Table of Content

28 February 1986, Volume 4 Issue 1

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PYQUITON TREATMENT OF ECHINOCHASMUS JAPONICUS INFECTION

1986, 4(1):  1-4. 

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Pyquiton was given in a single dose of 20, 10 and 5mg/kg to 15, 17 and 17 patients with Echinochasmus japonicus infection respectively. 7-10 days after treatment the cure rates of the treated groups were 93.3%, 94.1% and 100% respectively. After 1 month, the cure rates were 86.7%, 94.1% and 100%. In addition, one patient who was given a single dose of 2mg/kg was found egg negative 7-10 days after treatment but became egg positive after one month. The drug was well tolerated. The preliminary results showed that pyquiton was highly effective with mild side effects in the treatment of Echinochasmus japonicus infection.

IN VITRO EFFECT OF TINIDAZOLE ON ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

1986, 4(1):  5-7. 

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The amoebicidal activity of a range of concentrations of tinidazole (fasigyn) synthesized by the Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese APM was determined on the in vitro cultures of Entamoeba histolytica (T and B strains) in a diphasic LAS medium.The results indicated that after 72 hours' incubation tinidazole was 100% lethal at 512μg/ml, at which both T and B strains of E. histolytica trophozoites were killed. At the concentration of 64-256μg/ml, the growth of trophozoites was inhibited to a certain extent. The results obtained compared well with those obtained with metronidazole. It is suggested that tinidazole might be used for clinical trial.

THE APPLICATION OF BIOTIN-AVIDIN SYSTEM IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA

1986, 4(1):  8-11. 

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Comparison of Avidin/Biotin-HRP Complex (ABC) with conventional ELISAs has been undertaken in parallel for the detection of anti-SEA antibody level in sera of 36 S. japonicum ova positive, 51 S. japonicum miracidia positive and 34 uninfected normal cases. For each sample, comparison of the two methods is conducted on the same micro-liter plate for reliable data. Results revealed a higher sensitivity in ABC-ELISA than in conventional ELISA with 4-8 folds increase in titer in majority of samples, which accounted for 83.3% and 65.3% respectively in ova-positive and miracidia-positive groups. The fact that one ELISA-negative from the former and two from the latter groups implied that positive reactions in ABC-ELISA do indicate a significantly higher sensitivity of the ABC assay. Among cases with higher ABC-titers, greater percentages were found in patients with lower ELISA-titers. No false positive reaction was observed in sera of 34 uninfected cases by either method. The present results indicated that ABC-ELISA may offer a new powerful tool for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica with higher sensitivity and unaltered specificity. The method may be particularly helpful to identify cases with lower immune responsiveness.

IMMUNE-COMPLEX NEPHROPATHY IN MICE INFECTED WITH SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM

1986, 4(1):  14-17. 

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Pathological changes and immune complex deposits in the kidneys of mice infected With Schistosoma japonicum were studied from 18 days to 5 months post infection and after treatment.In immunofluorescent preparations, deposits of small amounts of IgG and C3 followed by IgM in glomerulus appeared on day 18-25 after infection, with increasing in tensicy from day 40 till the end of the second month after infection. No schistosome antigen could be found on frozen sections of kidneys by indirect fluorescent test.Pathological observation revealed that from the fourth week to two months after infection a large number of glomeruli were affected, showing diffuse hyper-cellular enlargement of Bowman's capsule and thickening of glomerular capillary wall. Granular casts were also found in some of the tubules.Electron microscopic studies have shown the presence of pigment deposits and electron-Cense deposits resembling the humps along the thickened basement membrane, suggesting that the glomerular lesions corresponded quite closely to the immune complex deposits. After treatment most of the lesions disappeared within 2 months.

DETECTION OF MALARIAL ANTIBODY LEVEL BY INDIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST IN AN ENDEMIC AREA OF ANHUI

1986, 4(1):  18-20. 

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In November 1983, indirect fluorescent antibody test(IFA) was carried out to detect the malarial antibody level in the population of Dabao Village, He County, Anhui Province. In this test, both antigens of Plasmodium falciparum(Pf) cultured in vitro and Plasmodium cynomolgi(Pc) were used, in addition to routine thick blood smears.The IFA-positive rate for the investigated population of the village is 67.0% and 81.3% for Pf and PC antigens, respectively. In the age group 0-15, the rate is 41.8% for Pf antigen and 62.7% for PC. Above the age of 16, the rate is 82.6% for Pf and 92.7% for PC. The results indicated that the level of malarial antibodies in the population was rather high. Thick blood smear examination of 178 subjects showed that the positive rate was 23% among which 29 cases were infected with Pf(16.3%), 10 cases with Pv(5.6%) and 2 cases with mixed infection(11l%). It was concluded that the area must have had a recent episode of malaria.

EFFECT OF PYQUITON ON SOME HISTOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF SCHISTOSOMULES OFSCHISTOSOMA JAPONICVM IN MICE

1986, 4(1):  21-24. 

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Mice infected with 500-1000 cercariae each were treated intragastrically with pyquiton at a single dose of 300 mg/kg 2h before or 3 and 7 days after the infection. The respective histochemical changes of schistosomule of S. japonicum in mouse skin, lung and liver were compared 2-72 h after treatment.The activity of AKP in parenchymal cells and the glycogen content in somatic musculature and parenchymal tissue of schistosomules in skin were markedly decreased 2h after treatment. 6-72h after drug administration, both glycogen and AKP disappeared in some schistosomules. Both the AKP activity and the glycogen content of schistosomules in lung and liver showed slight changes and recovered quickly in a most all of the schistosomules. No marked change in the content and distribution of nucleic acid, alkaline protein, protein bound α-amino groups, protein bound tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine groups and in the activities of adenosine-triphosphatase and acid phosphatase was detected within 2-72h after treatment except in dead worms. WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis. Partial financial support was received from UNDP/World Bank/WHO TDR

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY ON THE INVASION OF ERYTHROCYTES BY PLASMODIVM BERGHEI MEROZOITES

1986, 4(1):  25-27. 

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The ultrastructural changes during invasion into erythrocyte by Plasmodium berghei and P. yoelii were investigated with TEM in vivo. The results showed that both mero-zoites and red cells could actively accommodate themselves to approach each other. After contact, the erythrocyte formed an invagination to surround the parasite. In the meantime, the merozoite kept firm association with the wall of the invagination in two ways: a fixed adhesion with its apical end to the base, where the confronted portion of the red cell membrane is disorganized, and a moving junction on the circumferential surface. The coat was generally lost within the invagination, but residual bristles could be seen sometimes. Rhoptries became more rounded, expanded, and less dense in the early phase, then vesiculated, finally disappeared. Aggregated intranuclear ribosomes and vacuoles were seen in the nucleus. In the erythrocyte, a few oval vacuoles occurred near the invagination.P. y. yoelii merozoites preferred relatively young erythrocytes and were made to form a constriction by the tightened orifice of the invagination. On the contrary, P. berghei parasites were all observed in mature ones without constrictions.

ON THE SURVEYING METHOD FOR MAN-BITING RATE OF ANOPHELES SINENSIS

1986, 4(1):  28-31. 

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The present paper reports a new surveying method for man-biting rate (bites per man per night by a vector population). A special human baited hut (HBH) was devised instead of the night-bite collection on human baits used in Huang-huai Plain for several years. The average man-biting rate was 1.7 and 1.0 by HBH in the years of 1982 and 1983 respectively, 14.6 and 20.9 by night-bite collection on human baits and 0.26 and 0.32 by collection inside local inhabitants' mosquito nets respectively. The ratio of HBH to night-bite collection on human baits was 1:8.6 and 1:20.9, while the ratio of HBH to collection inside local inhabitants' mosquito nets was 1:0.15 and 1:0.32. The seasonal fluctuation of vector population measured by HBH was in accordance with the other two methods. It is indicated that the collection in HBH is approaching to what actually happens to local inhabitants. Moreover, the new method has the advantages in saving man- power and avoiding sampling error.

HISTOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF ADULT FILARIA FROM 30 CASES

1986, 4(1):  32-34. 

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30 cases of filariasis were reported. Among them the histological construction of cuticle, coelomyarian musculatures, longitudinal cord, digestive tract and genital organs of the adult worms were described in detail (cf Figs 1-7). These histological features may be taken as references in differentiating the parasitic nematodes in human tissues.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PLASMODIUM VIVAX IN THE NORTHERN PART OF HUNAN PROVINCE

1986, 4(1):  35-38. 

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This paper deals with the morphology of Plasmodium vivax in 60 cases observed in the northern part of Hunan Province and compares it with that observed in 6 cases from Simao Prefecture of Yunnan Province. The observations demonstrated that parasites with two or more chromatin dots and multiple invasion of erythrocytes occurred in 50.0% and 48.3% respectively. Parasites with two nuclei were much more frequently seen in younger trophozoites(5.1% ) than in older ones(1.3%), the ratio between the two being 3.9:1. This result coincided with that reported by Yang in 1982. We believed that parasites with double nuclei and the presence of multiple invasions of erythrocytes were quite common with Plasmodium vivax in certain parts of China.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFICACY OF SPECIFIC TRANSFER FACTOR AND IMMUNO-RIBONUCLEIC ACID AGAINST SCHISTOSOME INFECTION

1986, 4(1):  39-41. 

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Following intramuscular injection of specific transfer factor(S-TF) and immuno-ribonucleic acid(S-iRNA) extracted from the spleens of heavily infected schistosomiasis rabbits and adult schistosome antigen-immunized serum IgG(ISIgG) singly or in combination, the protective immunization against challenge with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae in rabbits was studied. The results were as follows: (1) No protection was found when S-TF or ISIgG was injected alone; (2) Both combinations of S-TF plus ISIgG and S-iRNA plus ISIgG could induce specific cellular and humoral immunity which resulted in significant protection against S. japonicum cercarial infection. The time for immunizing injection should be prior to cercarial infection or within 14 days after infection. The authors concluded that S. japonicum schistosomules, and not adult schistosomes, are subjected to the acquired immunity.

OBSERVATlONS ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PULMONARY HYDATID CYST FROM THREE CASES WITH ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS INFECTION

1986, 4(1):  42-43. 

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The ultrastructure of hydatid cysts extirpated from the lungs of three cases with E. granulosus infection was observed and illustrated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. SEM showed that vesicles were different in size and shape, either round or elliptic, covered with thin and thick filaments on the germinal layer and on the lateral side of the laminated layer. Regular-edged, crack-shaped pits were found at different distances on the germinal layer. TEM showed numerous long and thick microvilli arranged regularly on the germinal layer. Each microvillus appears to be a four-layered membraneous structure. A number of vesicles and microtubules with less filaments are seen in the compact band beneath the microvilli. Within the cytoplasm there are prominent mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, smooth muscle and two kinds of protoplasts of different morphological structures.

RADIORENOGRAPHIC STUDY IN ADVANCED SCHISTOSOMIASIS(A REPORT OF 37 CASES)

1986, 4(1):  44-46. 

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Thirty-seven patients with advanced schistosomiasis were investigated by radioreno graphy. The results showed normal picture in 12 cases, among them 7 had splenomegaly and abnormal pattern in 25 cases showing various degree of damage in one kidney or both kidneys, among whom 17 had ascites. Abnormalities of radiorenogram occurred more frequently in patients with ascites than in those with enlargement of the spleen. It is suggested that ascites and oliguria in advanced schistosomiasis were related to the reduction of renal plasma flow, resulting in subsequent distrubance in renal function and haemodynamics.

CLINICAL ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF 55 CASES OF INTESTINAL SARCOSPORIDIOSIS

1986, 4(1):  47-49. 

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This paper reports on the clinical treatment of 55 patients with Sarcocystis suihominis, diagnosed by finding sporocysts or oocysts from their feces. The main clinical symptoms were abdomianl pain, diarrhoea, anaemia and eosinophilia, etc. The patients were divided into three groups and were given sulfadiazine (20 cases), co-sulfaisomezole(16 cases) and pyquiton(19 cases) respectively. After one month, the feces of the patients were re-examined, the negative rate being 75.0%, 81.2% and 77.8% respectively. The patients' symptoms including abdominal pain and diarrhoea disappeared, and their general conditions improved.