Table of Content

31 May 1985, Volume 3 Issue 2

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THE COMBINED USE OF ARTEMETHER, SULFADOXINE, PYRIMETHAMINE AND PRIMAQUINE IN THE TREATMENTOF CHLOROQUINE-RESISTANT FALCIPARUM MALARIA

1985, 3(2):  81-84. 

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54 cases of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria were treated with a single dose of 300mg artemether (i.m.) combined with 1, 000mg of sulfadoxine, 70mg of pyrime thamine and 30mg of primaquine orally (ASPP) in an endemic area of Hainan Island. Fever was controlled readily in 25.6±15.0 hours. The asexual blood parasites and gametocytes disappeared in 30.2±12.5 hours and 48.2 + 6.9 hours respectively. Only mild side effects were observed in few cases.As compared with other three therapeutic schemes including single dose of ASP (omitted primaquine),QSPP (0.5gm Qinghaosu i.m. instead of artemether) and chloroquine alone for 3 days, the action of ASPP and ASP appeared more rapid than QSPP either in symptom control or in eliminating asexual forms of P. falciparum. No recrudescence was seen in the combined treatment groups. Chloroquine alone had less effect, 24 out of 50 cases were not cured and 17 showed a recrudescence of parasitaemia within 35 days after treatment. The authors concluded that a combination of either ASPP or ASP is satisfactory in the treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria.

THE ROLE OF PHLEBOTOMVS ALEXANDRI IN THE TRANSMISSION OF KALA AZAR

1985, 3(2):  85-88. 

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Since 1968, kala azar has been found sporadically in Meiyaogou, Turfan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Four species of sandflies, Phlebotomus alexandri, Ph. mongolensis, Sergentomyia turfanensis and S. minutus sinkiangensis were collected in this area from May to August of 1983. Ph. alexandri is the predominant species, amounting 81.1% (7,716/8,843) of sandfly collected and is the only anthropophilic species. After being fed on cotton rat or hamster infected with Leishmania donovani, 93.9% (230/245) of Ph. alexandri were infected in which promastigotes not only developed in the stomach but also invaded the pharynx, buccal cavity and proboscis. A total of 643 females of Ph. alexandri collected in wild and houses was dissected and 13 (2.0%) were found naturally infected with promastigotes. The distribution of promastigotes in natural infection was similar to that in experimental infection. All the Chinese hamsters and golden hamsters inoculated with 7 isolates of promastigotes from naturally infected sandflies developed visceral leishmaniasis. In addition, golden hamster was infected experimentally by the bite of Ph. alexandri which had been infected with promastigotes of L. donovani. This is the first time to demonstrate that one species of Paraphlebotomus is playing a role in the transmission of kala azar in the Old World.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION AND EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF ECHINOCHASMUS JAPONICUS

1985, 3(2):  89-91. 

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The present report is dealing with the epidemiological features and distribution of E. japonicus in eight counties in the south of Fujian and Raoping County in Guangdong, as well as the results of human and animal experimental infection. It has been shown that this trematode is present in all the 9 counties. The rate of human infection is closely related to the size of fish ponds, the scale of fish raising, the population of dogs and cats, as well as the way of eating fish by the local people. This trematode is widely adapted to various kinds of intermediate and final hosts, being present in all kinds of fishes investigated, especially in Pseudorasbora parva. It not only parasitizes human and mammalian animals, but infects birds as well. This trematode develops rather quickly after infecting its host, its eggs could be found in the host's feces 5-9 days after infection.

IN VITRO CIDAL EFFECT OF CORYDALIS FROM QINGHAI PLATEAU AGAINST ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS PROTOSCOLICES

1985, 3(2):  92-94. 

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This paper reports on the results of the scolicidal action of three species of Corydalis(C. sibirica Maxim, C. boweri Hemsl, C. lineariodes Maxim) from Qinghai Plateau against E. granulosus protoscolices in vitro. The water and ethanol extracts of C. sibirica and their total alkaloids, the water extracts of C. boweri and d-adlumine of C. lineariodes all had stronger scolicidal action than H2O2 against protoscolices as judged by their loss of motility, readiness to take vital stains and inabilitty to develop into secondary hydatid cysts after being inoculated into albino mice. The total disintegration of protoscolices by both the total alkaloides of C. sibirica and d-adlumine through formation of "tegumental bubbles" and disruption of the external plasma membrane was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy.It is suggested that the alkaloid of Corydalis might be a promising drug for local use in hydatid surgery.

SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DETERMINATIONIN VITRO OF CHLOROQUINE SENSITIVITY OFPLASMODIVM FALCIPARVM

1985, 3(2):  95-97. 

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The influence of some factors including the erythrocyte concentration, the starting rate of parasitemia and the cultivation time on the ire vitro determination of chloroquine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum were studied. The results showed that the chloroquine concentration required to produce 50% or 95% reduction of the parasitemia (SC50 or SC95) was positively related to the observed erythrocyte concentrations (1.25-10%), their r values being 0.94 and 0.92, respectively, and also related to the starting rate of parasitemia (0.5-4%), their r values being 0.95 and 0.99, respectively. 48-hour cultivation was considered to be suitable.

THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF MEBENDAZOLE AND PYQUITON AGAINST TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS IN MICE

1985, 3(2):  98-100. 

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The therapeutic efficacy of mebendazole and pyquiton against Trichinella spiralis of different stages in 146 mice was studied. Oral administration of mebendazole 50mg/kg×1d on excysted larvae and adults, resulted in 100% and 82.8% of reduction rate respectively; 50mg/kg×7d significantly reduced the number of invasive larvae and encysted larvae by 92.7% and 99.6% from muscle as compared with the controls. The results indicated that mebendazole was effective against both intestinal and muscular phases of T. spiralis. No effect was observed with pyquiton in doses of 600mg/kg×1d against excysted larvae and adults, and 300mg/kg×3d (o.a.) or 100mg/kg×3d (i.m.) against invasive larvae and encysted larvae.

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND NATURAL INFECTION WITH PAGUMOGONIMVS SKRJABINI IN PSEVDOBYTHINELLA SHIMENENSIS

1985, 3(2):  101-103. 

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1. The monthly density of snails from January through December of 1982 were found to be 41±23-156±99/33.3cm2.2. The P. skrjabini larvae incidence of snail from October of 1982 to April of 1983 were 0.45% (0.29-0.85%), and their intensity of infection were 2.4(2-3.5) for rediae and 16.1(5-3.6) for cercariae/positive snail. The positive snails for P. skrjabini are sporodically distributed in the natural focus.Thus, on the basis of our findings, it is suggested that epiderniological survey of pagumogonimiasis by examining the first intermediate host, Pseudobythinella shimenensis, to determine the natural foci may be carried out at any month of the year.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE PATHOGEN1CITY OF ENTAMOEBA GINGIVALIS

1985, 3(2):  104-106. 

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A survey of E. gingivalis infestation was conducted in 230 dental patients. The total detection rate was 44.2%. The incidence in the patients with parodontitis and pericoronitis was 60% and 55.8% respectively. But in those with dental caries associated with parodomitis or dental caries alone, E. gingivalis was found only in 27.5% and 14.3% respectively. No significant correlation exists between the detection rate and the age, sex, marriage, occupation or the dietary habits.Observation was also made in 74 normal subjects and the incidence was 32.4%. Significant correlation was found between the rate and the age, marriage and occupation, students being the most affected, probably because they live collectively and share the same dishes at table.This paper discusses whether E. gingivalis is the pathogen of parodontosis. Although a high rate of E. gingivalis infestation was detected in cases of parodontopathy, there is no conclusive evidence to show its pathogenicity.

ORNITHINE METABOLISM IN SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM: SYNTHESIS OF POLYAMINES AND PROLINE

1985, 3(2):  107-110. 

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The uptake of ornithine and its transformation to polyamines through ornithine decarboxylase pathway in S. japonicum were studied. The total uptake of 14C-ornithine by S. japonicum was proportional to both the concentration of 14C-ornithine and the time of incubation.The worm were homogenized in 5% TCA after cultivation and the TCA extract was reacted with DNS-C1. The radioactivity of DNS-derivatives of 14C-polyamines was determined by thin-layer-chromatography, radio-autography and liquid scintillatic measurement. It was shown that an obvious amount of 14C-putrescine and a limited amount of 14C-spermidine were formed. In case the homogenate of S. japonicum was incubated with 5-14C-ornithine in pH 8.0 Tris buffer or in pH 7.2 phosphate buffer system in the presence of pyridoxal, the production of 14C-putrescine and 14C-spermidine was found to be 2, 000 cpm and 300 cpm per 40 ♀/4 hours respectively.When proline-DNS derivative was assayed by two dimensional chromatography on polyamide membrane after 8 hours cultivation, 1,000 cpm of 14C-proline would be found in 120 worm pairs.

THE NEGATIVE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ACUTE SCHISTOSOMIASIS PATIENTS

1985, 3(2):  111-113. 

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The probability distribution of acute schistosomiasis cases is analysed with the data obtained from a pilot area. The result is not random since the variance (S2) is larger than its arithmetic mean (X). When examined by the test of goodness fit with the expected frequency of the negative binomial distribution, the result is satisfactory (X2 = 1.56, 0.30P0.20). The result of distribution fit of Poisson shows extremely significant difference (X2 = 15.51, P0.001). It shows preliminarily that the characteristics of the distribution of acute schistosomiasis cases depends on the negative binomial distribution. In studying the influence of the clustering of acute schistosomiasis cases, k may be used as an index expressing the clustering of its distribution.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION ON THE DISPERSAL OF ANOPHELES DIRUS IN HAINAN ISLAND

1985, 3(2):  114-116. 

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Thirty thousand and fifty-two newly emerged adults of Anopheles dirus marked with metallic dust were released in a valley of mountainous area in Hainan Island. Totally 0.472% of marked females were recaptured by man bait in four successive nights after release. The dispersal numbers of recaptured females in all directions were insignificantly different and reached one kilometer, but the furthermost was 1.4 kilometers to the south of releasing point.

OBSERVATION ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ANOPHELES DIRUS TO PLASMODIUM YOELII YOELII

1985, 3(2):  117-119. 

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We had reported previously that when A. dims was fed on mice (Kunming strain) infected with Plasmodium yoelii yoelii (BY265 strain), the infection rate of salivary gland 3 and 4 days later was only 4.88%. In this paper we reported the increasing tendency of infection rates after several successive passages. The infection rate of salivary glands for the 3rd, 4th, 6th and 7th generations from the first blood passage was 31.7%, 70.0%, 6.9% and 30.0% respectively. Among 7 mice bitten by A, dims containing sporozoites of the 6th generation in their salivary glands two mice became infected. The number of sporozoites was over 2,000 in the salivary glands of A. dims when they were fed on mice with parasites of the 7th generation. The results suggested that there might be some adaptative selection of P. yoelii yoelii to A. dims.

STUDIES ON CIRCUMOVAL PRECIPITIN TEST (COPT) USING SCHISTOSOME EGGS DRIED ON SLIDES AS ANTIGEN

1985, 3(2):  120-121. 

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As the effective components of schistosome egg antigen were heat-stable, the "antigen slide" on which the heated and ultrasonicated ova suspended in distilled water were dried by heating was used for COPT. Sera from 104 patients passing schistosome eggs gave a COPT positivity rate of 96.2%. The "antigen slide" COPT is recommended because its manipulation was faster and simpler than that of routine COPT, and positive slides could be kept for a comparatively longer period of time.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ON THE TROPHOZOITE OF GIARDIA LAMBLIA

1985, 3(2):  122-124. 

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The trophozoites of Giardia lamblia in mucosal scrapings and intestinal mucus obtained from the small intestine of experimentally infected rabbit were isolated, further purged from contaminating intestinal debris by alternating temperature cycles, and examined with scanning electron microscope.Trophozoites were inverted pear-shaped, approximately 12-16.5μm long and 6.5-7.7μm wide, with a tangerine skin-like dorsal surface. The ventral sucker was an asymmetric spiral structure on the ventral surface of the anterior end of the trophozoite, or rather, it appeared to be a clockwise spiraling structure starting from its central circular region. The central region of the ventral disc was as uneven as the dorsal surface but the other surfaces of the ventral disc were smooth. A pseudopod-like peripheral wing projecting from the peripheral edge of cell body with a smooth surface was observed forming ventral and dorsal marginal grooves respectively with the lateral crest, and the dorsal surface of cell body. The trophozoite has four pairs of flagella emerging from the dorsal marginal groove.

CONCENTRATION AND ISOLATION OF SCHIZONTS AND MEROZOITES OF PLASMODIUM YOELII YOELII

1985, 3(2):  125-127. 

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Relatively pure preparations of schizonts and merozoites are required for studying the antigenicity of different stages of malaria parasite. Several methods of concentrating parasitized erythrocytes as well as isolating merozoites were used and compared. Eryth-rocytes parasitized with schizonts and large trophozoites can be obtained by overlaying the infected blood on 17.5% Ficoll solution and centrifuged. The interface layer contained schizonts mainly while the intermediate layer was rich in trophozoites. By using ConA-Sepharose 4B column, relatively pure and large amount of merozoites can be isolated, the purity of merozoites being more than 90%, with 5.4% large trophozoites and less than 1% red blood cells.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND PATHOGENICITY OF THELAZIA CALLIPAEDA PARASITIZED IN RABBITS

1985, 3(2):  128-130. 

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Adult Thelazia callipaeda collected from naturally infected dogs were transplanted in the conjunctival sac of laboratory rabbits and found surviving for 23 months after transplantation, Those worms maintained in physiological saline solution at 20℃, survived for 58 hours, but lost the capacity to infect experimental animals after 48 hours preservation.This parasite caused inflammatory reaction within 3 to 48 hours after transplantation in the eyes of rabbits. The severity of inflammatory response appears to be closely associated with the number of adult worms transplanted.

CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MAMMARY FILARIAL TUBERCLES: ANALYSIS OF 25 CASES

1985, 3(2):  131-132. 

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25 female cases of mammary filarial tubercles proven by pathological examination in our hospital from 1958-1983 were presented. The main pathological features observed are those of acute endolymphangitis together with granulomatous reaction consisting of fibrinoid necrosis with pronounced infiltration of eosinophils, lymphocytes, mononuclear cells and occasionally epithelioid cells around hecrotic worms. Distension of lymphatics was usually found in the periphery of the lesion.All 25 cases revealed the characteristic pathological features. Dead or calcified worms were found in 21 cases, and microfilariae found in four.Clinically this illness was always misdiagnosed as plasmacyte mastitis, tuberculous mastitis, mammary liponecrosis, mammary cystic hyperplasia, mammary adenocarcinoma and so on. The clinical and pathological differential diagnosis were discussed.

STUDIES ON LEISHMANIA GERBILLI IN CHINA

1985, 3(2):  133-135. 

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Big gerbil (Rhombomys opimus) infected with Leishmania gerbilli Wang, Qu Guan, 1964 has been found successively in the desert area of Gansu Province, Xinjiang Urgur Autonomous Region and Nei Monggol Autonomous Region. The results of epidemiological survey and experimental study of the parasite concerned were compared with the morphology, virulence, vector species and immunology of Leishmania tropica major isolated from the Middle East and reported by Soviet authors. It was suggested that L. tropica major and L. gerbilli might coexist in big gerbils in Turkmenia and Uzbekstan, USSR. L. gerbilli is noninfective to mice, golden hamsters and human beings, while L. tropica major is highly pathogenic. The main sandfly-vector of L. tropica major is Phlebotomus papatasi, but the main sandfly-vectors of L. gerbilli belong to Paraphlebotomus group such as Ph. mongolensis, Ph. caucasicus and Ph. andrejevi. Up to the present, none of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis has been reported from China and Mongolia, where Ph. papatasi is not found. It is inferred that in desert areas of Turkmenia and Uzbekstan of Soviet Union, presumably Iran and Afghanistan as well, L. gerbilli coexists with L. tropica major, while in China and Mongolia L. gerbilli stands alone.