Table of Content

28 February 1985, Volume 3 Issue 1

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DISTRIBUTION OF KALA AZAR AND NATURAL LANDSCAPE IN NEI-MONGGOL AUTONOMOUS REGION

1985, 3(1):  1-4. 

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From 1979 to 1982, kala azar surveys were carried out in Nei-Monggol Autonomous Region. It was found that the disease occurred only in the dry desert areas of Ejin Banner and Alxayou Banner and the mountainous areas of Ningcheng County and Harqin Banner. Kala azar cases and sandflies were absent in semi-desert and arid steppe areas. In Ejin Banner, the incidence of kala azar was 5 to 72 per 10,000 from 1972 to 1982. The natural infection of promastigotes in Phlebotomus major wui, an anthro-pophilic species, was 0.62% in 1979. In Alxayou Banner, only one case of kala azar had been found in 1973 and none since then. In Ningcheng County and Harqin Banner, a few cases had been recorded in the 50s and none since 1960. Ph. chinensis was present in these areas, though in small number. It was a peri-wild or wild species in Ningcheng County and Alxayou Banner respectively. Probably this sandfly species was a vector of kala azar in these areas.The main features of the landscape are its vegetation and soil. Comparing the natural landscape characteristics of endemic and nonendemic areas in Nei-Monggol Autonomous Region, it was found that kala azar was present only in the desert forest soil (scrubby meadow soil) area where Populus diversifolia and Tamarix sp. grew, and it waS the only area where Ph. major wui was present as the predominent species. The authors are of the opinion that the occurrence of kala-azar in Ejin Banner forest area is due to the environment which is suitable for the breeding of Ph. major wui.

CLINICAL ANALYSIS OF 119 CASES OF PARAGONIMIASIS SZCHUANENSIS

1985, 3(1):  5-8. 

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Paragonimiasis szchuanensis is endemic in more than 30 counties and cities in Sichuan. The cerebral type is particularly dangerous. We analysed 119 cases of parago-nimiasis observed over the last 22 years. 95% were infected by ingesting raw or ina dequately cooked crabs. Clinical manifestations were characterized by viseral and subcutaneous larva migrans and thus ova could not be detected in sputum and feces. This was strikingly different from paragonimiasis westermani. 4 clinical types could be distinguished. Pulmonary type consisted of 36 cases (30%), subcutaneous type consisted of 19 cases (16%), both lung and subcutaneous types 53 cases (44.5%), and cerebral type 11 cases (9.2%). Patients were treated with bithionol.The dosage schedule was 20mg/kg t.i.d daily (78 cases) or every other day (41 cases)for 20 days duration. The immedate cure rates were 96.1% and 92.3% respectively (P0.05). 59 cases were followed 1-17 years after treatment. The long term cure rate was 98.3%. Side effects of the drug consisted of abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and rash. The total rate of side effect was 40%.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE CLONORCHIASIS INTRADERMAL TEST

1985, 3(1):  9-11. 

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This paper deals with the site of Clonotchis worm antigen skin test and the duration of positive skin reaction studied during surveys on clonorchiasis in the suburbs of Beijing. The results are as follows:1. In 124 inhabitants in an endemic area, intradermal tests with the same Clonor-chis antigen were performed on 3 different sites of the skin at the same time, namely the flexor surface of forearm, the extensor surface of forearm and the interscapular region on the back. After statistic treatment, the skin positive rates among 3 sites showed no significant difference, but the ova positive rate was much higher in persons with positive reaction in all 3 sites than in those with positive reaction in only 1 or 2 sites. No case of ova positive was found in those who were negative in all 3 skin sites.2. 100 persons were re-examined 7 years later by the same method with the same antigen. It revealed that following the cure of Clonorchis infections with proper treatment, the original positive skin reaction in most cases had changed to negative, while in most untreated or treated but not cured cases, the skin test remained positive.

STUDIES ON THE LIFE HISTORIES OF THREE SPECIES OF HETEROPHYID TREMATODES AND METORCHIS ORIENTALIS TANABE, 1921

1985, 3(1):  12-16. 

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The present dissertation describes the morphology and structure of both adult and larval stages of three species of heterophyid trematodes, namely, Centrocestus formosanus Nishigori, 1924; Haplorchis pumilio Looss, 1899 and Procerovum varium Onji Ni-shio, 1916, and Metorchis orientalis Tanabe, 1919, with a view to study the phylogene tic relationship of the families Opisthorochidae and Heterophyidae. The principal features of both families were compared, special emphasis was laid on the comparison of developmental stages and adults.While the development of three heterophyid trematodes is reinvestigated under local conditions, the completion of the life history of Metorchis orientalis is here reported for the first time.Basing on the informations obtained from the life history studies of the four species of trematodes and considering their similarities and dissimilarities in morphological characters, the present investigation came to the conclusion that there exists an intimate relationship between the two families. They should belong to the same superfamily, Opisthorchioidea (Faust, 1929) Vogel 1934.

STUDIES ON INDIRECT HAEMOAGGLUTINATION TEST USING SENSITIZED LYOPHILIZED ERYTHROCYTES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS

1985, 3(1):  17-20. 

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The authors used sensitized lypholized Schistosoma japonicum egg antigen in indirect haemoagglutination test for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. Human O group erythrocytes are fixed with glutaraldehyde, tanned with tannic acid, sensitized with S. japonicum egg antigen and lypholized. IHA test using the antigen recommended by the author was carried out in several provinces during the past nine years. A qualitative comparison of IHA test with faecal examination technique in 4,835 proven cases with schistosomiasis showed a high agreement, i.e., 91.9-100%. It is suggested that IHA test using this antigen is easy to handle and specific and sensitive enough to be employed for serodiagnosis of schistosomiasis.

A CLIINICOPATHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF 25 CASES WITH LIVER ALVEOLAR HYDATID DISEASE

1985, 3(1):  21-23. 

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Clinicopathological findings of 25 cases, 18 males and 7 females, with alveolar hyda-tid disease of the liver were analyzed. The major symptoms were epigastric mass (96%), abdominal pain (40%), dyspepsia (24%), jaundice (20%) and portal hypertension (8%). The plain film roentgenogram of the abdomen in 4 out of 8 cases showed diffuse radiolucencies outlined by calcific densities over the hepatic region. Space-occupying lesions of different sizes in the liver were found in all of the 10 cases by radioisotopic scanning. Casoni's test was positive in 93.7% of 16 cases. Pathological findings were observed during laparotomy or autopsy in 22 patients. The gross type of large circumscribed mass was most common (54.5%) followed by the mixed type (22.7%) and the nodular type (18.1). Microscopically, numerous alveoli of various size and shape were revealed and the cuticular layer of aleeoli was characterized by laminated arrangement. Fibrogenesis and inflammatory infiltration were ussually seen in close vicinity to the alveoli or around the lesions forming a parasitic granuloma. The propagation of alveoli had shown both exogenous and endogenous budding. The diagnosis was preoperatively established in only 11 cases (44%). 13 cases (52%) were misdiag-nosed as cancer or hydatid cyst. Surgical operation was performed in 21 cases arid in none was the resection possible. 4 cases died of hepatic failure within 1-6 months postoperatively, 1 died of brain metastasis a year later and 14, survived for 1-3 years.

A STUDY ON THE ELISA IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HYDATID DISEASE

1985, 3(1):  24-26. 

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An indirect ELISA for the sero-diagnosis of hydatidosis was described. The antigen used was lung hydatid cyst fluid treated with activated charcoal.The optimal conditions for the test were: antigen 10 μg/ml and the suitable dilution of antibody 10-1 to 10-5. Positive results were obtained from all the 25 surgically confirmed hydatidosis cases (reading 0.930±0.450), while the sera of 30 healthy control were negative (reading 0.119±0.055).The specificity of this method was demonstrated by both the replacement test and the block test. In addition, ELISA was superior in sensitivity to counter electrophore-sis and complement fixation test. However, it showed 7.4% false positivity and cross-reactions with tuberculous or hepatitis sera.

CHANGE IN SERUM C_4 AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN PATIENTS WITH LATE SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA

1985, 3(1):  27-28. 

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The level of the serum C4, C3 and CIC was determined in 30 cases of late schistosomiasis. It was found that: (1) the level of C4 was lower in the patients than that innormal individuals, suggesting that activation of the classical pathway of complementdid occur in late schistosomiasis; (2) the level of CIC was elevated in the patienis,being negatively correlated with C4. C4 other than C3 is recommended for studying' the activation of classical pathway of complement in late schistosomiasis.

STUDIES ON THE KARYOTYPE OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM

1985, 3(1):  29-31. 

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The article reports on the karyotype of Schistosoma japonicum from the mainland of China. The number of diploid chromosomes is found to be 16 (2n = 16), 4 large sized, 6 mediumsized and 6 small sized. They can be matched into 8 homologous pairs and arranged in order of decreasing size. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 have subterminal centromeres, Nos. 6, 7 and 8 appear submetacentric. According to the size, shape and position of the centromere, the chromosomes of Schistosoma japonicum can be divided into 3 groups: group Ⅰ (pairs l-2),group Ⅱ (pairs 3-5) and group Ⅲ(pairs 6-8). No.2 are sex chromosomes, the females being heterogametic (ZW) and the males homogame tic (ZZ).

STUDIES ON CULTIVATION OF ADULT NECATOR AMERICANVS IN VITRO

1985, 3(1):  35-37. 

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This paper reports the results of in vitro cultivation of adult Necator americanus in different media such as puppy serum, calf serum, medium 199 and Tyrode's solution. Among them, puppy serum medium and that containing a little amount of medium 1999 gave better results. 64.2% of worms survived for two weeks and 21% of them over one month in these two media. The longest survival time of female and male worms was 52 and 43 days respectively.Copulation was observed in culture medium and fertilized, and unfertilized eggs and larvae were also found.The success of in vitro culture og N. americanus has provided a new approach to study the developing stages of N. americanus and the difference between N. americanus, and Ancylostoma duodenale.

ETIOLOGICAL STUDY ON PARAGONIMIASIS AT THE NORTHERN FOOT OF QINLING MOUNTAIN, SHAANXI

1985, 3(1):  38-41. 

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This paper reports on the etiology of paragonimiasis studied from August to De Member 1981 in Tongkwan, Changan and Huxian region of Shaanxi Province. Metacer cariae were found in 51 crabs examined. They were 417.9 x 404μm in average and the ventral sucker is larger than the oral sucker. Of the 84 adult lung flukes obtained from the lungs of one cat, three dogs and two white rats after being fed metacercariae, 20 were identified. The adult lung flukes obtained from dogs were 9.53mm in average length, 3.75mm in width, the width to length ratio being 1:2.54. The ventral sucker is situated at the anterior 1/3 of the parasite. The oral sucker is smaller than the ventral sucker. The cuticular spines are blunt in shape, and of sin'gle growth arrangement. The ovary is more branched. The testes are slender with few branches and situated in the posterior 1/2 of the worm. The ovum contains 6-7 yolk cells. The average size of 142 ova measured is 69.9 by 44.6μm. There is a short spine at the posterior end of some ova. Thus, the species of lung fluke in Shaanxi Province is Pagumogonimws skrjabini Chen 1959.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PIRIMIPHOSMETHYL AND DECAMETHRIN AGAINST ANOPHELES SINENSIS

1985, 3(1):  42-44. 

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This paper reports on the results of spraying with suspensions of pirimiphos-methyl (2g/m2) and decamethrin (50mg/m2) in experimental huts fixed with window-trapsduring July-October 1982 in the Tangkou People's Commune, Jining County. The results showed that pirimiphos-methyl could effect 50% mortality 'of intrusive A. sl-nensis mosquitos for more than 41 days after spraying, while decamethrin could maintain 50% mortality for two months and more. The residual effectiveness of pirimiphos-methyl on walls could last 24-54 days after spraying and its fumigation activity up to 30 days. The residual effectiveness of decamethrin on most kinds of walls could last more than three months, but it had no fumigation activity. For pirimiphosmethyl no evident repellency was noticed, while for decamethrin an enhanced irritability was found. Both insecticides are safe for use and worth further testing ih field application.

RAPID STAINING METHODS FOR DETECTION OF MALARIA PARASITES

1985, 3(1):  45-47. 

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Seven non-ionic surface active agents have been used in place of buffer solution pH 6.8 in Field Stain and the staining methods have been improved. The stains containing these non-ionic surface active agents can be prepared for immediate use due to their solubility. The stains kept in different flexible cans or ampoules are particularly suitable for the application in field research or survey. This staining method for thick films with complete hemolysis is highly applicable in field survey and clinical diagnosis of malaria. Both Schuffner's or Maurer's dots are visible in red cells infected with Plasmodium vivax or P. falciparum in thin smears. When 10% Giemsa solution prepared with 1% non-ionic surface active agent is used, the time for staining smears needs only 3 minutes.

THE USE OF METHYLENE BLUE-EOSIN-BORAX STAIN IN DETERMINING THE VIABILITY OF ASCARIS OVA

1985, 3(1):  48-49. 

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Methylene blue-eosin-borax stain for staining the fertilized ova of Ascaris is descri bed. The vital ova are unstained and the internal structure of the dead ova are stained in blue colour. To carry out the experiment special equipments are unnecessary The method is simple, rapid and accurate. The stain can be used for one and half a year at room temperature.

TREATMENT AND FOLLOW UP OF 50 CASES OF CEREBRAL CYSTICERCOSIS WITH PRAZIQUANTEL

1985, 3(1):  50-53. 

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50 cases of cerebral cysticercosis cellulosae were treated with praziquantel kindly supplied by Bayer AG. Each course consisted of 120mg/kg in 4-6 days. 27 patients received 2 courses; 2 patients received 3 courses. 42 cases followed up for 1-3 years after treatment showed that most of the subcutaneous or intra-muscular cysticercous nodules disappeared or reduced in size. The neuropsychic symptoms, such as epileptic seizure, headache, nausea, vomiting and mental disturbance were markedly improved, except in few cases who turned to be aggravated. The side effects including exacerbatidn of epileptic seizure and other neuropsychic symptoms during or within a short period post therapy were found much severer than those found in subcutaneous muscular type oysticercosis treated with, the same dosage and course, probably due to the allergic reaction caused by the damaged cysticerci in brain rather than the side effect of the drug itself. This fact should be borne in mind when treating cerebral cysticercosis with praziquantel which is highly recommended.