Table of Content

30 November 1985, Volume 3 Issue 4

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EPIDEMIOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL OF FILARIASIS IN GUIZHOU PROVINCE

1985, 3(4):  244-247. 

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Filariasis was distributed in the eastern, north-eastern and south-eastern parts of Guizhou Province, where the disease was prevalent in 47 out of 87 counties, 21 with bancroftian filariasis, 25 with malayan and 1 with mixed infections, the microfilaria rates being 0.06-24.2% before control. It was estimated that the number of filariasis patients was more than 1 million. Among them, about 40% had clinical symptoms and signs including lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, funiculo-epididymitis, elephantiasis, hydrocele, chyluria etc. and the others had microfilaraemia only.Large scale control project of filariasis was carried out from 1958 to 1984 in Guizhou province including mass surveys and integrated control measures. Up to 1984, 16, 632, 958 people were blood-examined and 13,365,095 persons were treated in 47 endemic counties of the province. Based on several years of field experience, it was decided to use repeated mass blood surveys and selective treatment with hetrazan (DEC) in low endemic areas, while in moderate and high endemic areas, it was recommended to use repeated blood surveys and mass treatment with DEC or DEC-medicated salt for the whole population aged over 5 years. In addition, in malayan filariasis endemic areas where the main vector was Anopheles lesteri anthropophagus, the control measures included vector control by indoor residual spraying of insecticides. The average microfilaria rate was thus reduced from 9.86% before control measures were taken to 0.17%. Survillance and long-term measures are being considered.

ESTIMATION OF THE TRANSMISSION INTENSITY OF BANCROFTIAN FILARIASIS IN QUESHANCOUNTY, HENAN PROVINCE

1985, 3(4):  248-250. 

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Annual transmission potential was estimated as an indication for the intensity of bancroftian filariasis in Queshan County, Henan Province. The results were as follows.The mosquito biting rate was related to the mode and degree of exposure to mosquito at night. The average number of mosquito bites per person per night in Aug. -Sept. for those sleeping outdoors and those sleeping in the mosquito net indoors were 44 and 11 respectively, the former being similar to that for those sleeping indoors without mosquito net.The transmission season of bancroftian filariasis was estimated to be about 110 days. The intensity of transmission was highest in July, the number of infective larvae inoculated per person was 57.The annual transmission potential of filariasis in the three brigades investigated showed that among villagers sleeping outdoors the highest number of infective larvae inoculated per person per year or per transmission season was 95, while the lowest was 12; for those sleeping indoors with mosquito net, the highest was 20 and the lowest, 3.

OPTIMUM AND PRACTICAL DOSIFICATION OF PRAZIQUANTEL IN THE TREATMENT OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA

1985, 3(4):  251-253. 

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400 cases of schistosomiasis japonica from villages of different endemicity were randomly divided into four groups and treated with four different dosages of praziqu antel, namely, 60, 50, 40 and 30mg/kg of body weight. The drug was given twice in one day. Identical placebo tablets making up a total of 60mg/kg were used. The reactions were generally mild. At six-month follow-up, the stool negative rates were 79.8%(79/99), 71.7% (71/99), 78.8% (78/99) and 70.1% (68/97) respectively for the four groups. No significant differences were found among them. In villages where Oncomelania snails were very few the negative hatching rates in the aforementioned four groups were 89.1% (49/55), 91.1% (51/56), 88.9% (48/54) and 81.8% (45/55), while in villages with more snails the cure rates were 68.2% (30/44), 46.5% (20/43), 66.7% (30/45) and 54.8% (23/42) (P0.01), indicating that reinfection probably occurred in the latter area. The authors suggest that praziquantel with a lower total dose of 30 to 40mg/kg might be preferable for the mass treatment of chronic schistosomiasis.

CELLULAR RESPONSES IN THE LIVERS OF MICE INFECTED WITH SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICVM

1985, 3(4):  254-258. 

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The cellular responses against different developmental stages of Schistosoma japonicum. in the liver of C57BL/6 mice are reported. In hepatic sinusoids and tissues around interlobular veins, eosinophils and lymphocytes begin to increase on the 7th day post infection (PI), while plasma cells appear around interlobular veins on the 28th day PI. These findings suggest that the responses of the mice against the schistosomulum-adult worm of Schistosoma japonicum are immune reactions. As egg-maturation proceeds, there is a concomitant rise in the number of eosinophils in sinusoids and various immune cells in tissues around interlobular veins. The host responses against both schistosomulum-adult worm and the egg consist of a series of consecutive steps, the response versus different developmental stages having its own characteristics. It is interesting to note that once the egg develops to maturity, strong cellular responses around the eggs appear instantly with the rapid formation of granulomas. Hence the immune response to schistosomulum-adult worm before the maturity of the egg might play a role in the formation of egg granuloma. This is certainly a subject worthwhile to study.

STUDIES ON THE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM

1985, 3(4):  259-261. 

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Twenty-eight hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against erythrocytic stage of P. falciparum were established by fusion of SP2/0 mice myeloma cells with spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with FCC-1/HN isolate of P. falciparum. Among these McAbs, 4 directed against schizonts only, 9 against merozoites and segments, 15 against late trophozoites and schizontes. By IFAT, 2 McAbs, 93D4 and 94B5, reacted only with homologous parasite, indicating that they might be strain-specific; while the other 26 McAbs reacted with both Hainan and Anhui isolates of P. jalciparum. Five McAbs (92A3, 94A2, 94A6, 94B3 and 96B5) cross-reacted with P. vivax. In addition, 96B5 was also cross-reactive with P. knowlesi and P. cynomolgi.

COMPARISON OF SEROLOGICAL ACTIVITY BETWEEN CRUDE SEA AND ITS MAJOR SEROLOGICAL ANTIGEN OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM

1985, 3(4):  262-265. 

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The major serological antigen (MSA) involved in crude soluble egg antigen of S. japonicum (SEAj) has been isolated from the crude one by affinity chromatography and characterized by electrophoresis in previous studies carried out in our laboratory. In this study, the serological activity of MSA was further compared with that of SEAj to evaluate their value in serodiagnosis. The results showed that the sensitivity of both MSA and SEAj for the detection of antibody in patients with schistosomiasis japonica was comparable (91.67%). There was 1.2% false positive rate in normal serum with SEAj, but no positive false reaction was detected with MSA. The amount of antigen consumed in SEAj-ELISA is 2.5 times that consumed in MSA-ELISA, suggesting that MSA has higher serological activity.

SIGNIFICANCE OF DETERMINATION OF SOME BIOCHEMICAL INDICES IN HEPATIC FIBROSIS OF ANIMAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA

1985, 3(4):  266-268. 

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In order to study the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis, serum monoamine oxidase, mucoprotein, plasma proline and hydroxyproline were determined on 7 rabbits infected with Schistosoma japonicum. After infection serum monoamine oxidase and mucoprotein increased markedly, while plasm hydroxyproline and proline decreased evidently. After pyquiton treatment serum mucoprotein rapidly decreased and returned to normal level; whereas serum monoamine oxidase also diminished significantly, but didn't return to normal. It is suggested these biochemical indices might be of value in the early diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis and the evaluation of the effectiveness of therapy in schistosomiasis.

THE EMBRYOTOXICITY OF BROMOACETAMIDE IN RATS

1985, 3(4):  269-271. 

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When pregnant albino rats were administered orally with a newly developed molluscicide bromoacetamide at the dosage of≥24.8 mg/kg/d (≥1/5 LD50) for 12 consecutive days, starting from the 6th day of gestation, decreased live foetuses and some external abnormalities were observed. By comparison, an other molluscicide sodium pentaehlorophenate, a known teratogen, at the dosage of ≥25.1 mg/kg/d (≥1/9 LD50) produced much more pronounced skeletal and external dysmorphosis.

APPLICATION OF ELISA FOR THE DETECTION OF MALARIA ANTIBODY

1985, 3(4):  272-275. 

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162 blood samples (dry blood drops) including 51 cases of falciparum malaria and 111 cases of vivax malaria were collected from malaria regions of different endemicities in Yunnan Province. Soluble antigens prepared from a strain of P. Jalciparum isolated from a male patient suffered from subtertian malaria at Simao was cultured to be used in ELISA test. P. cynomolgi antigen was used as control. The result shows that the positive rates of the two antigens are basically identical. However, the GMRT with P. Jalciparum antigen is significantly higher than that with P. cynomolgi antigen (371.76: 324.68, P0.05) and the GMRT with homologous antigen is evidently higher than that with heterogeneous antigen (527.8:317.5, P0.001). When ELISA was applied to 49 blood samples collected from exclusively vivax malaria district, the GMRT of the antibody positivity was markedly higher with P. cynomolgi antigen than with P. falciparum antigen.

SENSITIVITY OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARVM TO PIPERAQUINE IN BAOTING COUNTY, HAINAN ISLAND

1985, 3(4):  276-277. 

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The sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to piperaquine and the gametocidal effect of the combination of piperaqune with primaquine were studied in Baoting, Hainan where piperaquine has been used for ten years. The results suggested that the sensitivity of P. faldparum to piperaquine was almost the same as that reported ten years ago. However, after the piperaquine treatment gametocytocemia occurred in 40% of the patients. These gametocytes could be eliminated completely by a single dose of 45mg primaquine within 2-4 days (on an average of 2.8 days). Furthermore, when the malaria patients were treated initially with the combination of piperaquine and primaquine, no gametocytaemia has been observed within 20 days.

THE SENSITIVITY OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM TO CHLOROQUIINE IN SOUTH HENAN

1985, 3(4):  278-280. 

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52 patients of acute falciparum malaria were tested with the WHO Extended Field Test at Kusei County and Huaibin County of Henan Province respectively in 1982 and 1983 for sensitivity of P. falciparum to chloroquine. The results showed that the patients' temperature became normal within 46.4 hours in average and asexual blood parasites were completely eliminated within 59.0 hours after the treatment. Only 2 patients' blood parasites were completely eliminated by the sixth day and the seventh day, respectively. Of 52 cases tested in vivo, 9 were tested by the in vitro test simultaneously. The results suggested that 3 cases showed inhibition of parasite growth at 8 pmol, of whom, asexual blood parasites were completely eliminated by the sixth day by the in vivo test in one case.The results obtained showed that the P. falciparum in South Henan appeared to have an incipient chloroquine resistance.

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE BLOOD STAGES OF THE PIPERAQUINE-RESISTANT LINE OF PLASMODIUM BERGHEI ANKA STRAIN

1985, 3(4):  281-283. 

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The piperaquine-resistant strains of rodent malaria can be of value in the screening and development of new antimalarial compounds for the treatment of human falciparum malaria caused by resistant strains. This report describes the fine structure of the blood stages of the piperaquine-resistant line (PR line) of Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. The ED50 on the PR line used was 197-fold greater than that on the parent line. The results showed that the PR line contained 3-4 food vacuoles in each trophozoite as compared with only one in most normal trophozoites. The membrane of the abnormal food vacuoles was swollen. Multilamellate whorl membranes were formed. The inter-membranous space between the outer and inner nuclear membranes was widened. Mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum has increased. Ribosomes, both free and membrane- bound, were closely clustered. The enlarged phagocytic vacuoles contained round or oval ball-like pigment granules in clusters,being markedly different from the typical rectangular, crystalloid pigment granules in parent line. No significant difference was observed in early trophozoites (ring form), schizonts and gametocytes between the PR line and the parent line.

RECOVERY OF SCHISTOSOME EGGS FROM LIVERS OF RABBITS INFECTED WITH SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICVM UNDER IMMUNOSUPPRESSION

1985, 3(4):  284-286. 

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Two experimental groups of rabbits, 4 weeks following percutaneous exposure to Schistosoma japonicum cercariae, were injected intramuscularly with 25mg of cortisone acetate (ACT) daily and every other day respectively. All rabbits were autopsied to isolate the eggs from the livers, and pathological sections are prepared 2 weeks after ACT injection, i.e., 6 weeks after exposure. The production of specific schistosomal antibody in rabbits injected with ACT appeared to be markedly suppressed. The formation of schistosome egg granulomas was remarkably diminished while the proportion of reactive schistosome eggs in the livers increased, and the average number of ova in animals injected with ACT daily is 1.64 times that in control rabbits, but the two parametres are less pronounced in rabbits injected with ACT at one day intervals. It is suggested that the immunosuppressive method reported here may be utilized to increase the recovery of schistosome eggs from the livers of infected animals.

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON CHROMOSOME OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICVM

1985, 3(4):  287-289. 

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The paper reported that the chromosome number of S. japonicum consisted of eight pairs (2n = 16), which were divided into three size groups: A, B, and C. In Group A, No.1 was subtelocentric (st) and No.2 was submetacentric(sm). In Group B, No.3-5 were subtelocentrics (st). In Group C, 6 and 7 were subtelocentrics (st) and 8, the smallest, was metacentric (m). The submetacentric chromosomes were sex chromosomes, the females were heterogametic (ZVV) and the males were homogametic (ZZ). The auto-somes with more subtelocentrics in S. japonicum were different from the karyotype of S. mansoni.

ESTABLISHMENT OF A HYBRIDOMA CELL LINE SECRETING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY AGAINST TOXOPLASMA GONDII

1985, 3(4):  290-292. 

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Splenocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with soluble antigen of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were fused with the NS-1 mouse myeloma cells. 11 hybridomas secreting antibodies against T.gondii were obtained,the positive rate being 5.1%.Among the 11 hybridomas, one strong antibody secreting strain was selected, and through cloning 5 times, a hybridoma cell line was developed, secreting steadily the monoclonal antibody (McAb) with specificity for T. gondii. ELISA test showed that the titer of the McAb in the ascites fluid from the BALB/c mice injected with the hybridoma cells was as high as 1:51,200. It was confirmed that the McAb belonged to IgG2a.

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATION ON THE KARYOTYPE OF MACRACANTHORHYNCHUS HIRUDINACEUS

1985, 3(4):  293-294. 

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The chromosomes of adult M. hirudinaceus ovary specimens were studied. The chromosome number was found to be 2n=12, n=6. The ovariogenic tissues which consisted of one pair of large metacentric, three pairs of medium metacentric, one pair of medium submetacentric and one pair of small telocentric. Six bivalents (n = 6) were found in the primary oocytes.

EFFECT OF CORYDALIS SIBIRICA MAXIM ON SECONDARY ECHINOCOCCVS GRANULOSUS CYSTS IN MICE

1985, 3(4):  295-297. 

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This paper reports on the effect of C. sibirica Maxim on secondary Echinococcus granulosus cysts in mice. The alcohol extract, water extract and total alkaloids of the plant all inhibit the cysts development of E. granulosus in mice when administered intra-peritoneally or orally.C.sibirica Maxim caused a reduction of cyst weight from 67.0 to 85.2% compared with that of controls, and the agglutination litres of specific antibodies in the treated mice were lower than those in the controls. Bubble lesions, plaque denudation, crater-shaped pits, reduced or disappeared microtriches on the surface of cysts were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Dilated and ruptured aggregates of mieroiubules, decreased density and swelling of mitochondria and the degranulation were watched using transmission electron microscopy. The authors consider that C. sibirica Maxim may be an active drug against secondary cyst of E. granulosus in mice.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT OF 43 CASES WITH LIVER ALVEOLAR HYDATID DISEASE IN XINJIANG UYGUR AUTONOMOUS REGION

1985, 3(4):  298-300. 

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43 cases of surgically confirmed liver alveolar hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis were reported. There were 31 male and 12 female patients between 14 to 52 years of age, most of them are herdsmen of national minorities. The chief manifestation was tumor of firm, round, and irregular outline palpable on the right upper abdomen lasted for 2 months to 7 years. Jaundice appeared in 10 of the 43 patients. All patients showed positive Casoni intradermal reaction and 8 patients showed positivity to both IHA and IEP tests. Tomography, roentgenography, and radioisotope liver scanning revealed the existence of occupying lesion. Surgical radical resection or hemihepactomy was performed, however, the resectability rate was only 11.69%. The result of surgical therapy was satisfactory, no recurrence was seen in the 5 patients of radical resection followed up for 4 to 21 years. The other 6 patients with palliative resection plus sterization of the necrotizing cavity contents with formalin and drainage were also much improved in general conditions. 13 inoperable patients were treated with mebendazole, the dosage was 1.2-1.5g daily for a course of 30 days and repeated after an interval of 1 week to 1 month, the whole duration of the treatment was from 1 month to 16 months. No obvious side effects were seen. All the patients showed marked improvement and diminished size of the mass. This suggested that a higher dosage and a longer duration of mebendazole therapy may be effective.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION AND CONTROL OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA IN HIGH MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS IN CHINA

1985, 3(4):  301-303. 

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Current situation of epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis japonica in high mountainous regions were presented and the control measures discussed.In areas where Oncomelania snails were widely distributed, the elimination of the snails were rather difficult especially in places with limited labour force. The strategy of the control should be adjusted accordingly. Since most of the endemic areas in high mountainous regions are scattered, population movement is infrequent and wild animal plays an unimportant role in the transmission of the disease, stress of the control measures should be put on the chemotherapy of schistosomiasis patients as well as infected domestic animals. Data from pilot areas in high mountainous regions showed that after repeatedly treating infected humans and domestic animals with praziquantel, the prevalence rates dropped down dramatically. The elimination of Oncomelania snails in easily-infective areas for the local people is of second importance. In remote areas where snails are abundant but no infections have so far been detected, surveillance, rather than control measures, should be carried out periodically.