Advances in the genetic polymorphism of Echinococcus granulosus

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2019.04.019

Abstract

Abstract:

The larvae of Echinococcus granulosus parasitize in the liver and lungs of the intermediate host (human, cattle, sheep, etc.) and develop into cysts that damage the organs and cause hydatidosis. The disease is still a seriously public health problem that threats the health of people and hurdles the animal husbandry in the endemic areas. It is estimated that more than 1 million people are suffering from hydatidosis, listed as one of serious tropical diseases by the World Health Organization. Based on the genetic variation E. granulosus has been classified into 9 genotypes (G1, G3-G8, G10 and E. felidis) that differ in the regional distribution, host species and pathogenicity. This review focuses on the research progress on the genetic polymorphism of E. granulosus and research direction, providing supporting data for better understanding and control of hydatidosis.

Key words: Echinococcus granulosus, Gene, Polymorphism

CLC Number:

R383.33

Yu-huan WEI, Yuan HU, Jian-ping CAO. Advances in the genetic polymorphism of Echinococcus granulosus[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES, 2019, 37(4): 481-485.

Figures/Tables 2

References 46

[1]	张学勇, 简莹娜, 李秀萍, 等. 青海天峻地区人和羊源细粒棘球蚴流行株基因分型及基因多态性研究[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2018, 30(2): 69-74.
[2]	World Health Organization.Investing to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: third WHO report on neglected tropical diseases [R]. Geneva: WHO, 2015: 95-99.
[3]	World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food borne parasites[R]. Rome: FAO headquarters, 2012.
[4]	Agudelo Higuita NI, Brunetti E, McCloskey C. Cystic echinococcosis[J]. Clin Microbiol, 2016, 54(3): 518-523.
[5]	Fasihi Harandi M, Budke CM, Rostami S, et al. The monetary burden of cystic echinococcosis in Iran[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2012, 6(11): e1915.
[6]	汪天平, 操治国. 中国棘球蚴病防控进展及其存在的问题[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2018, 36(2): 291-296.
[7]	何叶, 尹家祥. 棘球蚴病流行因素分析[J]. 中国热带医学, 2017, 17(4): 418-420.
[8]	李立, 娄忠子, 贾万忠, 等. 棘球属绦虫分子种系发生研究进展[J]. 中国人兽共患病学报, 2014, 30(11): 1155-1162.
[9]	Cerda JR, Buttke DE, Ballweber LR.Echinococcus spp. Tapeworms in North America[J]. Emerg Infect Dis, 2018, 24(2): 230-235.
[10]	Ikeda T, Yoshimura M, Onoyama K, et al. Where to deliver baits for deworming urban red foxes for Echinococcus multilocularis control: new protocol for micro-habitat modeling of fox denning requirements[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2014, 7: 357.
[11]	Mitra S, Asal T, Sima R, et al. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes in domestic livestock and humans in Golestan Province, Iran[J]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 2016, 58: 38.
[12]	das Neves LB, Teixeira PE, Silva S, et al. First molecular identification of Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) G1 revealed in feces of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) from Acre, Brazil[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2017, 10(1): 28.
[13]	Romig T, Deplazes P, Jenkins D, et al. Ecology and life cycle patterns of Echinococcus species[J]. Adv Parasitol, 2017, 95: 213-314.
[14]	吴文婷. 青藏高原地区棘球蚴病高流行区人群患病的影响因素研究[D]. 北京: 中国疾病预防控制中心, 2018.
[15]	李国栋. 青藏高原棘球属绦虫基因多态性研究[D]. 西宁: 青海大学, 2017.
[16]	Sharma M, Fomda BA, Mazta S, et al. Genetic diversity and population genetic structure analysis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto complex based on mitochondrial DNA signature[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(12): e82904.
[17]	尚婧晔, 张光葭, 何伟, 等. 细粒棘球蚴病病原分类学与分子流行病学研究进展[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2018, 36(2): 166-173.
[18]	Chamai M, Omadang L, Erume J, et al. Identification of Echinococcus granulosus strains using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism amongst livestock in Moroto district, Uganda[J]. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 2016, 83(1): 1-7.
[19]	Maillard S, Gottstein B, Haag KL, et al. The EmsB tandemly repeated multilocus microsatellite: a new tool to investigate genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato[J]. Clin Microbiol, 2009, 47(11): 3608-3616.
[20]	Liina K, Teivi L, Gerardo AJ, et al. Distinguishing, Echinococcus granulosus, sensu stricto genotypes G1 and G3 with confidence: a practical guide[J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2018, 64: 178-184.
[21]	Rostami S, Shariat Torbaghan S, Dabiri S, et al. Genetic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus from a large number of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of human isolates in Iran[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2015, 92(3): 588-594.
[22]	Marinova I, Spiliotis M, Wang J, et al. Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus isolates from Bulgarian human cystic echinococcosis patients[J]. Parasitol Res, 2017, 116(3): 1043-1054.
[23]	Boubaker G, Macchiaroli N, Prada L, et al. A multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection and genotyping of the Echinococcus granulosus complex[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2013, 7(1): 1-13.
[24]	Eslami A, Meshgi B, Jalousian F, et al. Genotype and phenotype of Echinococcus granulosus derived from wild sheep (Ovis orientalis) in Iran[J]. Korean J Parasitol, 2016, 54(1): 55-60.
[25]	Jenkins DJ, Williams T, Raidal S, et al. The first report of hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus) in an Australian water buffalo(Bubalus bubalis)[J]. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl, 2019, 8: 256-259.
[26]	Kinkar L, Laurimäe T, Balkaya I, et al. Genetic diversity and phylogeography of the elusive, but epidemiologically important Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotype G3[J]. Parasitology, 2018, 145(12): 1613-1622.
[27]	Ma X, Zhang L, Wang J, et al. Knowledge domain and emerging trends on echinococcosis research: a scientometric analysis[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019, 16(5): 1-15.
[28]	Yan B, Liu X, Wu J, et al. Genetic Diversity of Echinococcus granulosus genotype G1 in Xinjiang, Northwest of China[J]. Korean J Parasitol, 2018, 56(4): 391-396.
[29]	Teivi L, Liina K, Thomas R, et al. The benefits of analysing complete mitochondrial genomes: deep insights into the phylogeny and population structure of Echinococcus granulosus, sensu lato genotypes G6 and G7[J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2018, 64: 85-94.
[30]	Maldonado L, Assis J, Araújo FM, et al. The Echinococcus canadensis (G7) genome: a key knowledge of parasitic platyhelminth human diseases[J]. BMC Genomics, 2017, 18(1): 204.
[31]	Sharma M, Fomda BA, Mazta S, et al. Genetic diversity and population genetic structure analysis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto complex based on mitochondrial DNA signature[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(12): e82904.
[32]	Lymbery AJ.Phylogenetic pattern, evolutionary processes and species delimitation in the genus Echinococcus[J]. Adv Parasitol, 2016, 95: 111-145.
[33]	Kinkar L, Laurimäe T, Sharbatkhori M, et al. New mitogenome and nuclear evidence on the phylogeny and taxonomy of the highly zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto[J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2017, 52: 52-58.
[34]	Deplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, et al. Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis[J]. Adv Parasitol, 2017, 95: 315-493.
[35]	Sałamatin R, Kowal J, Nosal P, et al. Cystic echinococcosis in Poland: genetic variability and the first record of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1 genotype) in the country[J]. Parasitol Res, 2017, 116(11): 3077-3085.
[36]	Ahmed ME, Salim B, Grobusch MP, et al. First molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) genotype 1 among cattle in Sudan[J]. BMC Vet Res, 2018, 14(1): 36.
[37]	Metwally DM, Qassim LE, Al-Turaiki IM, et al. Gene-based molecular analysis of COX1 in Echinococcus granulosus cysts isolated from naturally infected livestock in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia[J]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(4): e0195016.
[38]	Corrêa F, Stoore C, Horlacher P, et al. First description of Echinococcus ortleppi and cystic echinococcosis infection status in Chile[J]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(5): e0197620.
[39]	Hua R, Xie Y, Song H, et al. Echinococcus canadensis G8 tapeworm infection in a sheep, China, 2018[J]. Emerg Infect Dis, 2019, 25(7): 1420-1422.
[40]	Angheben A, Mariconti M, Degani M, et al. Is there echinococcosis in West Africa? A refugee from Niger with a liver cyst[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2017, 10(1): 232.
[41]	Boufana B, Lett W, Lahmar S, et al. Echinococcus equinus and Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto from the United Kingdom: genetic diversity and haplotypic variation[J]. IntJ Parasitol, 2015, 45: 161-166.
[42]	Kinkar L, Kinkar L, Andresiuk V, et al. Genetic diversity and phylogeog raphy of highly zoonotic Echinococcus granulosus genotype G1 in the Americas (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico) based on 8279bp of mtDNA[J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2016, 45: 290-296.
[43]	Alvarez R, Romig T, Lightowlers M.Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes infecting human-review of current knowledge[J]. Int J Parasitol, 2014, 44(1): 9-18.
[44]	Sharma M, Fomda BA, Mazta S, et al. Genetic diversity and population genetic structure analysis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto complex based on mitochondrial DNA signature[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(12): e82904.
[45]	Pourseif MM, Moghaddam G, Saeedi N, et al. Current status and future prospective of vaccine development against Echinococcus granulosus[J]. Biologicals, 2018, 51: 1-11.
[46]	赵月, 伍卫平, 李伟, 等. 四川省甘孜藏族自治州棘球蚴病空间聚集性分析[J]. 国际医学寄生虫病杂志, 2015, 42(3): 164-169.

基因	长度/bp	引物序列（3′→5′）
EGnd5^[20]	759	上游引物：GTTGTTGAAGTTGATTGTTTTGTTG 下游引物：GGAACACCGGACAAACCAAGAA
COI^[21]	450	上游引物：TTTTTTGGGCATCCTGAGGTTTAT 下游引物：TAAAGAAAGAACATAATGAAAAT G
Nad1^[6]	400	上游引物：AGATTCGTAAGGGGCCTAATA 下游引物：ACCACTAACTAATTCACTTTC
Cox1^[11]	1 647	上游引物：AGTTACTGCTAATAATTTTGTGTCAT 下游引物：ATGATGTAAAAGGCAAATAAACC
Cytb^[16]	568	上游引物：GTCAGATGTCTTATTGGGCTGC 下游引物：TCTGGGTGACACCCACCTAAATA
rrnL^[22]	605	上游引物：TTATTTGCCTTTTGCATCA 下游引物：AAAAGATCCTAGGGTCTTTCCGT
rrnS^[22]	406	上游引物：GTTTATCAGTACGAAAGGACAG 下游引物：ACACCCTTATTAATGTAACACA
actII^[22]	280	上游引物：GTCTTCCCCTCTATCGTGGG 下游引物：CTAATGAAATTAGTGCTTTGTGCGC
hbx2^[22]	201	上游引物：TTCTCCTCTAGCCAGGTCCA 下游引物：TATAGCGCCGATTCTGGAAC
ef-1α^[22]	1 200	上游引物：TCATTGTTATCGGTCACGTC 下游引物：CTTCTGGGCAGATTTTGTG
Cox2^[23]	110	上游引物：TGGTCGTCTTAATCATTTG 下游引物：CCACAACAATAGGCATAA
Atp-6^[23]	1 040	上游引物：GTGTCGTGTGTTTAGTGAG 下游引物：GCACTGATACAGGTGTTATT
caL^[23]	1 001	上游引物：CAATTTACGGTAAAGCAT 下游引物：CCTCATCTCCACTCTCT
pold^[23]	617	上游引物：GGCCTTCATCTCCATAATA 下游引物：ATGAAGAGTTTGAAACTAAAG
ITS2^[24]	378	上游引物：GTCTGTCCGAGCGTCGGCTTGTAA 下游引物：CCCATCCACCACAGCATCCA
12S^[25]	258	上游引物：GTTTGCCACCTCGATGTTGACT 下游引物：CTCAATAATAATCGAGGGTGACGG

地区	国家	基因型
北美	加拿大	G6、G8、G10
	美国	G8、G10
	墨西哥	G1、G5、G7、G8
南美	巴西	G1、G3、G5、G7
	智利	G1、G3、G5、G6
	乌拉圭	G1、G5
	秘鲁	G1、G3、G6、G7
	玻利维亚	G1、G3
	阿根廷	G1、G3、G5、G6、G7
中欧和东欧	波兰	G1、G7
	爱沙尼亚	G1、G8、G10
	拉脱维亚	G10
	立陶宛	G7
	乌克兰	G7
	摩尔多瓦	G1、G3
	斯洛伐卡	G1、G3、G7、G8
南欧	希腊	G1、G3、G7
	意大利	G1、G3、G4、G5、G7
	法国	G1、G3、G5、G6、G7
	葡萄牙	G1、G3、G6、G7
	西班牙	G1、G4、G7
西欧	英国	G4
东南欧	罗马尼亚	G1、G3、G7
	保加利亚	G1
	塞尔维亚	G1、G7
	科索沃	G1、G3
	阿尔巴尼亚	G7
北亚	俄罗斯	G1、G3、G6、G8、G10
	哈萨克斯坦	G1、G6、G7
	吉尔吉斯斯坦	G1、G4、G6、G7
	亚美尼亚	G1、G3
中东	伊朗	G1、G2、G3、G4、G6
	伊拉克	G1
	约旦	G1、G4
	阿曼	G1、G6
	巴勒斯坦	G1、G2、G3
	土耳其	G1、G3、G4、G6、G7
	沙特阿拉伯	G1、G3
	也门	G1
南亚	印度	G1、G2、G3、G5、G6
	尼泊尔	G1、G3、G5
	不丹	G1、G3、G5
	巴基斯坦	G1、G3
	阿富汗	G6
东亚	中国	G1、G3、G6、G7、G8、G10
	日本	G1
	蒙古	G1、G6、G7、G10
北非	摩洛哥	G1、G2、G3
	阿尔及利亚	G1、G2、G6
	突尼斯	G1、G3、G4、G6
	利比亚	G1、G6
	埃及	G1、G4、G5、G6、G7
	苏丹	G1、G5、G6
西非	毛里塔尼亚	G6
	马里	G6
	尼日尔	G6
	加纳	G6
东非	南苏丹	G1、G3、G5、G6、G7
	埃塞俄比亚	G1、G3、G5、G6、G7
	索马里	G6
	肯尼亚	G1、G3、G5、G6、G7
	乌干达	G1
南非	赞比亚	G5
	纳米比亚	G1、G3、G4、G5、G6