesion, along with scattered echinococcal structures and partial calcification. Postoperatively, the patient exhibited satisfactory recovery and was discharged in improved condition on June 13. Upon discharge, he was prescribed oral albendazole tablets at a dose of 10-15 mg/(kg•d), administered in divided doses after breakfast and dinner, continuing for six months. At the three-month follow-up, the patient reported no specific discomfort, and enhanced abdominal and pelvic CT scans indicated postoperative changes without significant abnormalities.