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    30 December 1991, Volume 9 Issue S1
    SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITES IN DAXING, TONGXIAN AND MIYUN COUNTIES, BEIJING SUBURBS
    1991, 9(S1):  6-8. 
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    Twenty-seven pilot sites were selected from three counties of Beijing suburbs according to different topography and socioeconomic status. Iodine direct smear, Kato-Katz thick smear and adhesive-tape techniques as well as fecal culture method were applied for parasitological diagnosis.Of 13730 residents from the investigated sites, the overall parasitic infection rate was 39%. Ten species of protozoa, nematode, and trematode were found in the population. Among these species, the respective infection rates for Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, and Clonorchis sinensis were 30.7%, 20.1%, 1.3% and 0.1%, respectively. Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana, and 1odamoeba buetschlii were recorded for the first time in these counties.The highest rate and intensity of ascarid infection was observed in mountainous district and rural areas, however, while comparing with the data recorded in Tongxian in 1978, a marked decrease was noted, probably resulting from, the improvement of economic and sanitary conditions in the suburbs since reformation.
    PRESENT STATUS OF INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS IN PUDONG NEW AREA OF SHANGHAI
    1991, 9(S1):  9-11. 
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    A survey on the present status of intestinal parasite infections was carried out in 6 selected spots in Pudong New Area, the suburbs of Shanghai in 1988-Of 2714 individuals examined, 1624 (66.2%) were proved to be infected with intestinal parasites. Multiple infections were common (18.9%). A total of 7 species of parasites were identified including 2 protozoa and 5 helminths. The infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Enterobius vermicularis were 25.9%, 44.6% and 23.7%, respectively. Low prevalence of hookworm (0.7%), Entamaeba coli (0.4%), Giardia lamblia (0.04%) and Hymenolepis diminuta (0.04%) were also noted in these areas.Being the predominant parasite, the prevalence of T. trichura varied from 14.2-69.4%, which was followed by Ascaris infection (7.3-60.8%). Most cases contracted light infection based on fecal egg count (EPG: Ascarias5000: Trichuris1000).The overall rate of intestinal parasite infection in inhabitants of Gao-qiao Town (24.2%) was found lower than that of the other 4 villages (45.4-82.0%). The rate for females (68.0%) was much higher than for males (63.3%). The highest infection rate of Ascaris and Trichuris was in the age group of 10-14 years, and a decrease tendency was revealed in those above 60 years old.
    FAMILY-BASED ANALYSES ON INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS
    1991, 9(S1):  11-14. 
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    Family-based aggregation analysis on intestinal parasite infection was pursued according to an investigation involving a total of 772 families (2826 persons) in Tian-jin.The result indicated that family aggregation for Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichuris tri- chiuras, Enterobius vermicutaris (P0.01), while no family aggregation was exhibited ior Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Giardia tamblia, hookworm (P0.06). The latter case was attributed to the diminution of using fecal manure.The data provided in this paper revealed the situation of several family-aggregated parasitoses in a municipality, demonstrating the importance of parasite control in urban districts.
    COMMON INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS IN PASTORAL AREAS, NEI MONGOL
    1991, 9(S1):  14-16. 
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    A survey of intestinal parasites was conducted by faecal examination in 606 individuals in Wuningbatu township of Ximengbaiqi. The overall infection rate (excluding peri-anal swab for 170 children) was 21.4%. Seven species of parasites were detected, namely: Ascarts (6.6%), Trichuris trichiura (2.2%), hookworm (0.8%), Enterobius vermicularis (1%), Entantoeba coli (10.1%), and Entamoebahistolytica (1.6%), while taenia was only detected from one person. The age group 16-19 years showed the highest infection rate (39.5%). The difference in infection rate between different age groups was significant (P0.05), while that between sexes and nationalities was not so (P0.06).Using anal swabs, the pin worm infection rate was 22.9% in 170 children under 16 years of age and that for 6-9 years reached 35.7%. No significant difference in infection rate between different ages, sexes and nationalities was found.None of the 485 children above 2 years of age showed a positive reaction in the Casoni's intradermal test.
    SURVEY OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS IN JINZHONG PREFECTURE, SHANXI PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  16-19. 
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    A survey of intestinal parasites was made in 11 sites of 4 counties of Jinzhong Prefecture. Of 5760 individuals examined, 2778 were found infected (infection rate 47.2%), 73.6% of the infected population haboured one species of parasite, while multiittfection with 2, 3 and 4 species of parasites amounted to 21.2%, 4.6% and 0.8% respectively of the infected population. There was no difference in infection rate between sexes. The infection rate for children under the age of 15 was significantly higher than that for above 15 (P0.006). Of 17 species of parasites detected from 6 705 stool specimens, 6 were helminths (infection rate 33.0%) and 11 were protozoa (infection rate 27.6%). Protozoa and helminths accounted for 46.5%(1583/3 479) and 64.6% (1896/3479) of the total worms respectively. In protozoan infections, the incidence of Endolimax nana was the highest(6.4%),which was followed by Trichomonas hominis (6.8%) .Ascaris was the most common helminth with an incidence of 25%. The infection rate of T. trichiura reached 64.6% in children under 12 years of age. The survey revealed a definite relationship between age and prevalence; besides, family clustering of parasite infections was also evident, especially for Entamoeba coli.
    A SURVEY OF PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN SHIJIAZHUANG REGION, HEBEI PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  19-21. 
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    A total of 6898 inhabitants of Jingxian County and Lingshou County of Shijiazhu-ang were examined for intestinal parasite infections. Ten species of parasites were detected during the survey. The infection rates for ascarid and pin worm were 28.8% and 7.6%, respectively,whereas that for other parasites ranged from 0.02% to 0.4%. Residents of Jinxian County, a plain area, exhibited an infection rate of 28.8%, while those of Lingshou County, a hilly region, had an infection rate of 34.6% (P0.01). The town dwellers in both counties showed an average infection rate of 16.3 %, being significantly different from that of 38.2% for the rural population (P0.001). The infection rate of 62.4% in pre-school children was the highest one, as compared with that in the other groups.
    SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE INFECTIONS IN 10 CITIES OF LIAONING PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  21-24. 
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    A survey of human parasites was conducted in 10 cities of Liaoning Province, which were selected according to different topography and socioeconomic status. Fecal examination by using Iodine direct smear, Kato-Katz thick smear, adhesive-tape techniques and fecal culture were carried out. Of 37 978 people residing in the studied sites, the overall parasite infection rate was 64.0%, being lower in the middle and northern parts (44.6-49.6%), and higher in the eastern, western and southern parts (72.9-82.8%) of this province. Multi-parasitism by 1, 2, 3 or 4 species of parasites accounted for 64.7 %, 9.1 %, 0.2 % and 0.1 %, respectively. High infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides (64.1-61%) and Trichuris trichiura (9.3-17.6%) was seen in all age groups over 5 years, higher in females than in males. The infection rate of En-terobius vermicularis in children under 14 years old is 14.4%.There were 17 species of parasites discovered, comprising Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, lodamoeba buetschlli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Enfamoeba nana, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duo-denote, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichostrongylus sp., Clonorchis sinensis, Heterophyes sp., tapeworm, Hymenolepis nana, Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus. Among them Balantidium coli, Heterophyes sp. and Trichostrongylus sp. were recorded for the first time in Liaoniag Province.
    INVESTIGATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN PARASITES IN THE YINMAHE TOWNSHIP, JIUTAI COUNTY, JILIN PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  24-26. 
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    The Yinmahe township of Jiutai county was selected as a pilot spot to carry out an investigation on the distribution of human parasites in August, 1987. Stool examination was made on 601 people. Among them, 294 samples revealed parasite-positive, the infection rate being 58.7%. Among the examined persons, 176 out of 262 males were parasite-positive, showing an infection rate of 67.2%; while 118 of 233 females were positive for parasites with an infection rate of 49.4%. Ascarid, pinworm, whipworm, and Clonorchis sinensis were helminths being detected, the respective infection rates were 34.3%, 4.6%, 1.2% aud 17.1%. Others were protozoa and yeast, the former included Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Chilomastix meslini and Hartmannella sp. Fifty children under 14 years old were examined by the method of adhesive-tape-swab for Trichuris trichiura, 23 were positive, the infection rate being 46%. Of the anfected persons, 16 were males and 7 were females, the infection rates being 61.6 % ind 36.8%,respectively,exhibiting no significant difference between them(x2 = 1.0347, P0.06). The age group of 1-9 years old showed the highest infection rate (60.9%). while that of 10-19 years old showed the lowest. A total of 601 specimens examined by test-tube and filter paper culture were all negative for hookworm larvae.
    SURVEY OF PARASITE INFECTIONS IN URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION IN HARBIN, HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  26-29. 
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    According to the unified method formulated by the nationwide human parasite investigation program, a survey of human parasites was conducted in the suburbs and a residential quarter of Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. The inhabitants subjected to the survey amounted to 2626, and 471 were revealed to harbour parasites with an infection rate of 18.7%. Ten species of human parasite were found during the survey, namely, Clonorchis sinensis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Endolimax Mono, Giurdia lamblia, Blastocystis hominis, showing infection rates of 8.8%, 6.6%, 7.1%, 0.9%, 0.04%, 0.04%, 0.1%, 0.04%, 0.2% and 1.2%, respectively. The prevalence of C. sinensis infection was more markedly higher in Korea minority, in inhabitants above 15 years old and in rural residents,as compared with that in Han nationality, in children under 16 years old and iu urban residents.
    AN INVESTIGATION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PARASITE INFECTIONS IN ELEVEN COUNTIES IN JIANGSU PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  29-31. 
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    Stool specimens of 21102 persons from 11 counties were examined by iodine staining method, modified Kato-Katz thick smear method and nematode larva culture method. Among the people examined 15141 were positive, the infection rate being 71.8%, of which multiple infection accounted for 61.5%. A large proportion of infected population were of low and moderate intensity. During the investigation, 18 species of human parasites were identified. The importance of control of parasitic diseases is stressed.
    DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN TREMATODE IN THE YANGTSE VALLEY IN ANHUI PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  31-34. 
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    The paper reports the distribution of human trematodes in the Yangtse Valley in Anhui Province investigated during 1986-1989. Altogether 16 286 inhabitants from 40 spots of the endemic area of schistosomiasis and 17611 persons from 34 sites of 7 randomly selected counties for human parasite survey were under study. The results revealed that the positive rate of schistosomiasis in endemic area by stool hatching remained as high as 8.6%, and the cases of acute infection increased to 4664 in 1989, indicating that schistosomiasis is still a major challenge in these regions. There are other 7 species of trematodes found in this area, namely, Clonorchis sinensis, Fasio-lopsis buski, Paragonimus westermani (both intra-and extra-pulmonary types),Echino-chasmus perfoliatus, Heterophyidae, Metagonimus yokogawai, and Fasiola gigantica, the overall infection rate being 1.2%. Among these species, Echinostomatide and Heterophyidae were recorded for the first time in Anhui province. In order to differentiate the species of trematodes which were difficult to identify based on egg examination alone, 11 cases of Echinochasmus perfoliatus, 3 cases of M. yokogawai and one case of Fasciola gigantica infection were confirmed by detecting adult worms following specific anthelmintic treatment.
    EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CLONORCHIASIS IN SHANDONG PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  35-37. 
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    Clonorchiasis has been prevalent in Shandong Province since 1962- Endemic areas were found to be no less than 107 counties. The village-based infection rate varies from 1 to 10% with an average of 1.6%. Most of the infested population were youngsters and children under 15 years of age. There was no marked difference in sex incidence. Cats, dogs and pigs were important reservoir hosts. Besides, rats and weasels were also found to be infected. The first intermediate hosts including Parafossarulus striatulus and Alocinma longicornis, had a wide distribution and large population. The second intermediate host is fresh water fish belonging to 23 species in 19 genera of 6 families, among which the small fishes such as Pseudorasbora parva, Abbotina revu-laris, Rhodeus atremius and Hemiculter kneri are mainly responsible for transmitting human infection. Children acquired the infection in most instances by eating underdone fish collected from ponds or ditches.
    SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE INFECTIONS IN TAIZHOU DISTRICT OF ZHEJIANG PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  37-39. 
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    The survey was made in 16 sites of Huangyan, Tiantai, Aianju and Linhai counties, Zhejiang Province. Nineteen species of human parasites were detected during the survey.Of 7840 persons examined, the overall parasite infection rate was 76.1%. There were 3359 persons habouring more than 2 species of parasites. The rates of multi-infection with 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 or 6 species of parasites were 33.4%, 32.7%, 16.1%, 4.3%, 0.3% and 0.3% in the population, respectively.The infection rate was found to be associated with the socioeconomic status, geographical conditions and source of drinking water.
    A SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE INFECTIONS IN JIANGXI PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  40-42. 
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    Based on the unified requirements and standardized methods determined by tha nationwide program of human parasite investigation, a sampling survey of human darasites was carried out on 100 spots in 23 counties of Jiangxi Province during 1988-1989. Fecal examination on 52146 people revealed parasite infection in 41822, the infection rate being 80.2%. Twenty species of human parasites were detected from the infected persons. Parasitism with 1,2,3,4 and 6 species was recorded 47.9%, 26.4%, 6.2%, 0.7% and 0.1%, respectively. The number of parasite species, their wide distribution as well as the status of prevalence call for active and comprehensive planning of parasitoses control in the province.
    GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF PARAGON IMUS IN JIANGXI PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  42-45. 
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    Three species of Paragonimus, Paragonimus westermani, Pagumogonimus skrjabint and Euparagonimus cenocopiosus were found in Jiangxi province of China. The do mi- nant species P. westermani was discovered in all 46 counties and cities investigated, however, P. skrjabini mainly found in Luoxiao mountain range and E. conocopiosus only in Wuyi mountain range within the boundaries of the province. These endemic areas were mainly scattered in the mountain regions and hilly lands with elevation of 200- 1000 metres, but between 400- 600 metres the infection rate and intensity of crabs were higher than that below 400 or above 600 metres. It is suggested that the wide distribution of P. westermani should be involved in the variety in its intermediate hosts, paratenic hosts and final hosts, and in the complexity of host transfer.
    A SURVEY ON PREVALENCE OF PARAGONIMIASIS IN NORTHEAST AND SOUTH OF JIANGXI PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  45-47. 
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    A survey of prevalence of paragonimiasis was performed in five counties and one municipality which were located in the northeast and south part of Jiangxi Province. The results proved that Guixi county was a mixed endemic area of Paragonimus wester-mani, P. skrjabini and EuParagonimus cenocopiosus, while Yiyang county was a mixed endemic area of P. westermani and E. cenocopiosus- It was also found that Jingdezhen, Anyuan and Shangyou were endemic areas of P. westermani- The positive rate of in-tradermal test with adult worms antigen in local inhabitants ranged from 7-15.9%. Of 629 crabs examined, 189 were found to be infected with metacercariae, the infective rate of crabs from the northeast Jiangxi was higher than that from the south Jiangxi. A more extensive dissemination of paragonimiasis in the province was evidenced in this survey as compared with the previous findings.
    AN INVESTIGATION OF ACUTE ASCARIS INFECTION RESULTED FROM EATING SUGARCANE IN CHILDREN
    1991, 9(S1):  48-50. 
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    With the increase of sugarcane eating, the number of children with symptoms of cough and asthma was elevated in the proper of Lianjiang County. The result of a survey disclosed that the morbidity was due to eating unpeeled sugarcane which had been contaminated by numerous infective Ascaris eggs. The infection rate in children under 15 years old was 48.3% and the contamination rate of sugarcane and soil were 64% and 100%, respectively. Most of the examined Ascaris eggs were at the infective stage. Expelling of mature and immature ascarids after administration of antihel-mintics was not uncommon.
    INVESTIGATION ON THE HOOKWORM INFECTION IN BANANA PLANTING FIELD IN ZHANGZHOU CITY, FUJIAN PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  50-52. 
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    An investigation on hookworm infection was pursued in 4 pilot areas of Zhang-zhou, Fujian Province. Using Kato-Katz method, the mean hookworm infection rate was recorded 67.8% in 2069 people. A trend of increase of incidence with the upgrading of age was indicated, but the decline of the incidence in age group above 70 was an exception, which was attributed to the frequency of farming labor. The result of larva cultivation evidenced a proportion of 67% for Ancylostoma duodenale, 13% for Necator americanus and 20% for mixed infection. Species identification revealed a ratio of 2.6:1 for A. duodenale versus Necator americanus, demonstrating A. duodenale is the predominant species of hookworm in Zhangzhou.
    SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE INFECTIONS IN THE SUBURBS OF ZHANGZHOU CITY AND LONGHAI COUNTY, FUJIAN PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  52-55. 
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    This paper reports on the survey of human parasites in the suburbs of Zhangzhou City and Longhai County, where the socioeconomic development ranks at middle or high level. Of 4 614 persons from the nine sites examined, 3182 were infected, and the overall parasite infection rate was 77.6%. There were 32 species of parasites discovered during the survey involving 10 species of protozoa, 17 species of helminths and 5 Species of medical insects. Multi-parasitism was not uncommon, a person harboured as many as eight kinds of parasites was recorded. Cases infected by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 6 kinds of parasites in the positive population were accounted for 44.9 %, 32.9%, 16.7%, 6.2%, 1.3%, and 0.2%, respectively.
    INVESTIGATION OF INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS IN HUNAN PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  55-59. 
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    This paper reports on the distribution of intestinal parasitic infection of the local inhabitants in 66 pilot sites randomly selected from 20 counties in Hunan Province during 1987-1990. Out of 34616 persons examined, 22964 (66.3%) were found to be infected with one or more species of intestinal parasites. Twenty-one species of parasites including 7 species of nematodes, 2 cestodes, 3 trematodes and 9 protozoa were discovered. The infection rate of nematodes was higher than that of the other species, the roundworm being the highest (61.1%). Statistically, a significant correlation exists between the prevalence and geographical type, nationality, socioeconomic status of the district as well as the age, sex, cultural level of the population.
    SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE INFECTIONS IN HUBEI PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  59-62. 
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    A survey of parasitic infection was made in Xianning, Hanchuan, Hongan and Anlu counties (cities) from June 1987 to July, 1988. The results showed that there were 20 species of human parasites prevalent in situ, involving seven species of intestinal protozoa with an infection rate of 7.8%: and eleven species of intestinal helminths, the infection rate being 67.4 %; while the overall infection rate of intestinal parasites was 48.8%. Of 769 urban inhabitants examined, 175 were positive for Demo- dex sp. the positive rate was 22.8%. Young people were the most frequently affected ones. Ninety of 1232 married females from rural area subjected to examination contracted Trichomonas vaginalis, the positive rate being 7.3%.
    SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE DISTRIBUTION IN HENAN PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  62-65. 
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    The fecal specimens of 85741 individuals were examined in 166 selected areas of 40 counties or cities by sampling: Anyang, Puyang, Weihui, Weishi, Kaifeng, Yucheng, Minquan, Yuanyang, Neihuang, Taiqian, Yancheng, Fugou, Wuyang, Zhoukou, Xuchang, Zhecheng, Dancheng, Xiangcheng, Pingyu, Suiping, Luoshan, Huang-chuan, Huaibin, Tongbai, Nanyang, Tanghe, Dengzhou, Neixiang, Nanzhao, Yanshi, Qinyang, Yuzhou, Jiaozuo, Mixian, Linxian, Shanxian, Baofeng, Yiyang, Luan-chuan, Changge. Eight species of intestinal nematodes were found during the survey, namely, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichostrongylus orienialis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Oesophagostomum; the average infection rates were 44.6%, 15.9%, 2.8%, 8.4%, 21.7%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.1% respectively. The average infection rates for Taenia so/mm, Hymenolepis diminuta and Hymenolepis nana were respectively 0.1%, 0.1% and 0.2%; while those for Clonorchis sinensis and Fasctola hepatica were 0.3% and 0.1%, respectively. The average infection rates for Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, Blastocystis hominis, Trichomonas intestinalis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Chilomastix mesnili, lodamoeba buets-chlii and Balantidium coli were 0.7%, 4.8%, 3.1%, 6.0%, 7.2%, 1.8%, 0.1%, 0.6%, 0.4%, 1.1% and 0.1% respectively. The total infection rate was 64.6%, whereas that of male was 64.9% and females, 66.0% (u = 2.36, P0.05).In Nanyang Basin, East Henan Plain, South Heaan Hilly area, Northeast Henan Plain and Northwest Henan Mountainous region, the infection rates of human parasites were 76.3%, 68.8%, 67.2%, 63.3% and 64.4% respectively
    SURVEY ON HUMAN PARASITE INFECTIONS IN THE SUBURBS OF ZHAOQING CITY, GUANGDONG PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  66-68. 
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    A survey of human parasites by fecal examination using iodine-stained smear method, Kato-Katz method, adhesive-tape scraping method and fecal culture was made in 4 selected sites of the suburbs of Zhaoqing city, Guangdong province. Of 2060 inhabitants examined, 82.6%-86.6% were found to be infected with intestinal parasites. Multiple infection with 2, 3 and 4 species were 36.1%, 14.6% and 1.8% respectively. Altogether 16 species of parasites were detected, of which, 10 were firstly recorded in this locality, comprising Strongyloides stercoralis, Heterophyidae, Metago-nimus yokogawai, Echinostomatides, Fasciolopsis buski, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba hartmanni, Iodamoeba buetschlii, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli.
    INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PROTOZOA IN THE SUBURBS OF GUANGZHOU
    1991, 9(S1):  68-70. 
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    An investigation of human intestitoal protozoa was carried out by stool examination in 8 villages via random sampling from two counties ia the suburbs of Guangzhou. Out of 4 265 inhabitants examined, 346 (8.1%) were found to be infected with protozoa. The infection rate of females was 9%, which was higher than that of the males (7%). The prevalence had a tendency to increase with age, showing 3.7% for under 6, 4.3-9.5% for 6-39, and 11.6-30.2% for over 40 years of age. Six species of intestinal protozoa were detected from, these villages, including: Giardia lamblia (2.9%), Enta-moeba coli (2.6%), Entamoeba hartmanni (1.6%), Endolimax. nana (0.8%), Enta-moeba histolytica (0.4%) and lodamoeba buetschlii (0.06%).
    PRELIMINARY REPORT ON HUMANIPARASITE SURVEY IN GUIZHOU PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  70-72. 
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    According to the requirements and methodology presented in the procedures for Implementation of Nationwide Survey on Human Parasites, a relevant investigation was undertaken in Guizhou Province, covering 112 pilot spots in 27 counties/cities. The people subjected to the study totalled 67892, and the infection rate of human parasites was 82%. Polyparasitism was commonly viewed. The age of involved inhabitants ranged from 3 months to 89 years old. The respective infection rates for different species of parasites were Ascaris lumbricoides 72.3%, Trichuris trichirua 29.9%,hookworm 19.7%, Trichostrongylus sp. and Strongyloides stercoralis 0.2% each, Rhabditis sp. 0.06%, Oesophagostimumsp. 0.07%, Ternidens diminutus 0.002%, Fasciolopsis buski 0.009%, Taenia sp. 0.03%, Hymenolepis diminuta 0.09% Entamoeba hisiolytica 2%, Entamoeba coli 5.2%, Endolimax nana 1.5%, Entamoeba hartmanni 0.4%, loda-moeba buetschlii 0.6%, Giardia lamblia 1.2%, Blastocystis hominis 0.05%, Trichomonas hominis 0.002%, Isospora sp. 0.002%. The situation of parasite distribution in Guizhou already aroused critical attention of the health institutions concerned.
    INVESTIGATION OF HUMAN INTESTINAL PARASITIZATION IN GUIYANG CITY, GUIZHOU PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  72-75. 
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    A total of 2074 people of Guiyang City were investigated for detecting intestinal parasitization for the first time. It was shown that the overall infection rate was 73.3%, the highest infection rate being in Machang village, Qiantao Town of Huaxi District (up to 93.7%). Thirteen species of parasite were found, of which the commonest were roundworm (66.4%),whipworm(27.7%) and hookworm(7.9%).No significant difference was found between men in the infection rate and women. The infection rate was found to decrease with the increase of age. It is clear that the prevention and treatment of human intestinal parasitization should be further carried out,especially in the juveniles and children.
    HUMAN INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS AND THEIR FAMILY AGGREGATION IN SICHUAN
    1991, 9(S1):  76-79. 
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    Nineteen species of intestinal parasites, including 7 species of nematode, 8 protozoa,2 cestodes and 2 trematodes were discovered in 18 468,people with an infection rate of 80.6% from 9 counties of 4 types of topography in Sichuan. The statistical analyses showed that the figures of infection rate, parasite species and intensity of infection were significantly different among areas of diverse topography, i. e. the figures were elevating in the ascending order in areas located at west Sichuan plateau, the surroundings of mountains of Sichuan Basin, hilly plain and hilly region.According to G test and binomial distribution analysis based on 2743 families with complete data of fecal examination, the positive infections of Asccris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm, Giardia lamblia, Blastocystis hominis and Entamoeba coli showed evidence of family clustering due to the identical environmental sanitation and habits in daily life.
    SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE INFECTIONS IN LISU AND LEME MINORITY AREAS IN NUJIANG AUTONOMOUS PREFECTURE OF YUNNAN PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  82-85. 
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    During March to Aprill 1990, a total of 1065 local residents in Lisu and Leme minority areas were surveyed by fecal examination with iodine direct smear, modified Kato-Katz thick smear, adhesive tape techniques and fecal culture. The overall infection rate of the two minorities was 93.1% and 97.6%, respectively. Multiple infection was very common ; cases infected more than 3 species accounted for 53.3% in Lisu and 61.4% in Leme. A total of 13 species of intestinal parasites were detected from the two minority areas, demonstrating the infection rates as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides 81.9%, hookworn (N. a. :A. d. =5.6:1) 69.3%, Trichuris trichiura 55.9%, Enterobius vermicularis 34.3%, Trichostrongylus orientalis 0.1%, Hymeno-lepis nana 0.1%, Entamoeba histolytica 0.8%, E. coli 8.2% E. hartmanni 3.2%, Endo-limax nana 8.6%, lodamoeba buetschlii 1.9%, Giardia lamblia 3.5%, and Blastocystis hominis 16.9%. The hookworm infection rate was higher in Lisu than that in Leme, while that of other nematode infections was generally higher in the latter minority This difference is attributed to the diversity of socioeconomic and hygienic conditions between the two minorities in recent years.
    DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN PARASITE IN FOUR COUNTIES OF BAOJI PREFECTURE OF SHAANXI PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  85-88. 
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    This paper reports on the result of investigation in 9 210 individuals for human parasite infection in Baoji City. People contracted the infection totalled 6467, with an infection rate of 69.3%, The infection rate of children under fourteen years of age was 71.6%. Multiinfection was revealed in 1 268 persons, the mixed, infection rate was 13.7%. Fourteen species of human parasites were detected, including four nematodes, three cestodes and seven protozoa. The main parasite species is Ascaris, with an infection rate of 61.6%. The results provided data of the distribution of human parasites, the infection in different age and sex groups, and parasite fauna in studied areas, which may serves as a useful guide for the future prevention and treatment of parasitic infections.
    PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN PARASITES IN GANSU PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  88-90. 
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    Inhabitants of 28 687 in 67 villages of 19 counties, Gansu province were investigated for intestinal parasite infection. There were 19 species including 9 protozoa, 6 nema-todes, and 5 trematodes detected. Of these, 6 species are common ones in Gansu province. The infection rates for respective species were as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides 36.1%, Enterobius vermicularis 12.2%, Trichuris trichiura 2%, Entamoeba coli 3.9%, Entamoeba histolytica 1.8% and Giardia lamblia 1.1%; 6 rarely seen species in the locality were hookworm, Paragonimus westermani, Endolimax nana, lodamoeba bue-tschlii and Balantidium coli; 8 species were detected in Gansu for the first time, namely Strongyloides stercoralis, Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola hepatica, Fasciolopsis buski, Dicrocoelium lancealum, E. hartmanni, Trichomonas hominis and Blastocystis hominis.
    EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY ON HYDATID DISEASE IN TIANZHU ZANG AUTONOMOUS COUNTY, GANSU PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  91-93. 
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    A survey on epidemiology of hydatid disease was conducted ia Tianzhu Zatig Autonomous County, Gansu Province. History enquiry, intradermal test, indirect hemag-glutination test and ELISA were the screening methods to be applied. Those who were postitive for 2 of the sero-diagnostic methods would experience thorax X-ray and Type B-ultrasonographic examinations to confirm the diagnosis. A township-based study showed that 35 out of 461 persons in Bailin, 19 of 767 in Qianbao and 17 of 710 in Xi-datan harboured parasites, with infection rates of 7.6%, 2.6% and 2.4% respectively, while the morbidity were 3%, 1.4% and 1.4% respectively. Statistical analysis revealed significant difference in infection rate between pastoral area of Bailin township and the semi-pastoral and semiagricultural area of Qianbo and Xidatan townships (x2 = . 264 692, P0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the morbidity between the two sorts of foci (x2 = 5.1693, P0.05).
    SEROEPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF HUMAN CYSTICERCOSIS IN NINGXIA
    1991, 9(S1):  93-96. 
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    Sefoepidemiological survey on human cystlcercosls by means of PVC membrance ELISA was performed in Ningxia from July to November 1989. The total number of residents examined was 7810, and positivity was revealed in 217 cases, the positive rate being 2.8%. Ninety-three of 3 551 males and 124 of 4 259 females showed positive rates of 2.6% and 2.9%, respectively, and no significant difference was found between them. However, the difference in positive rate was significant between the Han nationality (3.2%) and Hui minority (1.6%)(P0.005). Higher positive rate was exhibited in the urban inhabitants as compared with that in the peasants. The diversity of incidence was also present in different occupations and age groups; for the latter case, a tendency of increase of positive rate was viewed with the upgrading of age.
    SEROEPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF HUMAN TRICHINOSIS IN NINGXIA
    1991, 9(S1):  96-98. 
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    Seroepidemiological survey of human trichinosis by means of PVC membrance ELISA was perfomed in Ningxia. The total number of residents examined was 7810, and sero-positivity was recorded in 132 cases, the positive rate being 1.7%. The sero-positivity rate of males and females were 1.8% and 1.6% respectively, no significant difference was found between both sexes (F0.05). The sero-positivity rate of Han nationality (1.9%) was higher than that of Hui nationality (1.1%) (P0.06).
    INVESTIGATION OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES INFECTION IN RURAL POPULATION OF NINGXIA
    1991, 9(S1):  98-100. 
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    According to the unified sampling and diagnostic method which was standardized for survey of human parasite distribution nationwide, data of Ascaris lumbricoides was acquired from some sampling sites in 1989. At 17 sampling sites, the total number of persons under study was 7 980, the positivity was recorded in 2460 cases with a positive rate of 30.8%. The infection rate was 29.8% for males, and 32.3% for females. There was a significant difference between males and females. The survey showed that the increase in age was accompanied by a decrease in infection rate. There was no significant difference between Hui and Han nationalities.
    A SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITES IN TU AND SALA MINORITIES IN QINGHAI
    1991, 9(S1):  100-102. 
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    This paper reported on an investigation of human parasites conducted in Til and Sala minorities in Qinghai. Stool examination was performed on 552 Tus in a pilot area, a record of 326 positive number with an infection rate of 59.1% was presented. The detected parasites were composed of 5 species of helminths and 6 species of protozoa. The infection rates for Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichittra, Trichostrongy-lus, Eniamoeba coli, Entdolimax nana, lodamoeba buetschlii, Entamoeba hartmanni, Giardia lamblia, Blastocystis hominis and Taenia solium were 51.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 11.4%, 2%, 0.4%, 0.2%, 2%, 2.4% and 0.2%, respectively. The infection rate of Enterobius vermicularis in children below 12 years of age was 11.3%. In another site, 374 of 509 persons of Salas minority harboured parasites comprising 3 species of helminths and 8 species of protozoa. The infection rates of A. lumbricoides, Taenia sagi-nata, E. coli, E. nana, I. buetschlii, E. hartmanni, G. lamblia, Balantidium coli, Trichomonas intestinalis and B. hominis were respectively 43.6%,0.8%,21%, 13.8%, 4.6%, 3.6%, 16.9%, 0.2%, 2%, and 19.4%. The infection rate of E. vermicularis in children younger than 12 years old was 6.6%.
    SURVEY OF HYMENOLEPIS NAN A INFECTION IN XINJIANG
    1991, 9(S1):  102-104. 
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    A survey of human Hymenolepis nana infection was made in Bachu, Miquan, Wushi and Yinitig county of Xinjiang, 1990.One pilot site was selected from each county according to topography and socio-economic status. Iodine direct smear and Kato-Katz thick smear were used for ova detection. Of 1709 persons from the sites under study, the overall infection rates were 9.2%, 1%, 1.6% and 3.3% respectively. Hymenolepis nana infection rate in the Urgur and Han in Bachu and Miquan county were 9.6%,6.3% and 1.4%,1.9%,respectively. The results showed that Hymenolepis nana infection has region-oriented distribution,and there was no difference in the infection rate between Urgur and Han in the same area, while the difference of infection in sex ratio between Urgur and Han was observed.Further study on the distribution, prevalence, socioeconomic factors and natural conditions related to Hymenolepis nana infection is deemed important for hymenolepia-sis control.
    RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTIONS AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS IN RURAL POPULATION OF JIAMUSI. HEILONGJIANG
    1991, 9(S1):  105-107. 
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    A. survey was made in rural population of Jiamusi to study socioeconomic factors in intestinal parasite infection. The result showed that the infection rate for intestinal parasites was 21.8%(553/2 634), which was much higher(45.6%)in people below the age of 14 years than above(16.5%)(x2 = 659.57, P0.01). The infection rates were respectively 52% in pupils, 25% in preschool children and 17.3% in farmers. Statistical ana-ysis of various socioeconomic factors revealed that the highest parasite infection rate was indicated in residents with low family income and inferior cultural level; in addition, sanitary environmental conditions and personal hygiene were important subsidiary factors. Improvement of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation in parallel to parasiticide therapy were suggested as the fundamental control measures.
    DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN PARASITES IN FOUR COUNTIES OF LINZHI PREFECTURE, LHASA, XIZANG
    1991, 9(S1):  107-109. 
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    A. comprehensive survey was carried out in 8 selected sites in 4 counties of Xizang Autonomous Region to disclose human parasite distribution in the local inhabitants. A total of 2746 stool specimens and 463 serum samples were examined for parasite infection, whereas anal scraping by using adhesive-tape was preformed on 78 children for detecting Enterobius vermictilaris. Altogether, 21 species of parasite were discovered. The result indicated that geographic and environmental features, socioeconomic status, sanitary conditions, education and age were important factors affecting the distribution of parasitic infections.
    SCARCE HUMAN PARASITES IN HAINAN PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  110-112. 
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    Hainan Province is situated in the southernmost part of China, where the tropical climate, complicated natural environment and various kindsr of eservoirs were favorable to the transmission of a variety of parasites. This review covers published papers and unpublished data based on surveys which were pursued by the authors from 1966 to 1989. Except for 19 species of common parasites which had been reported previously, 17 species were rarely discovered ones in situ, which included Macracanthc rhynchus hirudinaceus, Plasmodiurn ouale, Isospora belli, Raillietina celebensis, Hymenolepis diminuta, Spiromefra mansoni, C a pill aria hepatica, Rhabditella axei, Rhabditis homi-nis, Ternidens diminutus, Fasciola hepatica, Faseiola gigantica, Fasciolopsis buski, Dicrocoelium dentriticum, Clonorchis sinensis, Paragonimus voestermani and Heterophyi-dae.
    A SURVEY OF HUMAN PARASITE INFECTIONS IN LINCHENG TOWN. LINGAO COUNTY, HAINAN PROVINCE
    1991, 9(S1):  113-115. 
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    A survey of intestinal parasites by fecal examination using iodine direct smear method, Kato-Katz thick smear method, adhesive-tape method and fecal culture was made on 624 local residents of Lin'cheng Town, Lingao County, in the northern region of Hainan Province. Multi-parasitism was found to be as high as 82.1% (430/624). A total of 17 species of intestinal parasites were discovered, of which, Rhabditella axei, Isospora belli, Clonorchis sinensis and Ternidens diminutus, were recorded for the first time in Hainan Province.