Table of Content

30 August 2008, Volume 26 Issue 4

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述评

Global Progress of Echinococcosis Control and an Insightto the National Control Program

YUSen－hai

2008, 26(4):  1-244. 

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Global distribution and prevalence of the two echinococcoses，research progress，and control programs in a number of countries were summarized. Strategies，measures and possible research topics were discussed in relation to the national control program which has been launched in western China since 2005.

论著

Epidemiology and Risk Factor Analysis for CanineEchinococcosis in a Tibetan Pastoral Area of Sichuan

HUANGYan*;HeathDDavid;YANGWen;QIUJia-min;CHENXing-wang;YANGYun;WANGQian_;LITiao-ying_;XIAOYong-fu;QIUDong-chuan;XIAONing;CHENFa-xi;GESang;SEDuo

2008, 26(4):  2-252. 

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Objective To determine the prevalence and evaluate the risk factors of canine echinococcosis based on a field survey of dog infections with Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis in Chalong, Kalong，Dade and Chazha Townships in a district of Ganzi County，Sichuan Province，China. Method Questionnairing associated with the acquisition of canine echinococcosis was administered to dog owners. Stray dogs were examined post-mortem and rectal faeces at necropsy were collected to validate a coproantigen ELISA. Owned dogs were screened for Echinococcus spp. infection in faeces using the genus specific copro-ELISA and the effectiveness of dog treatment was assessed. Chi-square and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis. Results The prevalence of Echinococcus spp. infection at necropsy in stray dogs was 60.9% （14/23） in 2000； E. multilocularis infection accounted for 34.8% （8/23） and E. granulosus for 26.1% （6/23）. The specificity of the copro-ELISA was 80.0% and the sensitivity was 92.3%，compared with the results at necropsy. Fifty percent of owned dogs （290/580） tested was coproantigen positive at the beginning of the project in 2000, which decreased to 17%（99/580） in the same cohort of owned dogs after praziquantel treatment（5 mg/kg） at 6-monthly period from 2003 to 2005. Analysis for risk factors associated with coproantigen positive dogs showed that the never tethered dogs had a higher rate（40.4%，65/161） than dogs tethered during the day（32.3%，109/337）, or tethered at night [29.2%（21/72）], or those always tethered [20%（2/10）]（P＜0.01）. Dogs that their owners lacked hydatid transmission knowledge[38.1%（121/318）]and did not have de-worming practice[47.7%（92/193）]had significantly higher copro-antigen positive rate than those dogs that their owners knew relevant knowledge[28.6%（75/262）]and were dewormed regularly[20.4%(79/387）]（P＜0.05 and P＜0.01）. There was no correlation between the prevalence and dog sex or age or the varieties of livestock that the owner raised. Conclusion Local dogs show high prevalence with both E. granulosus and E. multilocularis. The copro-ELISA can be used to detect infection of Echinococcus in dogs. Allowing dogs to roam，lack of the basic knowledge of hydatid disease transmission and no de-worming practice for dogs are significant factors for the transmission of canine echinococcosis.

Monthly Deworming in Dogs for Echinococcosis Control in TwoCounties of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

ZHANGZhuang-zhi;SHIBao-xin;WANGJin-cheng;YIMITITulhong;ALIHasiyeti;HAMALATIJiang;HUDuan-ming;LIBo-qiao;ROUZIAishan;WUPing;WANGWen-ming;PENZhen;KANGQiang;AIKENG;YUJing;ZHANGWen-bao*

2008, 26(4):  3-257. 

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Objective To verify the application and effectiveness of monthly deworming for all dogs in the control of Echinococcus granulosus infection. Methods Baited praziquantel was used to treat all registered dogs monthly by hydatid disease control officers at village level and all stray（unowned）dogs were eliminated in the counties of Hutubi and Wensu in 1987-1990 and 1990-1994 respectively. Prevalence of echinococcosis in dogs and sheep was recorded yearly. Results The infection rate in dogs decreased from 18.5% and 14.7% before implementation of the control measure to zero in 3-4 years in Hutubi and Wensu Counties respectively. Prevalence of hydatid disease in new born sheep was reduced by more than 85% in comparison to the same age sheep before the control program in both counties. Conclusion “Monthly drug administration to all dogs” is an effective way to the control of echinococcosis in dogs and of hydatid disease in sheep.

Proteomic Analysis of Adult Schistosoma japonicumTreated with Praziquantel

ZHANGLing;LIUFeng;CUIShu-jian;XUBin;ZHOUXiao-nong;HUWei*

2008, 26(4):  4-262. 

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Objective To analyze differentially expressed proteins of pairing adult Schistosoma japonicum treated with praziquantel so as to further explore the action mechanism of praziquantel（PZQ）. Methods Pairing adult worms were collected and exposed to PZQ（30 μg/ml） for 18 h with dimethyl sulfoxide（DMSO）treatment as control. The total protein was extracted. Proteins from two groups were identified by two-dimensional-nano-liquid chromatography coupled by tandem mass spectrometry（2D-nano-LC-MS/MS）. Query in database was made to confirm functions of the proteins. Differentially expressed proteins were analyzed statistically. Results There were 12 proteins up-regulated and 4 proteins down-regulated in the treated group compared with the untreated. Ten of the 12 up-regulated proteins were with known function， respectively ascribed to myosin，actin，paramyosin，tropomyosin，tubulin，annexin，stress response HSP70，HSP60 and thioredoxin perioxidase， signal transaction molecule 14-3-3. The down-regulated proteins were molecules with translational/transcriptional regulation，such as polyprotein and myelin gene expression factor. Conclusion There is a significant difference in proteomics between the PZQ-treated and untreated worms， suggesting that PZQ can increase or inhabit the expression of specific genes in adult Schistosoma japonicum.

Introduction of Plasmodium falciparum C－terminal Region ofthe Merozoite Surface Protein Gene into the Chloroplast of Tobacco

CHENQin;LIANGWan-qi;QIANBing-jun;SHENHui-feng;CAOJian-ping;XUYu-xin;ZHANGDa-bing;TANGLin-hua*

2008, 26(4):  5-267. 

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Objective To construct chloroplast expression vector，and introduce the C-terminal region of the merozoite surface protein 1 gene （msp1-42） of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain into the chloroplast genome of tobacco for expression of the recombinant protein MSP1-42. Methods Forward and reverse primers，adjusted to tobacco chloroplast codon preferences，were used for generation of msp1-42 gene from pBluntmsp plasmid which contains msp1-42 gene. A chloroplast expression vector LRrrmsp was constructed and bombarded into leaves of tobacco by a biolistic He particle delivery system. Media containing 500 mg/L spectinomycin were used for selection of spectinomycin resistant plant. PCR was carried out to check the introduction of the msp1-42 and aadA genes into the chloroplast genome. The transgenic plants with msp1-42 and aadA gene insertion were cut and cultured on the generation MS media containing 500 mg/L spectinomycin for at least 3 turns，and multiple PCR were applied to analyse their homogenization. Results A chloroplast expression vector LRrrmsp was constructed and confirmed with PCR and enzyme digestion analysis. Six transformmants were obtained with a transformation rate 0.6/gun. The msp1-42 and aadA genes were amplified from spectinomycin resistant plants by PCR detection. Wild type chloroplast gene was detected by multiple-PCR analysis. Conclusion A chloroplast expression vector containing msp1-42 gene was constructed. The msp1-42 gene was intro-duced into chloroplast genome of tobacco and heterogenous transgenic tobacco was obtained.

Cloning and Prokaryotic Expression of Malate DehydrogenaseGene of Taenia saginata asiatica and Immunogenicity Analysis of the Recombinant Protein

HUANGJiang*;HUXu-chu;WUXuan;XUJin;YUXin-bing;BAOHuai-en;LANGShu-yuan;LIAOXing-jiang

2008, 26(4):  6-271. 

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Objective To clone and express the lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） gene of Taenia saginata asiatica and analyze the immunogenicity of the recombinant protein. Methods By screening the full length cDNA plasmid library，the coding region of LDH was amplified with PCR，and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a （+）, then expressed in E. coli BL21 with IPTG induction. The recombinant protein was detected by SDS-PAGE and purified by Ni-IDA affinity chromatography, and its immunogenicity was analyzed by Western blotting. Results PCR, double enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing confirmed that the recombinant expression plasmid was constructed. The expression products were obtained and purified by Ni-IDA affinity chromatography. Western blotting analysis of LDH recombinant protein testified that the recombinant protein could be recognized by sera of the Taenia saginata asiatica infected swine and the patient. Conclusions The LDH gene of Taenia saginata asiatica has been cloned and expressed，and the purified protein has been confirmed with immunogenicity.

Dynamic Observation of Attachment and Invasion of Toxoplasma gondiiTachyzoites to Intestinal Mucosa in BALB/c Mice by ChromogenicIn Situ Hybridization Targeting SAG2 mRNA

MAXiao-ming;MENGXiao-li;YINGuo-rong*;LIUHong-li;SHENJin-yan

2008, 26(4):  7-276. 

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Objective To observe dynamically the location and time of attachment and invasion of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites to murine intestinal mucosa by chromogenic in situ hybridization targeting SAG2 mRNA. Methods Thirty 7 to 8 week old BALB/c mice were randomly divided into experiment group（24 mice）and control group（6 mice）. Each animal in the experiment group was given 2×104 tachyzoites of RH stain in 0.2 ml PBS by intragastric administration and that in the control group was given 0.2 ml PBS. Four mice in the experiment group and one in the control group were sacrificed at 15 min，30 min，1 h，2 h，4 h and 8 h after infection，respectively，and paraffin sections of duodenum，jejunum and ileum were prepared to perform the in situ hybridization with Dig labeled oligonucleotide probe complementary to SAG2 mRNA of T. gondii. Results Tachyzoites were found on the striated border of small intestine epithelial cells （absorptive cells，goblet cells and endocrine cells），in or between two absorptive cells or in the lamina propria. At 15 min-2 h after infection，there was significant difference in the number of attachment on jejunum and ileum （P<0.05）；the number of invasion in jejunum was significantly higher than in duodenum and ileum at minute 15 and 30 after infection （P＜0.05）. Following the lapse of time，the number of attaching tachyzoites gradually reduced，whereas the number of invading tachyzoites gradually increased. Compared with 15 min after infection，for all the intestinal sections，the number of attachment significantly reduced at 8 h after infection（P<0.05），in contrast，the number of invasion significantly increased at 4 h and 8 h after infection （P<0.05）. Between 4 h and 8 h after infection，a significant increase in the number of invasion was showed in jejunum and ileum （P<0.05）. Conclusion Although the cell selectivity of attachment has not been observed，the location selectivity of invasion is present，jejunum is more susceptible to the tachyzoite invasion.

Primary Evaluation on the Application of Nested/MultiplexPCR in Malaria Diagnosis and Surveillance

GUOChuan-kun;LIXue-ming;LINZheng;WANGGuang-ze;YANGYa-ming;LIJin-hui;JIANGZhi-hua;HUANGTian-yi*

2008, 26(4):  8-280. 

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Objective To compare the usefulness of Tag-primer nested/multiplex PCR （UT-PCR） method with microscopy in malaria diagnosis and surveillance. Methods 400 blood smears and blood samples on filter paper were taken from febrile patients which were initially diagnosed as malaria or suspected malaria during surveillance in mixed endemic areas of Plasmodium falciparum（Pf）and P. vivax（Pv）in Hainan and Yunnan provinces and a malaria controlled area in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The initial test results of both UT-PCR and microscopy for the 400 samples were compared under double blind condition. Blood smears with discrepant results between the two methods were retested by an experienced microscopist，and also repeated by UT-PCR for 2-3 times. The sensitivity and specificity of the two methods were evaluated following the Tjitra′s method. Results Among the 400 blood samples，234 were found plasmodium-positive by microscopy with 125 Pf and 109 Pv；235 were positive by UT-PCR including 124 Pf，109 Pv and 2 mixed infection. Altogether，the coincidence between the two methods stood for 92.5 % （370/400），including 154 negatives and 216 positives （Pv 117，Pf 99）. 25 samples with discrepancy from the initial detections were retested，which covered 11 microscopy negative and PCR positive，10 microscopy positive and PCR negative，3 microscopy Pf positive and PCR Pv positive，1 microscopy Pv positive but PCR mixed infection. 15 of the 25 samples showed same UT-PCR results，7 “false positives” and 3 “false negatives”. Therefore，the sensitivity and specificity of UT-PCR was 99.6% and 98.8% respectively. Conclusion As a diagnosis method，UT-PCR is useful for confirmation of malaria diagnosis and differentiation of Plasmodium species，also for improving the effectiveness and quality of malaria surveillance.

Investigation on Malaria Transmission Vectors in Motuo County,Tibet Autonomous Region

PANJia-yun;WUSong;WANGXue-zhong;JIANGWei-kang;ZHUOMAYang-jin;HUYong-hong;ZHOUShui-sen;CIREN-Quzheng;SANGDAN-Lamu;TANGLin-hua*

2008, 26(4):  9-285. 

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Objective To investigate the malaria transmission vectors in Motuo County of Linzhi Prefecture，Tibet. Methods Three natural villages with higher malaria incidence rate in Motuo County were selected for the study in July and August，2007. The anopheline mosquitoes were collected by overnight/semi-overnight trapping indoor and outdoor with human and cattle baits，overnight trapping with ovitrap lights in human dwellings and cowsheds，and by searching in human dwellings in the early morning. The mosquitoes collected were identified morphologically，and the group proportion，density，man-biting rate，blood preference，habits and multiparous ratios were observed. Mosquito larvae breeding place was surveyed，and species of the larvae were identified. Results A total of 5 345 anopheline mosquitoes were captured with 94.71%（5 062/5 345）of An. pseudowillmori，2.39%（128/5 345）of An.willmori and 2.90%（155/5 345）of An. peditaeniatus. The average density of An. pseudowillmori observed through semi-overnight trapping was 17/per person indoor and 105/per person outdoor. The average man-biting rate of An. pseudowillmori through overnight trapping was 15.80/per person（79/5）indoor and 326.22/per person（1 468/4.5）outdoor. The ratio of blood preference to human and cattle through overnight trapping outdoor were 30.51%（714/2 340）and 69.49%（1626/2 340）and 32.02%（57/178）and 67.98%（121/178） through overnight trapping with ovitrap lights respectively. It suggested that An. pseudowillmori feeding both of the human and cattle blood but preferred to cattle blood. Totally 7 An. pseudowillmori mosquitoes were found in the human dwellings in the early morning，and none of them has digested the engorged blood. The Anopheles larvae were only found in the rice field where 106 larvae were collected，including 62 An. pseudowillmori larvae，An. willmori larvae，and 44 An. peditaeniatus larvae. Conclusion An. pseudowillmori seems qualified as the vector biological perspectives for the local malaria transmission.


现场研究

Study on the Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Seroprevalence of Schistosoma japonicum

WANGXian-hong;ZHOUXiao-nong*;WUXiao-hua;YANGKun;LVShan

2008, 26(4):  10-294、. 

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Objective To analyze and compare the spatio-temporal structure and risk factors of county-level seroprevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in lake and mountainous regions. Methods Bayesian spatio-temporal models were used to analyze the county-level data from serological tests， which was part of the annual reports on S. japonicum infection in China from 2002 to 2005; also used were normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）， land surface temperature （LST）， land use type from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS）， and the index of economic level. Results The seroprevalence was positively associated with the mean of LST from July to August， the proportion of water body and that of grassland in lake region （regression coefficient: 0.650， 0.662 and 0.832， respectively）， while in mountainous region， the seroprevalence was positively associated with the mean of LST from January to February and the proportion of grassland （regression coefficient: 2.631 and 0.400， respectively）， and negatively associated with the mean of LST from July to August （regression coefficient: -0.288）. The spatial correlation coefficients ranged from 0.868 to 0.945 for lake region while they were not significant for most years in mountainous region. Conclusion The impact of environmental factors on seroprevalence of S. japonicum infection varies in different regions. Seroprevalence presents a str-ong spatial correlation in lake region with certain yearly variability， but such spatial correlation is weak in mountainous region.


实验研究

Species Identification of Anopheles maculatus Complex in Malaria Endemic Area Motuo County, Tibet

WUSong;PANJia-yun;WANGXue-zhong;ZHOUShui-sen;ZHANGGuo-qing;TANGLin-hua*

2008, 26(4):  11-289. 

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Objective To identify the species of Anopheles maculatus complex in malaria endemic area Motuo County， Linzhi Prefecture， Tibet Autonomous Region. Methods 5 190 adult mosquitoes were morphologically identified as An. maculatus complex， and 575 were randomly selected to extract DNA by phenol-chloroform method. According to the rDNA ITS2 variations of An. maculatus s. s.， An. willmori， An. pseudowillmori， An. sawadwongporni and An. dravidicus， 5 pairs of specific primers were designed for PCR identification on the species of An. maculatus complex. The PCR products were sequenced in double directions， and homology searches were done over the Web using the program Blast. 22 ITS2 sequence of An. maculatus complex from GenBank was adopted to construct phylogenetic tree with UPGMA method by MEGA（3.1） software. Results 575 DNA samples were extracted. Among which， 11 were amplified 231 bp An. willlmori fragment （1.9%） and 564 were amplified 119 bp An . pseudowillmori fragment （98.1%）. PCR identification， Web homology blast and phylogenetic tree showed same results. Conclusion The predominant anopheline mosquitoes in Motuo County is An. pseudowillmori.


In vitro Effect of 5-Hydroxytryptamine on Motility and Length of Schistosoma japonicum Primary Sporocysts

ZHOUXiang-ling;DONGHui-fen*;JIANGMing-sen;LIXia;HUANGJing-jing

2008, 26(4):  12-298. 

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Objective To study in vitro the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） on the motility and length of primary sporocysts of Schistosoma japonicum and select the optimal concentration and time of 5-HT. Methods Eggs of S. japonicum were harvested from livers of the infected mice 6-8 weeks after infection, which were then incubated with water. The miracidia were axenically cultured in 1/2 RPMI 1640 containing 10% calf serum and a moderate amount of antibiotics （100 U/ml penicillin G and 100 μg/ml streptomycin） for 48 hours. They became mother sporocysts and were divided into two groups. Parasites in the first group were treated by 5-HT under concentrations of 0，0.1，1，10，100 and 1 000 μmol/L for 48 hours， respectively. Those parasites in the second group were treated by 5-HT of 10 μmol/L for 0.16，6，24 and 48 hours，respectively. The motility，length and succinic dehydrogenase（SDH） activity of the parasites were measured under Olympus microscope. Results Along with the increase of 5-HT concentration，the motility and length of the mother sporocysts all increased gradually. With the 5-HT concentration of 10 μmol/L， both of them reached a maximum value, being （65.6±1.5）% and （131.4±9.2） μm respectively. Meanwhile, along with the prolongation of treat-ment time, the motility and length also increased gradually. The motility reached a maximal value at 24 hours post-treat-ment. So did the length and SDH activity of the parasites at 48 hours post-treatment. Conclusion 5-HT shows a sig-nificant effect on the motility and length of mother sporocysts of S. japonicum and its optimal concentration is 10 μmol/L un-der in vitro conditions.


Fluorescent Quantitative Real-time PCR for Detection of Shistosoma japonicum

ZHOULi;LIANGBing;ZHAOYou-yun;HUANGLu;WANGYe-fu*

2008, 26(4):  13-303. 

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Objective To establish a sensitive and specific fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR method for the detection of Schistosoma japonicum. Methods Based on 18SrRNA sequence of S. japonicum, a PCR assay was established. The 1 450 bp fragment was amplified and cloned into T vector which was subsequently transformed into E . coli DH5α. Following extraction and identification, the positive recombinant plasmid was used as quantitative template to generate standard curve. Reproducibility and specificity of the assay was determined as well. Results The standard curve established by recombinant plasmid showed a fine linear relationship between threshold cycle （Ct） and template concentration, and the correlation coefficient was 0.998 7. Using the coefficient of variation （CV） value to evaluate the reproducibility, at the template concentration of 1.05×107-1.05×103 copies per reaction， the average Ct values were 17.55，20.93，24.32，27.59，30.95，and the CV values were 1.31%，1.53%，0.90%，1.85% and 0.90% respectively. In the evaluation of the reproducibility， the mean interassay CV was 1.27% and no unspecific amplification was observed. The real-time PCR assay could quantitatively detect as low as 6.15 pg S. japonicum genome in the study（Ct≤30.95）， and the detection should be done in 3 hours. Conclusion A fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of S. japonicum is developed, which is rapid， sensitive and specific for pathogen detection.


Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

YANGQiu-lin*;ZHANGRu-sheng;WUHe-ping;ZHANGYu-kuai;WANGKe-geng

2008, 26(4):  14-306. 

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Objective To detect Toxoplasma gondii DNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification（LAMP）. Methods DNA was extracted by phenol-chloroform extraction from T. gondii tachyzoites. Four primers which recognized 6 distinct regions on the B1 gene of T. gondii were designed and used for LAMP assay. To evaluate the specificity of the method， Plasmodium vivax， P. falciparum， Pneumocystis carinii， Schistosoma japonicum， and mouse leucocytes were used as controls. The parasite extract （T. gondii） was 10-fold serially diluted for evaluating the sensitivity of LAMP, and was amplified by LAMP. LAMP results were read with naked eye and analyzed by electrophoresis. Results After LAMP reaction， positive amplification was observed with T. gondii, but no positive signal was toted for the negative controls in the study. The sensitivity of LAMP assay reached up to 2-3 T. gondii tachyzoites/ml per reaction. Conclusion LAMP assay shows proper specificity and sensitivity for the detection of T. gondii.


综述

Biological Features of a New Echinococcus Species （Echinococcusshiquicus） in the East of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

XIAONing*;QIUJia-min;NakaoM;LITiao-ying;CHENXing-wang;SchantzPM;CraigPS;ItoA

2008, 26(4):  15-312. 

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In the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region， a variety of domestic and wild mammals are involved in the transmission cycles of Echinococcus species. E. granulosus and E. multilocularis are known being sympatrically distributed in the plateau region. Recently， an unknown Echinococcus species was isolated from infected plateau pika （Ochotona curz-oniae） and Tibetan fox （Vulpes ferrilata）. The species shows quite distinct characteristics on morphology，genetics， host specificity and geographical distribution from others. It was therefore identified as a new Echinococcus species, Echinococcus shiquicus. This paper discussed the biological genetics and epidemiological features of the species, and proposed hypotheses and considerations for further exploration.


Research Progress on the Antioxidant Enzyme Family in Medical Trematode

CAIGuo-bin;DONGHui-fen;JIANGMing-sen

2008, 26(4):  16-317. 

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Reactive oxygen species （ROS）, generated in the metabolism process of aerobic organisms, can induce oxidative damages in the body. These organisms are all equipped with an excellent defense system to protect themselves and antioxidant enzymes play an important role in the system. Parasitic trematodes have to eliminate ROS not only from themselves but also from the immune system of their hosts. To better understand the structures and specialities of the antioxidant enzymes in trematodes is conducive to the study on reproductive physiology of trematode and on drug and vaccine development. This paper summarizes the research progress on the family of antioxidant enzymes in trematodes including glutathione peroxidase （GPx）, superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxiredoxin （PRx） in the past decades.


研究简报

Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii Specific Antigens by Two Dimensional Electrophoresis and Western Blotting

LILin-jie;BAOHuai-en*;PANWei

2008, 26(4):  17-320. 

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The total protein of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain tachyzoites was separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis （2-DE）, and Western blotting was performed to find out distinct antigens. 209 spots were detected through Coomassie brilliant blue-stained small gels （7×8 cm, pH 3-10）． Western blotting showed 17 specific antigen spots with sera of the experimental group and two nonspecific spots with the control sera.


Change of Knowledge Rate after Health Education on Visceral Leishmaniasis among Residents in a Township of Kashgar City

YisilayinOSMAN;SkanderWAYIT;ZHUChang-zhong;TONGSu-xiang;WUWei-ping;RuziguliJUMAHUN;AbduNABIJIAN;ZHANGSong;FUQing;XUXiang

2008, 26(4):  18-封三. 

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Health education activities including distribution of brochures, posters, and lectures were conducted in selected villages of a kala-azar endemic-township, Kashi city of Xinjiang in 2004-2006. Questionnairing was carried out before and after health education in residents and students. The percentage of correctly answering all 5 questions on leish-maniasis in residents and primary/secondary school students increased from 0.7% and 0 to 54.2% and 70.7% respec-tively, indicating that health education can raise public awareness for the disease prevention and control.