With the improvement of living hygiene, the helminth infection rate has declined, and people have entered the post-parasite stage. But at the same time, the incidence rate of mite-induced asthma is increasing, which has caused a significant social and economic burden. Increasing evidence showed a correlation between helminth infection and allergy. This article reviews the regulation of helminth and their derived molecules on the occurrence and development of mite-induced asthma, including the direct regulation of antigen-presenting cells, humoral immunity, cellular immunity, release and action of cytokines, and the indirect regulation by regulating intestinal microflora, providing new ideas and directions for the treatment of mites-induced asthma.

Malaria epidemiological data in 31 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions (excluding Taiwan region, Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR) of China in 2022 were collected from the Information System for Parasitic Diseases Prevention and Control. The epidemiological characteristic of malaria cases was analyzed. In 2022, a total of 845 malaria cases were reported in China, which is increased by 5.8% compared to that in 2021 (799 cases). Of all these cases, 844 were imported cases and 1 was local recurrent case infected with Plasmodium malariae with along incubation period. In addition, 820 cases were of Chinese nationality (97.0%, 820/845) and 25 cases were of foreign nationality (3.0%, 25/845). Most of the cases were within the age range of 50-59 years (29.5%, 249/845), with a male-to-female ratio of 17.0:1. The reported cases included 494 cases of P. falciparum infection (58.8%, 494/845), 204 cases of P. vivax infection (24.1%, 204/845), 108 cases of P. ovale infection (12.8%, 108/845), 31 cases of P. malariae infection (3.7%, 31/845), and 8 cases of mixed-infection (0.9%, 8/845). The cases were reported from 26 provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions, with the top 5 provinces including Guangdong (182 cases), Yunnan (136 cases), Sichuan (72 cases), Zhejiang (64 cases) and Henan (59 cases), from which 513 cases (60.7%, 513/845) were reported. A total of 36 severe malaria cases (4.3%, 36/845) and 6 deaths (0.7%, 6/845) were reported. Although there has been no report of indigenous malaria cases in China for six consecutive years, there is still a risk of cluster outbreak of imported malaria and reemerging. After malaria elimination, malaria surveillance and response should be further strengthened, and malaria cases should be detected timely with accurate, diagnosis and standard treatment, so as to reduce the severe cases and deaths and finally prevent the reemerging of malaria transmission.

In order to understand the work progress in nationwide control of echinococcosis, data related to echinococcosis prevention and control in 2021 were collected and analyzed. As of the end of 2021, echinococcosis was found endemic in 370 counties (city, district, banner) covering 30 421 endemic villages in China. There were 47 584 117 permanent residents living in endemic townships. In 2021, 26 773 echinococcosis cases were documented in endemic counties (cities, districts, banners), with an average prevalence 0.06% (26 773/47 584 117), among them, 16 625 cases were of cystic, and 8 327 cases alveolar echinococcosis, 311 cases mixed infection, 1 510 cases unclassified. A total of 1 346 cases were newly diagnosed in 2021, including 1 075 cases of cystic echinococcosis, 86 cases of alveolar echinococcosis, 7 cases of mixed infection, and 178 cases of unclassified. In 2021, population screening by abdominal ultrasound scanning was performed in all endemic provinces (autonomous regions) for 4.471 7 million person/times, of them, 0.871 5 million person/examinations were for people under age of 12, 3.600 2 million person/times for permanent residents aged ≥ 12; serological examination was carried out for 11 358 person/times. Recorded from 370 surveillance sites in 2021, positive rate of ultrasound detection in people under age of 12 was 0.02% (72/336 959), of which 58.33% (42/72) were newly diagnosed. The positive rate of ultrasound imaging in permanent residents aged ≥ 12 was 0.26% (922/355 006) in type Ⅰ, Ⅱ endemic counties (city, district, banner), and the newly diagnosed patients accounted for 10.52% (97/922) of the detected patients. In 2021, 19 552 people received drug treatment, 14 440 people received liver and kidney function tests or treatment of adverse reactions. A total of 1 792 patients received surgical treatment, among them cystic echinococcosis accounted for 71.15% (1 275/1 792) and alveolar echinococcosis accounted for 23.66% (424/1 792). In 2021, the follow-up results showed that 3 063 cases were cured, 22 660 cases responded to the treatment, 2 356 cases failed in the treatment, 359 cases died (the cause of death was not echinococcosis), 285 cases were excluded, 301 cases were lost in follow-up, 312 cases had not completed the follow-up, and 146 cases migrated to other places. In 2021, there were 2 626 679 dogs in endemic townships (towns) nationwide, of which 2 389 828 were registered and documented. In 35 019 villages, deworming was conducted for dogs, with 25 844 226 deworming for domestic dogs and 131 315 deworming drug sites were distributed for wild canines. A total of 555 688 fecal samples from domestic dogs were collected and tested, of which 2 614 were found Echinococcus coproantigen positive, with a positive rate of 0.47% (2 614/555 688). Of wild canidae, 54 266 field fecal samples were collected and tested, among which, 422 were found Echinococcus coproantigent positive, with a positive rate of 0.78%. A total of 222 844 slaughtered livestock were randomly examined, among which 1 408 were positive, with a positive rate of 0.63% (1 408/222 844); and 56 124 field rodents were examined, of which 599 were found positive, with a positive rate of 1.07% (599/56 124). The epidemic state of echinococcosis has been basically controlled, but there are still many difficulties and challenges in the control and prevention. It is noted that there may be flaws in the control of the source of infection in some endemic areas, and it is likely that there might exist transmission chain in wild environment. It is imperative to continuously advance the comprehensive intervention areas as gripper to explore and optimize the control strategy, enhance the capacity of primary disease control institutions for control of echinococcosis, carry out pilot trial for controlling echinococcosis transmission in wild field, strengthen the surveillance-early warning system to further curb the epidemic of echinococcosis.

The formation of the Plasmodium hemozoin and its biological significance has been controversial. Given that it is closely related to the growth, reproduction and pathogenicity of Plasmodium, the biological function of malarial hemozoin needs to be further elucidated. This article preliminarily discussed the morphology of hemozoin, the formation of hemozoin, the biological function of hemozoin, its relationship with the host macrophages, and its pathogenicity to reveal the role of the formation of hemozoin in the use of heme and iron, the unique function of hemozoin in the evolution, growth, and reproduction of malaria parasites, which helps to clarify the limitations of the traditional understanding of the Plasmodium hemozoin formation. It provides ideas for further understanding the pathogenic mechanism of Plasmodium and developing new antimalarial drugs.

Echinococcosis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the metacestode stage larval of the genus Echinococcus. In China, it is mainly endemic in the western region. E. ortleppi is a unique specie of Echinococcus, due to its morphological and developmental characteristics, which are significantly different from that of E. granulosus. Its suitable intermediate host is cattle. Humans, pigs, camels, sheep, goats, lemurs and deers can be infected with E. ortleppi. In this review, the morphology, genetic variation, molecular genetic markers and epidemiology of E. ortleppi were summarized to provide a reference for epidemiological investigation, prevention and control and monitoring of echinococcosis.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are neutrophil-derived extracellular net-like structures that are composed of chromatin and granule proteins. Initial reports demonstrated that the infection of parasites like protozoa and helminths could induce NETs formation, which plays important roles in the immune defence against parasites and immunopathology caused by infection. This review described the mechanisms of NETs formation and the role of NETs in protozoan and helminth infection, which provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases.

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a highly harmful zoonotic parasitic disease, which is prevalent in the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. AE usually occurs in liver tissue and Echinococcus grows infiltratively in patients. It can cause serious damage to the morphology and physiological function of the involved organs. In this process, the cellular signaling pathway is closely related to the course of AE. Cell signaling pathways, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway, insulin (Ins) pathway, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway, are closely related to proliferation of Echinococcus, body immune response and differentiation of immune cells. This article has reviewed the role of related cellular signaling pathways in the immune regulation of alveolar echinococcosis and host in the process of AE infection.

Data of visceral leishmaniasis in Yangquan City from 2006 to 2021 was collected based on the current address and final audit date from the China Infectious Disease Information Reporting Management System. WPS office 2019 was used to establish the database for descriptive epidemiological analysis of visceral leishmaniasis. SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis to compare the difference of rates between different groups. The analysis results showed that a total of 258 cases of visceral leishmaniasis were reported in Yangquan City from 2006 to 2021, with an average annual incidence rate of 1.18/100 000. The annual incidence increased over the years, from 0.08/100 000 in 2006 to 7.36/100 000 in 2021, and the difference was statistically significant among different years (χ² = 441.984, P < 0.05). Visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported in five counties (districts) of Yangquan City, and the average annual incidence ranged from 0.50/100 000 to 4.05/100 000, with statistically significant differences among counties (districts) (χ² = 70.770, P < 0.05). The age of visceral leishmaniasis cases ranged from 7 months to 85.81 years old, with a median age of 48.57 years old. The lowest incidence was in the 10-19 years old group (0.15/100 000), and the highest incidence was in the 0-9 years old group (2.96/100 000), with statistically significant differences among all age groups (χ² = 20.564, P < 0.05). There were more males cases (180 cases) than females cases (78 cases), and the ratio of males to females was 2.31:1. Farmers and children had accounted for 64.73%（167/258）of all reported cases. There was no significant seasonal difference in the cases.

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Kunming before (2006—2010) and after the malaria elimination plan (2011—2021), which had started in 2010 to provide scientific strategies for the prevention of malaria re-transmission. Data of malaria cases in Kunming from 2006 to 2021 were collected from the Infectious Disease Network Direct Reporting System of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The data were grouped as pre- or post-eradication campaign, which were introduced in 2011. IBM SPSS statistics v26 statistical software was used for descriptive statistical analysis for the three spatial distributions of the cases, the place of infection, the awareness of the patients and the diagnostic capacity. The results showed that a total of 551 malaria cases were reported in Kunming from 2006 to 2021, 274 and 277 cases were reported in 2006—2010 and 2011—2021 respectively, including 5 indigenous cases (2 cases in 2006 and 2008 and 1 case in 2010) and 546 imported cases. The number of reported cases decreased over the year. The distribution of cases was concentrated, and indigenous cases were sporadically distributed in the rural regions from 2006 to 2010. The imported cases were mainly distributed in Guandu District before and after the elimination plan started, accounting for 55.8% (153/274) and 82.7% (229/277), respectively. Malaria cases were distributed in all months from 2006 to 2021, and more cases reported in July (41 cases) and June (48 cases) before and after the plan of action. In 2006—2010 and 2011—2021, the age distribution was mainly young adults aged 20-49 years (83.5%, 460/551), accounting for 82.1% (225/274) and 84.8% (235/277) respectively. The occupational distribution was mainly farmers and workers (57.4%, 316/551), accounting for 56.6% (155/274) and 58.1% (161/277) respectively. From 2006 to 2010, the cases were mainly imported from Southeast Asia (73.0%, 200/274). Of all cases, Plasmodium vivax infection accounted for 39.1% (107/274), P. falciparum infection accounted for 19.0% (52/274) and unclassified accounted for 42.0% (115/274). From 2011 to 2021, most of cases were imported from Africa (57.4%). Of all cases, P. vivax infection accounted for 41.2% (114/277), P. falciparum infection accounted for 52.4% (145/277), mixed infection accounted for 0.2% (5/277), unclassified accounted for 4.0% (11/277). Only one case of P. malariae and one case of P. ovale was reported. Before and after the initiation of the action plan, the time interval between onset of symptoms and visiting a doctor was 2 days, and the difference was not statistically significant (H = 0.568, P > 0.05). The interval between attending a health facility and diagnosis was 4 days and 3 days respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (H = 6.423, P < 0.05). The analysis showed that no indigenous cases were reported in Kunming after the action plan, and the goal of eliminating malaria has achieved as scheduled.

To investigate the infection of Anisakis spp. larvae of marine fish in Fujian Province. From 2019—2021, two coastal cities were randomly selected in each of the three fisheries in the eastern, the central and the southern Fujian Province as survey points. The samples of marine fish were randomly collected from ports, docks, seafood markets and farmers’ markets. After dissection, the contents of the abdominal cavity were collected and the larvae of nematodes were picked out under the stereomicroscope and identified to calculate the infection rate and infectivity of Anisakis spp. A total of 515 fishes of 32 species of marine fishes were examined, of which 183 fishes of 20 species were found to be infected with Anisakis spp. larvae, and the infection rate of fingerling was 62.5%, the overall infection rate of Anisakis spp. larvae was 35.5%. The higher infection rates were found in Ilisha elongata (5/5), Michthys miiuy (5/5), Engraulis japonicus (5/5), Trichiurus lepturus 74.7% (19/23), Scomberomorus niphouius 66.7% (32/48), Girella punctata (4/6), Nibea abiflora (3/7), Pennahia argentata 36.4% (8/22), Plectorhynchus cinctus 37.5% (9/24), and Ditrema temmincki 34.7% (33/95). The difference of infection rate of Anisakis spp. larvae in different fish species and areas was statistically significant (χ² = 192.70, P < 0.05). The infection rates of Anisakis spp. in the three fishing grounds of the eastern, the central, and the southern Fujian were 43.1% (72/167), 28.3% (66/233), and 39.1% (45/115) (χ² = 10.12, P < 0.05）. A total of 2 767 larvae of Anisakis spp. were obtained， and the average infectivity was 15.1 larvae/fish. Among them, Engraulis japonicus 137.0 larvae/fish, Trichiurus lepturus 23.7 larvae/fish, Ilisha elongata 9.2 larvae/fish, Scomberomorus niphouius 7.4 larvae/fish are highly infectivity. The Oncorhynchus sp, Pneumatophorus jqponicus et al 64 fishes of 12 species were not infected with Anisakis spp. These findings indicated the infection rate of Anisakis spp. larvae of marine fish in Fujian Province is higher, so the prevention and control should be strengthened.

Case investigation data of visceral leishmaniasis reported in Shijiazhuang City from 2019 to 2021 was collected from the national infectious disease reporting and information management system. Blood samples were collected from all dogs in the villages where the patients reside. Meantime, venous blood samples were collected from the patient’s family members and neighbours within an area of 100 meters radius centered on the patient’s residence. The rk39 immunochromatographic test strip was used to detect serum anti-Leishmania antibodies. From May to September, sandflies were captured using light traps in the courtyards where the patients reside. A total of 8 visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported in Shijiazhuang City from 2019 to 2021 (1 case in 2019, 7 cases in 2021), 6 cases in Jingxing County, 1 case in Gaocheng District and 1 case in Luquan District respectively. There were 4 males and 4 females. Their age ranged from 1 year old to 71 years old, among which there was 2 cases aged ≤ 2 years, 1 case aged 30-49 years, 5 cases aged ≥ 50 years. There were 2 young children, 5 farmers and 1 cadre. Seven cases were infected in local counties and 1 case was imported from another province (Shanxi Province). A total of 400 dogs were tested, and the positive rate of anti-Leishmania antibody was 11.0% (44/400). The positive rates of anti-Leishmania antibody in dogs from 6 villages of Jingxing County ranged from 6.4% to 8/20 (χ² = 14.76, P < 0.05), and were 1.2% (2/172) and 0 (0/31) in dogs from Shijing Village of Luquan District and Xixinzhuang Village of Gaocheng District, respectively, with statistically significant differences between Jingxing County and Luquan District or Gaocheng District (χ² = 32.55, 8.10; P < 0.05). The 309 and 4 blood samples collected from the key personnel in Jingxing County and Gaocheng District respectively were negative for anti-Leishmania antibody, 118 blood samples collected from key personnel in Luquan District, among which 1 blood sample was positive, and the positive rate is 0.9% (1/118). Four Phlebotomus chinensis were captured in Jingxing County, while no sandflies was captured in Luquan District and Gaocheng District. There was a high risk of the spread of visceral leishmaniasis in Jingxing County. Active prevention and control measures were needed to prevent further spread.

To investigate the prevalence of Blastocystis infections among dogs and cats at stray animal shelters in Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province, fecal samples were collected from rescued dogs and cats in Zhangzhou City, and DNA was extracted. Blastocystis ribosomal small subunit RNA (SSU rRNA) was used as a primer for PCR amplification. The positive samples were sent for Sanger sequencing, followed by BLAST sequence alignment analysis using the GenBank public database resources. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 7.0 software. A total of 121 cat fecal samples and 119 dog fecal samples were collected. PCR test showed that the Blastocystis positivity rate of 5.04% (6/119) in dogs and 0.82% (1/121) in cats. The difference between dogs and cats was statistically significant (χ² = 4.153, P < 0.05). Only one fecal sample from a dog was successfully sequenced by PCR amplification of the SSU rRNA gene, yielding the YN-145 sequence. Sequence alignment using BLAST showed a high similarity of 95%-97% with zoonotic Blastocystis ST3 subtype sequences (GenBank accession numbers MW404497.1, MW242639.1, and MW767066.1). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the YN-145 sequence formed a separate cluster within the ST3 subtype.

The information on imported malaria cases and pidemiological case investigation in Linyi City, Shandong Province, from 2015—2021 were collected and analyzed. A total of 78 imported malaria cases were reported, including 65 cases of Plasmodium falciparum infection (83.3%), 11 cases of P. ovale infection (14.1%), 1 case of P. vivax infection (1.3%), and 1 case of P. malariae infection (1.3%). Among the reported cases, 1 case was imported from Myanmar (1.3%), and the remaining 77 cases were imported from African countries (98.7%). There was no obvious seasonal variation in the time of case reporting, but there were peaks in April, August, October and January; the main areas of case reporting were Hedong District (43 cases) and Lanshan District (16 cases) in Linyi City. The reported cases were all young and middle-aged males, with an average age of (41.03 ± 9.18) years old, and most cases were among the returned workers (68 cases). Among the reported cases, 38 were seen on the same day from the onset of symptoms, and the longest symptom-to-diagnosis interval was 30 days. All the reported cases had a history of overseas residence from 1 month to 3 years before the onset of the symptoms. The primary diagnosis and treatment units were mainly to medical units at the county level or below, accounting for 65.4% (51/78); the misdiagnosis rate of the initial diagnosis was 37.2% (29/78). 8 cases (10.3%) presented with complications. It is recommended to focus on providing health education on malaria prevention and control knowledge for labor exporting personnel, strengthen monitoring of mobile populations, and timely conduct pathogen screening and verification for personnel traveling to high malaria prevalence areas.

The patient was a 12-year-old boy of Han ethnic group who lived in Xiangyun County, Dali. The patient complained of wet cough on August 2, 2020, and took amoxicillin capsules for 3 days, without relief. Then he was brought to the local clinic and received amoxicilin/Clavulanate potassium, potassium sodium dehydroandroan drographolide succinate for injection and bromhexine hydrochloride for 3 days. The patient was subsequently referred to the Department of Pediatrics of the Xiangyun County People’s Hospital due to fever, shortness of breath and cyanosis on August 11, 2020. The blood routine test showed elevated white blood cells and eosinophils. The chest CT scan showed a large cystic mass with a thick wall in the left lobe of the lung. The patient was misdiagnosis as lung abscess and severe pneumonia, received intravenous vancomycin for 3 days, but also in fever. The patient was admitted to Kunming Children’s Hospital with diagnosed as pneumonia and lung abscess on August 14, 2020. The patient, who was an inhabitant of a rural area, had a history of prolonged exposed to domestic dogs and goats. Laboratory investigations showed marked eosinophilia and positive Echinococcus IgG antibody. The chest CT scan showed infiltration in the lung and a large cystic mass in the left upper lobe of the lung with curvilinear septa within the lesion. The Water-Lily sign was reported. The patient was therefore diagnosed with pulmonary cystic echinococcosis. Removal of cyst in the left upper lobe of the patient’s left lung. The pathological biopsy identified E. granulosus parasite in the lung tissue. The total DNA was extracted from the paraffin-embedded samples of the hydatid cyst, and the molecular analysis was performed. The amplified PCR products were purified and subjected to direct sequencing. The results showed 99.2% sequence identity to the cox2 gene of mitochondrial of E. granulosus. The patient was administrated with albendazole at oral dose of 10 mg/(kg•d), twice a day for 3 months. The body temperature of the patient returned to normal and without cough. A postoperative chest CT scan showed the cavity in the left upper lobe of the lung was significantly reduced and sufficient expansion of the lung in the sixth mouth. Recurrence was not observed for more than 18 months of follow-up.

A 65-year-old male patient, who was a farmer from Hebei, went to the local hospital for “intermittent fever of unknown origin” on August 12, 2021, and his blood test showed pancytopenia, which was misdiagnosed as a blood system disease, after antibiotic treatment, ferrous succinate supplementation for restoring hematopoietic deficiencies. The symptoms were improved temporarily, but his condition recurred, and the patient was hospitalised for more than 6 months. On February 19, 2022, he developed a fever again, with a body temperature of up to 39 °C, and was admitted to Hebei Provincial People’s Hospital for further diagnosis and treatment. The patient has a history of previous contact with street dogs. The history of blood-sucking sandfly bites exposure is unknown. The admission examination showed anemia appearance, soft abdomen, liver and spleen slightly hard. Blood count showed that the white blood cell count was 0.72 × 10⁹/L, the neutrophils count was 0.34 × 10⁹/L, the lymphocytes count was 0.30 × 10⁹/L, the red blood cell count was 3.03 × 10¹²/L, the hemoglobin level was 72 g/L, the platelet count was 46.00 × 10⁹/L. Immunological tests showed that immunoglobulin G level was 32.9 g/L, complement C3 was 0.53 g/L, complement C4 was 0.095 g/L, complement C1q was 144.6 mg/L, direct anti-human globulin was positive for IgG and positive for antinuclear antibodies. Relevant pathogens were tested. The fungus D-dextran was 814.0 pg/ml, human herpesvirus type 4 (HHV-4) PCR was below 500 copies/ml. The chest and abdominal CT and ultrasound showed splenomegaly and flaky low-density shadows could be seen in the spleen, with unclear boundaries. Bone marrow aspiration smear showed Leishmania donovalii in and around some macrophages without flagellates. The whole blood samples were sent to Jiangsu Simcere Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd. for metagenomic second-generation sequencing. A total of 266 335 Leishmania DNA sequences were detected, including 145 767 L. infantiles, 66 243 L. donovalii, 53 461 L. dononii and 28 HHV-4 lesions. Combined with clinical symptoms and laboratory findings, L. donovalii infection diagnosis was made. Intravenous amphotericin B was administrated, starting from 5 mg to 100 mg and gradually ramping up the treatment, the patient’s body temperature decreased after 3 days of treatment, and the body temperature was normal after 1 week. The patient was and then transferred to a specialist hospital for 20 days of continuous treatment before discharged. After about 3 months of follow-up, the patient reported no discomfort and no leishmania on the bone marrow aspiration smear.

The patient, a 46-year-old male, was a farmer from Zhongning County, Zhongwei City, Ningxia. The patient worked as a Gogie berry farmer and picker in Sidaogou Village, Yumen City, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province during 2013—2021 March to October. The patient showed fever, sweating and joint pain with no obvious causes on February 18, 2022. The highest body temperature exceeded 40 ℃ and the patient was diagnosed with a“lung infection” at a local clinic. Penicillin and cephalosporin were administrated but unsuccessful. On March 6, the patient was treated at the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University. The patient’s physical examination upon admission showed clear consciousness, a flat and soft abdomen, no palpable abdominal mass, and no palpable subcostal liver. Blood routine showed: white blood cell count was 2.61 × 10⁹/L, hemoglobin level was 122.0 g/L, platelet count was 114.0 × 10⁹/L. On March 17, abdominal ultrasound showed liver enlargement, reduced and uniform echo in the paren-chyma, and unclear vascular imaging. Spleen enlargement without obvious lesions. On March 21, blood samples were sent to Yugok Biotechnology Co. Ltd. for the second-generation sequencing of the macro genome. The results showed 420 sequences of the Leishmania genus, including 418 sequences of L. donovani. Based on the clinical symptoms and laboratory examination results, it was diagnosed as visceral leishmaniasis. Amphotericin B (5 mg) was administered intravenously for 8 consecutive days, and the condition improved. The body temperature dropped to 36.2 ℃. On day 9, she was discharged after 1 day of intravenous drip with antimony sodium gluconate (6 ml). After discharge, the patient was given an intramuscular injection of antimony sodium gluconate (6 ml/d, suspended for 2 weeks after continuous injection for 6 days, and continued for 9 days), and other symptoms were treated accordingly. After one month of discharge, there was a phone follow-up, and the body felt light and weak; two months after discharge, the telephone follow-up showed good recovery.