Table of Content

31 August 1983, Volume 1 Issue 3

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COMPARISONS ON LIFE TABLE CHARACTERISTICS AMONG DIFFERENT GEOGRAPHICAL STRAINS OF ANOPHELES SINENSIS FROM ZHENGZHOU (HENAN), SHANGHAI AND YOUXI (FUJIAN)

1983, 1(3):  129-133. 

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Under the conditions of our insectary with T 27×1℃, RH 70-80%, photoperiod 14 hrs/day, light intensity 250-510 Lux, Anopheles sinensis larvae were fed with rabbit liver powder and yeast, while adults with mouse blood and 10% glucose. The growth of three different geographical strains - Zhengzhou (Henan Province), Shanghai, Youxi (Fujian Province) were studied in the periods of Nov-Dec 1980, Mar-Apr 1981 and Mar-Apr 1982. The authors established their life tables and calculated the corresponding parameters, such as the innate capacity for increase, the net reproductive rate, etc. Age-specific survival rate curves and fecundity rate curves of the three strains were drawn. Using analysis of variance, their predominant tests were performed. The results indicated that all the values expressed no significant differences (P0.05) with the exception of the life expectancy of the two sexes (P0.01). The three strains of A. sinensis above mentioned are very closely related according to the characteristics of life tables.

THE EMBRYOTOXICITY OF CHLOROQUINE AND PYRIMETHAMINE IN RATS

1983, 1(3):  134-137. 

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Nine of the ten rats orally administrated chloroquine phosphate 280 mg base/kg/d x3 died of intoxication. In comparison with the undrugged rats, mild embryotoxicity characterized by low live foetus rate and low average foetus weight was observed in rats subjected to chloroquine beginning from D8 of gestation at the dose of 70 mg/kg/d for 3 consecutive days (total dose=7x clinical total dose). As the regime increased to 140 mg/ kg/d x 3, the foetus skeleton dysmorphosis rate was 29% (16/55), significantly higher than that of the undrugged rats (P0.01). When rats were given pyrimethamine 7 mg/ kg/d x 3(total dose=10.5 x clinical total dose), the foetus skeleton dysmorphosis rate was 69.2% (27/39) and the dilation rate of cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri 29% (9/ 31). Both were significantly higher than those in the group subjected to chloroquine of 140 mg/kg/d x 3(=14 x clinical total dose). Orbital and vaginal hemorrhage was also noted in rats administered with chloroquine and pyrimethamine.

GROWTH AND DECLINE OF PARASITEMIA IN TROPHOZOITE-INDUCED PLASMODIUM BERGHEI AND P. YOELII INFECTIONS IN MICE

1983, 1(3):  138-140. 

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After blood inoculation with different doses of P. yoelii, the mice (Kunming strain) were found to be very susceptible. Even with 5 infected red blood cells, the infection rate of mice was 66.7%. But when inoculated with P. berghei in doses less than 1×106 infected red blood cells, only some mice were infected. Using similar doses, the para-sitaemia with P. berghei had a slower course than that with P. yoelii. After inoculation with P. yoelii, parasites disappeared naturally, but with P. berghei all the mice died soon after the peak parasitemia.

THE INFLUENCE OF ABO GROUP ERYTHROCYTES ON THE GROWTH OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM IN THE CONTINUOUS CULTIVATION IN VITRO

1983, 1(3):  141-143. 

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The rates of parasitemias were compared by using the same strain of Plasmodium falciparum cultivated continuously with various ABO group erythrocytes in vitro. The results showed that erythrocytes of four blood groups were sensitive to P. falciparum. However, when the samples were determined on the seventh day (D6) in the short-term cultivation, the rate of parasitemia of B group erythrocytes was the highest, while that of O group erythrocytes was the lowest. The difference between them was statistically significant, and the parasitemias of A and AB groups erythrocytes were of intermediate rates. Mixed blood and the blood in which the ABO group erythrocytes were changed frequently had no obvious influence on the growth of P. falciparum in the continuous cultivation.

UREASE-ANTIBODY CONJUGATE ELISA AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA-A PRELIMINARY REPORT

1983, 1(3):  144-146. 

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A new enzyme immunoassay system, Urease-antibody conjugate ELISA and its application in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica was reported. Urease was extracted and crystallized from jack bean meal. Urease-conjugate was prepared by the one-step glutaral-dehyde method. The substrate solution was made up with bromocresol purple and urea. Urease catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to NH3, and pH shift causes a vivid colour change from yellowish to purple. This enzyme-substrate system offers a number of advantages, the substrate is stable, easy to obtain and without harm to human beings, and the colour change between negative and positive reaction is unmistakable. As urease is unaffected by the presence of the preservative sodium azide in reagents, the substrate may be prepared and stored until use. As urease does not exist in mammalian tissues, no endoge-neous activity occurs when urease-antibody conjugates are used to detect antibodies. A total of 36 normal persons and 36 schistosomiasis patients were tested by ELISA using urease-conjugate, the preliminary results showed that both sensitivity and specificity are promising.

ENZYME-LINKED CIRCUMOVAL PRECIPITATION TECHNIC(ELCOPT) FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA

1983, 1(3):  147-149. 

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A modified ELCOPT technique using heat-treated, ultrasonicated dry egg antigen was reported. The relative sensitivity of this method in 327 parasitologically confirmed cases was compared with those of COPT, ELISA and IHA. The positive rate of ELCOPT was 96.0% (314/327) as against 94.2% (308/327) of COPT, the difference being statistically insignificant (P0.05); the average percentage of ova with precipitates in the former was 27.9% as against 15.7% in the latter, the difference being highly significant (P0.01); the positive rates of ELISA and IHA were 89.6% (293/327) (P0.01)and 82.1% (87/106) (P0.05) respectively. Sera from 43 healthy persons all showed negative with ELCOPT; when sera of 87 children tentatively diagnosed as hepatitis below 15 years of age were assayed, only 3 cases (3.5%) produced positively colored precipitates, the percentage of ova with precipitates was 1-2%. The microplate method of ELCOPT presented here using heat-treated, ultrasonicated, dry egg antigen and the appropriate substrate, 0.4% benzidine (4,4-diamino-biphenyl benzidine) might be a useful tool applicable in large scale seroepidemiological surveys.

EFFECT OF LEVAMISOLE ON GRANULOMATOUS RESPONSE TO SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICVM EGGS IN MICE

1983, 1(3):  150-153. 

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Studies performed by injection of mature eggs of Schistosoma japonicum into the pulmonary microvasculature of mice revealed that the egg granuloma formation in the lung of the animal pre-sensitized with Schistosoma japonicum SEA occurred much more earlier and were larger in size than that in the unsensitized group. When levamisole was given (5 mg/kg body weight, three times a day for two successive days every week), the size of granulomatous lesions and the number of eosinophils contained were markedly diminished in both sensitized and unsensitized groups examined at 1, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 96th days as compared with the untreated group.

ARTIFICIAL INDUCTION OF SPECIFIC IMMUNE MODULATION ON SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM EGG GRANULOMAS

1983, 1(3):  154-157. 

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The results of the dynamics among the percentages of granulomas vs. eggs' mean diameters in lung tissues in four groups of mice suggested that: 1. Low dosages of SEA 0.01-0. 1μg/g, q.d. × 14 by hypodermic injection may induce certain levels of low dose (or zone) tolerance in unsensitized mice; 2.There was a tendency of high dose tolerance, although it was not induced with the dosage used (2.5μg/g) by hypodermic injection; 3. Granuloma reactions in groups with low dosages of SEA were significantly higher at 24 hr after egg injection, but they became significantly lower from day 5 on. The reaction peak in the control group was on day 16 after egg injection, while in groups with low dosages of SEA was on day 10.Observations on the population dynamics of various types of cells of Schistosoma ja-ponicum egg granulomas showed that: 1. Lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts often slightly increased within the first 3 days and lowered down between day 10 and day 16 after egg injection; 2. Eosinophils were higher at the first day and began to decline on day 4 and remained at a level lower than that in control group; 3. Populations of Neutrophils, plasma cells, giant cells and collagenous fibers were all roughly similar and in small numbers,

PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM IN SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM

1983, 1(3):  158-163. 

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Experiments on the pyrimidine metabolism in Schistosoma japonicum have demonstrated that labelled bicarbonate, orotic acid and uracil are all incorporated into the nucleic acids of worms. This indicates that carbamyl phosphate synthetase II-aspartate carbamyl transferase-dihydroorotase complex, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase as well as orotate phosphoribosyl-transferase-orotidylate decarboxylase complex do exist.S. japonicum not only possesses all the enzymes of the pyrimidine de novo pathway but also the capacity of salvaging the preformed pyrimidines. It is evident that host blood may supply sufficient amount of bicarbonate to meet the requirements of de novo synthesis, but it is questionable whether blood contains enough quantity of pyrimidine bases and nucleosides for the salvage pathway.The effect of schistosomicides (niridazole and amoscanate) on the pyrimidine de novo pathway in vivo has also been studied. It is suggested that the orotate phosphoribosyl-transferase-orotidylate decarboxylase complex is a vulnerable point which might be attacked by chemotherapeutic agents. Since the structure of niridazole is similar to that of orotic acid, analogues of orotic acid may be of selective significance.

PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON THE IN VITRO CLLTIVATION OF LUNG-PHASE SCHISTOSOMULA OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM

1983, 1(3):  164-167. 

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This paper deals with some features of growth and development of three-day-old schistosomula of Schistosoma japonicum recovered from lungs of experimentally infected mice in both medium A and medium B. In young schistosomula, pigment appeared on the third day and cecal conjunction began on day 12. The degree of their development reached stage 3 (caeca united) by day 15. However, it occurred somewhat later as compared with development in vivo. About 50% of the schistosomula cultured in medium B can survive for at least 30 days and their size is five times as big as that at the beginning and also the optimal development reached stage 4 (organogeny).The in vitro procedures presented here for cultivating schistosomula might be used for the screening of antischistosomal drugs as well as for immunological, physiological and biochemical studies of Schistosoma japonicum.Finally, criteria are proposed to evaluate the effect of the in vitro cultivation of lung-phase schistosomula.

A NEW FLUKE——PARAGONIMVS JIANGSVENSIS SP. NOV

1983, 1(3):  168-171. 

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A peculiar fluke, Paragonimus jiangsuensis sp. nov was discovered in the mountainous region of southern Jiangsu from 1980 to 1981. The worm body is elongated, the ratio of length to width being 2.65:1. Cuticular spines are singly spaced under the scanning electron microscope. The oral sucker is somewhat smaller than the ventral sucker which is located in the fluke body about 1/3 of its length from anterior extremity. Ovary is seen clearly to have rich grade branches (about 3-4) and it is coral-shaped. The testis is smaller than the ovary, being less than 1/9 of the body size. Like the ovary, it also has multi-branched lobes; The metacercaria, elliptical in shape and 494.76 × 82.53 by 446.85 ×74.57 μm in size is enclosed within two thin layers of cyst wall. Sinopota-mon yangtsekiensis is believed to be the second intermediate host, but the snail host, reservoir host, or a human infection with the new species is unknown at present.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEM1CAL CHANGES OF TAENIA SAGINATA BY PYQUITON

1983, 1(3):  172-175. 

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The beef tapeworms from patients with T. seginata infections treated by pyquiton became spasmodically contracted and immobilized. Histological changes showed contractions of muscles and spermatozoa as well as wrinkling, vacuolization, swelling and breaking of the tegument, subtegument and parenchymal organs, which finally led to the disruption of the structures of the whole worm. Histochemical observations indicated that the glycogen granules within the parenchyma became disintegrated or disappeared; the activities of AKP and ACP of tegument markedly decreased; and the granules of DNA and RNA dissociated and reduced, while the reactions shown by mercurobromophenol blue method for basic proteins in muscles and reproductive cells were stronger than those found in the control. The mechanism of tapeworm expulsion by pyquiton was tentatively discussed.

PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HYDATID CYSTS OF LUNG AND LIVER IN XINJIANG PROVINCE

1983, 1(3):  176-177. 

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Hydatid cysts were surgical specimens obtained from 36 cases with pulmonary and hepatic hydatidocystis in Xinjiang Province. The pathological changes of the external capsules of 20 cysts and the corneum of internal capsules of 16 cysts were described. The pathogenetic mechanism and significance of these changes were discussed.

STUDIES ON ANTIGENS OF THE HOUSE-DUST MITE Ⅱ.ALLERGENIC ACTIVITIES OF PAGE FRACTIONS OF DERMATOPHAGOIDES FARINAE EXTRACT

1983, 1(3):  178-181. 

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11 protein zones were isolated from D. farinae extract by PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). 7 of the 11 zone extracts contained allergens, which developed positive reactions in 171 inhalant asthmatics by prick test. Among them, the 6th zone extract was the most sensitive, its positive rate being 49.1%. However, there was no extract which could produce positive reactions in all the patients, and each patient was only sensitive to some, not all of these zone extracts. The number of zones causing positive reactions and the intensity of reactions were quite different from each other. 3 of the 11 zone extracts contained precipitating antigens by CIE but very little allergens. The 6th zone extract which was the most sensitive, didn't contain any precipitating antigen. 21 components of proteins were isolated from D. farinae extract by PAGE. 6 of them contained glycoproteins and 4, lipoproteins. More than 40 components of proteins were isolated from D. farinae extract by SDS-PAGE.

SERODIAGNOSIS OF CLONORCHIASIS BY ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY WITH HRP-SPA

1983, 1(3):  182-184. 

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Serum tests were made on 116 confirmed cases of clonorchiasis, 103(88.8%) of them showed positive, while only 6 (4.4%) were positive among 138 healthy people. Samples were collected on filter paper stripes. 111 (95.7%) cases were positive among 116 confirmed cases tested, but only 2 (1.5%) were positive out of 138 healthy persons. The results were similar to those obtained by sheep anti-human IgG.Animal experiment also showed that the SPA-ELISA can be used for the diagnosis of clonorchiasis.In an endemic area, stool positive rate was 8.8% (62/703). When checked with SPA-ELISA, the rate of conformity in both filter paper stripes and stool examinations was 90.3% (56/62). Among 641 serum tests from individuals negative in stool examinations, only 35 (5.5%) reacted positively. The authors suggested that SPA-ELISA with soluble clonorchis antigens could be used in a large scale seroepidemiological survey in endemic areas.

EFFECT OF BILTRICIDE ON CYSTICERCOSIS CELLULOSAE WITH MUSCULAR PSEUDOHYPERTROPHY. A REPORT OF THREE CASES

1983, 1(3):  185-186. 

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This article reports on 3 cases treated with biltricide 120-180 mg/kg in 8-30 days. The symptoms and signs such as epilepsy and headache were markedly improved. The symptoms and signs such as muscular pseudohypertrophy and weakness recovered following the reduction in number and size of subcutaneous and intramuscular nodules 1/2-2 months after treatment. Further improvement was noted at 4-9 months after therapy, suggesting that biltricide is effective against cysticercosis and its complicating muscular pseudohypertrophy.