Objective To analyzed the genetic diversity, genetic differences between populations and differentiation time of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis of Qinghai isolates, in order to provide scientific basis for species tracing and prevention and control of Echinococcus in Qinghai Province, China. Methods For genetic analysis, 50 liver lesion samples were collected from hospitalized echinococcosis patients in the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University to extract genomic DNA and amplify mitochondrial dehydrogenase 1 gene (nad1). Sequence multiple alignment was performed using Clustal X v2.0 software. Geographic informatics mapping of patients’ residence was constructed using ArcGIS software. Sequence haplotype analysis was made with DnaSP v6 software. Modeltest 3.7 software and PAUP*4.0B10 software were used to calculate the minimum optimal nucleic acid evolution model. The Bayesian’s phylogenetic evolution tree was constructed with MrBayes-3.2.7 software. The differentiation time of each node in the phylogenetic tree was estimated with the Bayesian method using BEAST v2.6.3 software. Results We successfully identified 48 Echinococcus lesion samples specimen and obtained the full length of complete nad1 gene of 894 bp. Among them, 13 samples were identified as the G1 genotype of E. granulosus, and 35 samples as E. multilocularis. All the sequences showed > 99% similarity to those in GenBank. Four haplotypes were identified as H1-H4 in the two species respectively; H3 was the dominant haplotype in E. granulosus samples(10/13), which is present in Xining, Guoluo, Yushu, Haidong, Haibei and Huangnan. H2 haplotype was found dominant in E. multilocular samples (51.4%,18/35), which is present in Xining, Guoluo, Yushu, and Haidong. The phylogenetic tree showed that E. granulosus and G1 genotype clustered into one branch, and E. multilocularis and Asian strain clustered into one branch. The results of differentiation time showed that the nearest common ancestor of E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus was about 5.5 Mya (95% confidence interval 4.5-6.5 Mya), and the differentiation time of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis was about 2.5 Mya (95% confidence interval 2.3-4.1 Mya). Conclusion Both human E. granulosus and E. multilocularis in Qinghai Province show high genetic diversity. E. granulosus was found of G1 genotype, with H3 as the dominant haplotype, while in E. multilocularis samles H2 is the dominant. The two speies are widely distributed throughout Qinghai Province. The two species of Echinococcus exhit closer genetic relationship and differentiation timing.

The Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases had its first issue in 1983. Over the past 40 years, the journal witnesses the remarkable achievements in prevention and control of important parasitic diseases in China, marked by effective control of schistosomiasis (2015) and elimination of lymphatic filariasis (2007) and malaria (2021), and has been playing an important role providing academic exchange platform for research and control programs of parasitic diseases and parasitology, promoting domestic and international scientific exchanges. With the guidance of each editorial board, the journal strictly abides by the academic standards and perseveres the concept of presenting high-quality publication. The national and international impact of the journal has continuously increased. It has been included in important international databases such as Medline, Scopus, and Chinese Science Citation Database (CSCD) (Class C) since 1989. It has been selected as one of Chinese Science and Technology Core Journals since 1987, Core Journals in Chinese since 1992 and the World Journal Clout Index Report Scientific & Technological Periodicals (WJCI) since 2020, and was included in the High-Quality Scientific and Technological Journal Classification Catalog for Preventive Medicine and Health (2021 edition). It was also awarded as one of “the 100 Outstanding Chinese Academic Journals” (in 2009), “the First Prize of Excellent Medical and Health Journals of the Ministry of Health” (in 2005), “the First Prize of Excellent Journals of the National Health and Family Planning Commission” (in 2013), the First Prize and the Excellent Journal of “the Journal series of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association” and “the Excellent Journal Award in East China Region”. In 2021, its core impact factor reached 1.743, the highest in its history, and continues its first rank among 31 core journals in medicine. The network informatization has been constructed since 2006, with "WeChat" platform established in 2016, which has raised the journal’s dissemination, service capacity and impact to a higher level. This article summarizes the 40-year history of the Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, and prospects its future development direction.

Malaria is one of the oldest and most severe infectious diseases in China. After over 70 years of comprehensive control and prevention measures, great achievements have been made in malaria control in China, with a remarkable decline in morbidity and mortality. The malaria epidemic has been controlled effectively, ensuring people’s health, reducing the poverty due to illness, and promoting social and economic development. The milestone achievements in elimination of indigenous malaria cases nationwide has been maintained for 4 consecutive years since 2017, and thereafter the World Health Organization certificated malaria elimination in China on June 30, 2021, which is a significant milestone in the public health in China and the global history of malaria elimination. This paper systematically reviews the great impacts, performance characteristic and experiences gained from malaria elimination program, and the challenges in post-elimination stage in China.

With the acceleration of globalization, the sustained increase of mobility, the intensification of global warming and environmental changes, the transmission of diseases has become more diverse. In recent years, the corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) has caused huge economic losses and social unrest around the world. A single-discipline has been unable to solve such complex public health problems effectively. The proposal and development of the One Health approach is closely related to the issues on veterinary medicine and zoonoses. One Health focuses on intradisciplinary, multi-sectoral, and cross-fields collaboration at three levels, including local, regional and global levels, to explore the humans-animals-environment interface complexity. In this review, the development process of One Health approach was introduced. The relationship between the One Health and zoonoses, the role of the One Health in the prevention and control of zoonoses, and how to effectively implement the One Health approach in the real world were explored, providing references for research on zoonoses prevention and control, anti-microbial resistance, food safety, and the impact of climate change on health.

After more than 70 years of effective control programme, China has made remarkable achievements in the control of key parasitic diseases, and is moving towards the goal of control and elimination. This paper analyzes the epidemic status and challenges of schistosomiasis, malaria, echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, clonorchiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in recent years, and puts forward the future directions and key tasks of those diseases, in order to provide reference for accelerating the control and elimination programmes on key parasitic diseases in China.

Objective To understand the situation of soil-transmitted nematode infection in China in 2020 and provide support for evaluating the development of surveillance on soil-transmitted nematodiasis in various provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions, and improving and perfecting the control strategies. Methods Surveillance was carried out in 408 national surveillance sites (counties) in 31 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) in China in 2020. With the county as unit, each site was divided into 5 areas geographically: east, west, south, north, and central part, followed by selecting one township (town), and therein one administrative village was selected from wherein, 200 permanent residents over the age of 3 were sampled. A total of 1 000 people were surveyed at each surveillance site. Fecal samples were collected from the sampled villagers, and examined by using the modified Kato-Katz thick smear method (two slide-reading for each sample) for infection of hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Enterobius vermicularis, to calculate the infection rate and intensity, respectively. In addition, soil samples were collected from fields or vegetable gardens of each village in the survey site, and examined for hookworm larvae using 5% saline at 45 ℃, and for Ascaris eggs by saturated sodium nitrate flotation method. Results In 2020, the overall infection rate of soil-transmitted nematode in residents was 0.84% (3 485/415 672) in 408 surveillance sites of 31 provinces (municipalities/autonomous regions), with the highest found in Hainan (6.34%, 199/3 141), followed by Yunnan (5.80%, 963/16 616) and Sichuan (3.66%, 592/16 168); infection rate in females was 0.91% (1 944/213 591), which was higher than that of 0.76% in males (1 541/202 081) (χ² = 27.20, P < 0.01). The soil-transmitted nematode infection rate was the highest in the age group ≥ 60-years-old, which is 1.26% (1 376/109 251). The difference between each age group was statistically significant (χ² = 382.28, P < 0.01). The infection rates of hookworm, A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura were 0.51% (2 016/415 672), 0.19% (805/415 672) and 0.16% (673/415 672), respectively. Among them, hookworm and T. trichiura had only mildly infected cases. The proportions of mild and moderate A. lumbricoides infections were 99.25% (799/805) and 0.75% (6/805), respectively. In 2020, 2 604 soil samples were examined and found that the positive rate of Ascaris eggs and hookworms was 3.07% (80/2 604) and 2.42% (63/2 604), respectively. Conclusion In 2020, the infection rate of soil-transmitted nematode in China remains at a low level in general, but the regional differences are still significant, and the areas with high infection rates still exist. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the control measures for the key groups of people over age of 60, women and children, and carry out health education.

Malaria epidemic data in 31 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions (excluding Taiwan region, Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR) of China in 2021 were collected from the Information System for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control. The epidemiological characteristic of malaria cases was analyzed. In 2021, 799 malaria cases were reported in China, which was declined by 26.4% compared to that in 2020 (1 086). Of these cases, 798 imported cases and one long incubation case infected with Plasmodium malariae were identified, and no indigenous cases were reported. In addition, 783 cases were of Chinese nationality (98.0%, 783/799) and 16 cases were of foreign nationality (2.0%, 16/799). Most of the cases were within the age range of 30-49 years (55.7%, 445/799), with a male-to-female ratio of 14.4 ∶ 1. The reported cases included 390 cases of P. falciparum infection (48.8%, 390/799), 182 cases of P. vivax infection (22.8%, 182/799), 187 cases of P. ovale infection (23.4%, 187/799), 31 cases of P. malariae infection (3.9%, 31/799) and 9 cases with mixed-infection (1.1%, 9/799). The cases were reported from 31 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions, with the top 5 provinces of Guangdong, Yunnan, Shanghai, Sichuan and Zhejiang, from which 480 cases (60.1%, 480/799) were reported. Totally 3 deaths were reported from Liaoning (1 case), Zhejiang (1 case) and Guangdong (1 case) provinces, which was decreased by 3 cases compared to 6 deaths in 2020. Noticeably, there have been no reported cases of of indigenous mosquito-borne malaria in China for consecutive five years. Nevertheless, it is imperative to continuously strengthen the surveillance on imported malaria and border malaria to prevent malaria re-introduction and consolidate the achievements of malaria elimination in China.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that widely distributes in the world and causes zoonotic toxoplasmosis. In recent years, parasite infection in the brain has been paid more and more attention. T. gondii can cause central nervous system damage, often manifested as depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy and other symptoms. In this paper, the process and mechanism of T. gondii establishing chronic infection through blood-brain barrier, causing central nervous system injury and disease are reviewed.

Visceral leishmaniasis once was one of the five parasitic diseases that were a serious public health problem in China. After decades of unremitting efforts, visceral leishmaniasis was eliminated in most endemic areas in the early 1980s. Since the 21st century, the disease has rebounded sharply, and the areas with endemic have been expanding steadily in western China. This review summarized the endemicity of visceral leishmaniasis and the tasks, strategies and measures for visceral leishmaniasis control in China. The challenges and potential approaches for future prevention and control of visceral leishmaniasis are also discussed.

With the acceleration of globalization, increased migration, the rapid development of international trade and tourism, and the intensified environmental changes, complex health problems and the resulting public crises frequently occur, which population health at serious risk as well as the animals and plants. People became aware of the close connections between human health, animal health, and the ecological system, from which the new concept and connotation of health have emerged. Under the guidance of this new concept, starting from a holistic view of “human-animal-environment” health, and with multi-institutional, interdisciplinary, and cross-regional collaboration, people began to use the theory of One Health to solve complicated health problems. In this paper, we systematically expound the One Health concept from three levels: the origin, connotation and prospect, and propose a framework of One Health connotation system to explore the ways to achieve One Health and predict the future direction of One Health.

Objective To understand the endemic status and characteristics of soil-transmitted nematode infection in China in 2019 to provide data support for developing control strategies. Methods Survey was carried out in nationwide surveillance sites (counties) in 31 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions in China in 2019. A unified sampling method was used in all surveillance sites: each site was divided into five areas geographically (east, west, south, north, and mid part), followed by selecting one administrative village from each area; 200 permanent residents older than 3 years were cluster sampled, resulting in 1 000 residents being surveyed in each surveillance site. Stool samples were collected from survey participants and examined microscopically using the modified Kato-Katz thick smear method (two slide-reading/sample) for parasite eggs, which were counted for estimating infection rate and infection intensity. Infection rates were analyzed using Chi-square test. In addition, soil surveys Ascaris eggs were conducted in 23 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions, including Beijing, Fujian, and Gansu; one soil sample was collected from farmer’s field or vegetable garden from each of five households randomly selected from each village. From the soill samples, hook worm larvae were identified using 5% salt solution at 45 ℃, while Ascaris eggs were examined by floating method with sodium nitrate solution. A comparative analysis of the infection rates of overlapping surveillance sites in 2019 and 2018 was conducted. Results In total, 424 766 people from 414 nationwide surveillance sites were investigated in 2019, the overall infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes was 1.40% (5 959/424 766), with the highest found in Sichuan (8.05%, 2 518/31 292), followed by Yunnan (5.30%, 885/16 693) and Chongqing (3.87%, 238/6 149). There was no significant difference between infection rate in males (1.37%, 2 842/207 188) and females(1.43%, 3 117/217 578) (χ ² = 2.84, P > 0.05). The participant group aged ≥ 60 years had the highest infection rate, of 2.51% (2 722/108 260), followed by the 45-59 age group (1.19%, 1 237/104 218) and the 7-14 age group (1.12%, 657/58 556), with statistically significant differences among the age groups (χ² = 1 351.00, P < 0.01). The infection rates of hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Trichuris trichiura were 0.84% (3 580/424 766), 0.36% (1 528/424 766) and 0.27% (1 126/424 766), respectively, with the majority were of light infection. In 2019, 2 056 soil samples were examined, and found the detection rate of Ascaris eggs and hookworm larvae was 5.79% (119/2 056) and 3.45% (71/2 056), respectively. In 2019, 77 surveillance sites in 25 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions overlapped with the sites in 2018, where the infection rate was 1.43% in 2019, being compared with 1.42% in 2018, showing no statistically significant difference (χ² = 0.01, P > 0.05). Conclusion The overall infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes in China in 2019 was at a low level, but provinces with higher infection rate and transmission risk remained, thus continuing surveillance and control are urged.

Malaria epidemiological data in 31 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions (excluding Taiwan region, Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR) of China in 2022 were collected from the Information System for Parasitic Diseases Prevention and Control. The epidemiological characteristic of malaria cases was analyzed. In 2022, a total of 845 malaria cases were reported in China, which is increased by 5.8% compared to that in 2021 (799 cases). Of all these cases, 844 were imported cases and 1 was local recurrent case infected with Plasmodium malariae with along incubation period. In addition, 820 cases were of Chinese nationality (97.0%, 820/845) and 25 cases were of foreign nationality (3.0%, 25/845). Most of the cases were within the age range of 50-59 years (29.5%, 249/845), with a male-to-female ratio of 17.0:1. The reported cases included 494 cases of P. falciparum infection (58.8%, 494/845), 204 cases of P. vivax infection (24.1%, 204/845), 108 cases of P. ovale infection (12.8%, 108/845), 31 cases of P. malariae infection (3.7%, 31/845), and 8 cases of mixed-infection (0.9%, 8/845). The cases were reported from 26 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions, with the top 5 provinces including Guangdong (182 cases), Yunnan (136 cases), Sichuan (72 cases), Zhejiang (64 cases) and Henan (59 cases), from which 513 cases (60.7%, 513/845) were reported. A total of 36 severe malaria cases (4.3%, 36/845) and 6 deaths (0.7%, 6/845) were reported. Although there has been no report of indigenous malaria cases in China for six consecutive years, there is still a risk of cluster outbreak of imported malaria and reemerging. After malaria elimination, malaria surveillance and response should be further strengthened, and malaria cases should be detected timely with accurate, diagnosis and standard treatment, so as to reduce the severe cases and deaths and finally prevent the reemerging of malaria transmission.

Malaria is an endemic infectious disease caused by Plasmodium and is mainly prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas. Despite the World Health Organization’s announcement of the country’s malaria elimination certification in 2021, the threat of imported malaria will persist as international travel increases. In order to facilitate clinicians’ understanding and rational treatment of malaria and to improve the diagnosis and treatment of malaria, we have invited experts in the relevant field of infectious diseases and parasitic diseases in China to prepare the guidelines for malaria diagnosis and treatment. The guidelines introduce the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment, care, and prevention of malaria, emphasising on treatment options for different clinical conditions, so that the clinician can use them properly.

Objective To analyze the implementation and effectiveness of surveillance-response system in eliminating malaria in China, and to provide scientific basis for preventing re-establishment of transmission by imported malaria in the post-elimination phase. Methods The national scheme and activities records in malaria elimination program were systematically collected and sorted, and the data of individual malaria cases and indicators in 2011—2020 from web-based National Information System for Infectious Diseases Surveillance and National Information System for Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and GraphPad Prism 8.4.3. Results From 2011 to 2020, a total of 30 278 malaria cases were reported nationwide, 93.96% (28 448 cases) of them were Chinese nationality. The total cases included 1 732(5.72%) indigenous cases reported from 2011 to 2016, 28 173(93.05%) imported cases from abroad, 9(0.03%) induced cases, 5(0.02%) long incubation malariae malaria cases, 4 (0.01%) introduced vivax malaria cases, as well as 355 (1.17%) cases with unreported origin from 2011 to 2013. The cases were mainly falciparum malaria cases (17 960 cases, 59.32%) and mainly reported by Yunnan(5 415 cases, 17.88%), Guangxi (3 193 cases, 10.55%), and Jiangsu(2 797 cases, 9.24%) provinces. The cases were reported year-round, with the majority in May and July (9 689 cases, 32.00%). The imported cases were mainly from Myanmar (4 856 cases, 17.24%), Ghana (2 957 cases, 10.50%), and Nigeria (2 693 cases, 9.56%). The positive rates of blood tests for malaria by passive case detection, proactive case detection and reactive case detection were 0.76‰ (28 452/37 500 291), 0.03‰ (35/1 215 309) and 0.30‰ (32/105 384), respectively. From 2013 to 2020, case reporting rate within 1 day after diagnosis was 100% (23 114/23 114), the rate of epidemiological investigation for individual case within 3 days after reporting was 94.49% (21 840/23 114), the rate of foci investigated and disposed within 7 days was 93.30% (20 294/21 751), and the median time from the illness onset to first diagnosis and from first diagnosis to confirmed diagnosis of the patients were both 1 d (IQR: 0~3 d). Anopheles sinensis was widely distributed and commonly resistant to deltamethrin. In vivo efficacy of dihydro-artemisinin-piperaquine against uncomplicated falciparum malaria and chloroquine and primaquine against vivax malaria was 92.31%(36/39) and 100%(21/21), respectively. Conclusion Establishment of the sensitive and effective surveillance-response system is a vital experience for the success of malaria elimination in China. In the post-elimination phase, surveillance-response should continue to be the key measure, and active cooperation between different sectors and capacity building should be strengthened, to prevent re-establishment of transmission and consolidate the accomplishments of elimination.

In order to understand the work progress in nationwide control of echinococcosis, data related to echinococcosis prevention and control in 2021 were collected and analyzed. As of the end of 2021, echinococcosis was found endemic in 370 counties (city, district, banner) covering 30 421 endemic villages in China. There were 47 584 117 permanent residents living in endemic townships. In 2021, 26 773 echinococcosis cases were documented in endemic counties (cities, districts, banners), with an average prevalence 0.06% (26 773/47 584 117), among them, 16 625 cases were of cystic, and 8 327 cases alveolar echinococcosis, 311 cases mixed infection, 1 510 cases unclassified. A total of 1 346 cases were newly diagnosed in 2021, including 1 075 cases of cystic echinococcosis, 86 cases of alveolar echinococcosis, 7 cases of mixed infection, and 178 cases of unclassified. In 2021, population screening by abdominal ultrasound scanning was performed in all endemic provinces (autonomous regions) for 4.471 7 million person/times, of them, 0.871 5 million person/examinations were for people under age of 12, 3.600 2 million person/times for permanent residents aged ≥ 12; serological examination was carried out for 11 358 person/times. Recorded from 370 surveillance sites in 2021, positive rate of ultrasound detection in people under age of 12 was 0.02% (72/336 959), of which 58.33% (42/72) were newly diagnosed. The positive rate of ultrasound imaging in permanent residents aged ≥ 12 was 0.26% (922/355 006) in type Ⅰ, Ⅱ endemic counties (city, district, banner), and the newly diagnosed patients accounted for 10.52% (97/922) of the detected patients. In 2021, 19 552 people received drug treatment, 14 440 people received liver and kidney function tests or treatment of adverse reactions. A total of 1 792 patients received surgical treatment, among them cystic echinococcosis accounted for 71.15% (1 275/1 792) and alveolar echinococcosis accounted for 23.66% (424/1 792). In 2021, the follow-up results showed that 3 063 cases were cured, 22 660 cases responded to the treatment, 2 356 cases failed in the treatment, 359 cases died (the cause of death was not echinococcosis), 285 cases were excluded, 301 cases were lost in follow-up, 312 cases had not completed the follow-up, and 146 cases migrated to other places. In 2021, there were 2 626 679 dogs in endemic townships (towns) nationwide, of which 2 389 828 were registered and documented. In 35 019 villages, deworming was conducted for dogs, with 25 844 226 deworming for domestic dogs and 131 315 deworming drug sites were distributed for wild canines. A total of 555 688 fecal samples from domestic dogs were collected and tested, of which 2 614 were found Echinococcus coproantigen positive, with a positive rate of 0.47% (2 614/555 688). Of wild canidae, 54 266 field fecal samples were collected and tested, among which, 422 were found Echinococcus coproantigent positive, with a positive rate of 0.78%. A total of 222 844 slaughtered livestock were randomly examined, among which 1 408 were positive, with a positive rate of 0.63% (1 408/222 844); and 56 124 field rodents were examined, of which 599 were found positive, with a positive rate of 1.07% (599/56 124). The epidemic state of echinococcosis has been basically controlled, but there are still many difficulties and challenges in the control and prevention. It is noted that there may be flaws in the control of the source of infection in some endemic areas, and it is likely that there might exist transmission chain in wild environment. It is imperative to continuously advance the comprehensive intervention areas as gripper to explore and optimize the control strategy, enhance the capacity of primary disease control institutions for control of echinococcosis, carry out pilot trial for controlling echinococcosis transmission in wild field, strengthen the surveillance-early warning system to further curb the epidemic of echinococcosis.

To understand the Anisakis larvae infection status in marine fishes sold in Shanghai, the fresh marine fishes caught in the East China Sea area were collected from Farmers’ markets, supermarkets and seafood markets in Shanghai in 2022. The suspected Anisakis larvae were searched in the offal and muscles after dissection and observed under optical microscope and scanning electron microscope, respectively. A total of 338 marine fish of 16 species were collected, and 1 065 Anisakis larvae were found from 116 fish of 6 species, with a total infection rate of 34.3% (116/338) and average infection intensity of 9.2 larvae/fish. The highest infection rate was 11/12 in Lophiiformes, and the highest average infection intensity was 13.0 larvae/fish in Larimichthys polyactis. The Anisakis larvae infection rates increased gradually from spring to winter. The infection rate and average infection intensity in winter were 51.1% (46/90) and 12.3 larvae/fish, respectively, which were the highest seasons of the year. The predominant sites of Anisakis larvae parasitise in marine fishes were the intestines and abdominal cavity, with infection rates of 54.6% (582/1 065) and 40.7% (433/1 065), respectively. The result showed that Anisakis larvae infections were present in marine fish sold in Shanghai and the infection rates of commonly consumed marine fishes such as Lophiiformes and L. polyactis were high.

Food-borne parasitic diseases caused by ingesting food and water containing infective parasites are still common parasitic diseases that are easily misdiagnosed and mistreated in clinical practice. With the participation of multi-disciplinary experts, and in the light of the latest research results at home and abroad, based on factors other than the quality of evidence (economics, patient preferences and values, trade-offs, accessibility, fairness, acceptability, etc.), the level of recommendation and the quality of evidence in evidence-based medicine were assessed using the World Health Organization-recommended evidence quality classification and strength of recommendation system, and a consensus of 24 items was reached to guide and improve the comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of food-borne parasitic diseases for clinical medical staff.

One Health is an upgrade and optimization of health concepts, which recognizes the integrated health of the human-animal-environment. It emphasizes the use of interdisciplinary collaboration, multi-sectoral coordination, and multi-organizational One Health approaches to solve scientific questions. The surveillance and early warning system is the basis of public health emergency prevention and control. The COVID-19 pandemic and the emerging infectious disease (EID) have put great challenges on the existing surveillance and early warning systems worldwide. Guided by the concept of One Health, we attempt to build a new pattern of integrated surveillance and early warning system for EID. We will detail the system including the One Health-based organizational structure, zoonotic and environmental science surveillance network, EID reporting process, and support and guarantee from education and policy. The integrated surveillance and early warning system for EID constructed here has practical and application prospects, and will provide guidance for the prevention and control of COVID-19 and the possible EID in the future.

Historically, the ultimate control and elimination of infectious diseases were all attributed to the inoculation of vaccines. For more than 60 years, scientists have never stopped their efforts on developing effective malaria vaccines. Recently, clinical trials on subunit vaccine RTS,S and attenuated sporozoite vaccine have shedded light on production of a safe and effective malaria vaccines. However, there are still many technical and theoretical bottlenecks that hinder the final development of effective malaria vaccine. In this paper, we analyze the problems currently encountered in the malaria vaccine development process from the view point of biological and immunological characteristics ofPlasmodium spp., in the hope to provide clues and directions for the ultimate development of effective malaria vaccines.

Objective To screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the transcriptome of the brain tissues between the mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii and normal mice, to analyze the relative transcription level of DEGs in the depression-related kynurenine (KYN) pathway and to provide a theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism of depression-like symptoms caused by Toxoplasma gondii chronic infecttion in mice. Methods SV129 male mice (n = 18) were randomly and equally divided into the infection group and the control group. Mice in the infection group were intraperitoneally injected with 120 tachyzoites of T. gondii ME49 strain (200 μl), and mice in the control group were injected with the same volume of PBS. After 3 months post-infection, mice brain tissues of the two groups were collected for extraction of total RNA to undertake transcriptome sequencing for screening DEG. With the DEGs obtained, cluster analysis, gene ontology (GO) functional annotation analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional annotation and enrichment analysis were performed. Eight DEGs [interferon-γ (IFN-γ), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), IDO2, kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KYNU), kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO), 3-hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase (3-HAO), vimentin (Vim) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)] related to KYN pathway associated with depression were selected to examine each gene’s relative transcription level by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene as an internal reference. Results Transcriptome sequencing found 2 295 DEGs in the brain of the mice from the infection and control groups, of which 2 016 were up-regulated and 279 were down-regulated. GO analysis showed that localisation was the most significantly enriched biological process, with a total of 257 DEGs. The most significantly enriched in cellular components was the protein-containing complex, with a total of 425 DEGs. The most significantly enriched molecular function was molecular transducer activity, with 177 DEGs. The largest number of DEGs enriched in biological process, cell component and molecular function were cell process, cell part and binding, with 1 039, 1 240 and 1 088 DEGs, respectively. KEGG analysis showed that the top three up-regulated metabolic pathways were the immune system, signaling transduction, and viral infectious disease, and the top three down-regulated pathways were signal transduction, signaling molecules and interaction and immune system. Functional enrichment analysis showed that 77 pathways were significantly enriched. The signaling pathways related to depression include tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, necroptosis, apoptosis, chemokine signaling pathway, KYN pathway. The qRT-PCR results showed that the relative transcription levels of IFN-γ, IDO1, IDO2, KYNU, KMO, 3-HAO and Vim genes in the infection group were 3 023.08%, 355.52%, 190.17%, 496.55%, 339.92%, 212.74% and 507.34%, if the relative transcript level of control mice was taken as 100%. Compared with the control group, the transcription was significantly up-regulated (t = 3.782, 3.749, 3.226, 2.908, 2.533, 5.656, 2.948; all P < 0.05 or 0.01). The relative transcription level of BDNF was 63.32%, which was significantly down-regulated (t = 2.398, P < 0.05). The fold change of IFN-γ, IDO1, IDO2, KYNU, KMO, 3-HAO, BDNF, Vim obtained by qRT-PCR was 4.96, 1.74, 0.89, 2.10, 1.60, 1.06, -0.94, 2.18, respectively. The fold change obtained by transcriptome sequencing was 7.30, 0.55, 0.80, 3.83, 2.75, 3.53, -0.86 and 1.93, respectively. The transcriptional trend obtained by qRT-PCR was consistent with that obtained by transcriptome sequencing. Conclusion DEGs from brain tissues of mice chronically infected with T. gondii were screened. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the immune response of central nervous system of the mice with chronic infection of T. gondii was continuously activated. Seven DEGs in KYN pathway related to depression showed up-regulated transcription level.