Currrent status and control strategy of Capillaria hepatica infection

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2025.04.019

Abstract

Abstract:

Hepatic capillariasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Capillaria hepatica infection in the liver of mammals, with rodents serving as important transmission and reservoir hosts. With the recent tourism development and increased human activities, there is a significant increase in the risk of human C. hepatica infection via rodents due to an increased opportunity of human contacts with rodents. This article reviews the pathogenesis, current prevalence of human infection, diagnosis and treatment of C. hepatica, and prevalence of infection in rodents, and proposes the control strategy for hepatic capillariasis based on the One Health concept, so as to achieve the shift of hepatic capillariasis management to earlier stages.

Key words: Capillaria hepatica, Pathogenesis, Rodent, Control strategy, One Health

CLC Number:

R383.1

LIU Pingguo, YIN Jiaxiang. Currrent status and control strategy of Capillaria hepatica infection[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES, 2025, 43(4): 575-580.

Figures/Tables 2

国家	平均携带率/%	鼠种	单一鼠种携带率/%	参考文献
伊朗	2.42（3/124）			[42]
		Meriones persicus	1.75（2/114）
		M. vinogradovi	1/10
印度	59.33（178/300）			[34]
		黑家鼠（Rattus rattus）	58.21（117/201）
		小板齿鼠（Bandicota bengalensis）	67.78（61/90）
印度尼西亚	2.75（7/255）			[43]
		黄胸鼠	1.94（2/103）
		臭鼩鼱（Suncus murinus）	3.64（4/110）
		屋顶鼠（R. argentiventer）	3.70（1/27）
马来西亚	19.10（17/89）	野鼠（未分种）		[44]
菲律宾	21.11（19/90）			[45]
		黄胸鼠	5.36（3/56）
		缅鼠（R. exulans）	1/7
		褐家鼠	55.56（15/27）
尼日利亚	10.00（2/20）			[46]
		Cricetomys gambianus	10.00（2/20）
法国	51.85（14/27）			[35]
		褐家鼠	51.85（14/27）
西班牙	8.80（11/125）			[47]
		黑家鼠	3.57（1/28）
		褐家鼠	10.31（10/97）
斯洛伐克	3.55（23/647）
		Clethrionomys glareolus	1.19（1/84）	[48]
		Apodemus flavicollis	4.28（8/187）
		褐家鼠	4.35（2/46）
		黑田鼠（Microtus agrestis）	1/8
		Sorex araneus	15.00（9/60）
		水鼩鼱（Neomys fodiens）	1/3
		水鼠平（Arvicola amphibius）	1/1
加拿大	36.01（242/672）			[49]
		褐家鼠	36.01（242/672）
阿根廷	15.65（64/409）			[50]
		Calomys venustus	2.00（2/100）
		Oligoryzomys nigripes	1/15
		O. flavescens	5.88（3/51）
		Oxymycterus rufus	8.16（4/49）
		C. callidus	10.34（3/29）
		Akodon azarae	35.17（51/145）
中国	19.62（249/1 269）			[37-38]
		布氏田鼠（Lasiopodomys brandtii）	19.16（192/1 002）
		狭颅田鼠（M. gregalis）	21.35（57/267）
中国	5/17			[4]
		褐家鼠	5/8
中国	12.21（21/172）	褐家鼠、黄胸鼠、黑线姬鼠（Apodemus agrarius）、田鼠、山地鼠、臭鼩鼱等	未计算鼠种携带率	[26]
中国	1.25（2/160）			[41]
		黄胸鼠	1.59（2/126）
中国	14.61（97/664）			[39-40]
		短尾鼩（Anourosorex squam）	3.57（2/56）
		大足鼠（R. nitidus）	1/7
		褐家鼠	19.26（52/270）
		黄胸鼠	21.05（24/114）
		针毛鼠（Niviventer fulvescens）	2/9
		白腹巨鼠（N. coninga）	1/4
		板齿鼠（B. indica）	1/3
		斯氏家鼠（R. steini）	37.04（10/27）
		斑胸鼠（R. yunnanensis）	4/10
中国	36.65（81/221）			[36]
		黑缘齿鼠（R. andamanensis）	1/8
		黄胸鼠	23.88（16/67）
		褐家鼠	44.44（64/144）

References 51

[1]	Manor U, Doviner V, Kolodziejek J, et al. Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepaticum) as a cause of asymptomatic liver mass[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2021, 105(1): 204-206.
[2]	Wang L, Zhang YL, Deng Y, et al. Clinical and laboratory characterizations of hepatic capillariasis[J]. Acta Trop, 2019, 193: 206-210.
[3]	Huang MJ, Li XL, Zheng XY, et al. PD-L2 blockade exacerbates liver lesion in mice infected with Capillaria hepatica through reducing alternatively activated macrophages[J]. Trop Med Infect Dis, 2023, 8(1): 46.
[4]	张雅兰, 朱岩昆, 高丽君, 等. 肝毛细线虫体外培养及小鼠感染模型的建立[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2019, 37(6): 676-680.
	Zhang YL, Zhu YK, Gao LJ, et al. Establishment of a mouse model of Capillaria hepatica infection[J]. Chin J ParasitolParasit Dis, 2019, 37(6): 676-680. (in Chinese)
[5]	Okakpu OK, Dillman AR. Review of the role of parasitic nematode excretory/secretory proteins in host immunomodulation[J]. J Parasitol, 2022, 108(2): 199-208.
[6]	何兴. 寄生虫感染所致肝纤维化的疾病负担及病理特征[J]. 中国热带医学, 2023, 23(10): 1058-1062, 1098.
	He X. Disease burden and pathological characteristics of hepatic fibrosis induced by parasite infection[J]. China Trop Med, 2023, 23(10): 1058-1062, 1098. (in Chinese)
[7]	高晓阳, 张春艳, 颜羽昕, 等. 微小RNA调控肝纤维化相关信号通路的研究进展[J]. 华中科技大学学报(医学版), 2022, 51(3): 430-436.
	Gao XY, Zhang CY, Yan YX, et al. Research progress of microRNA regulating signaling pathways related to liver fibrosis[J]. Acta Med Univ Sci Technol Huazhong, 2022, 51(3): 430-436. (in Chinese)
[8]	张雅兰, 蒋甜甜, 纪鹏慧, 等. 肝毛细线虫感染小鼠不同时间肝脏差异表达miRNA的鉴定及功能分析[J]. 郑州大学学报(医学版), 2024, 59(6): 788-791.
	Zhang YL, Jiang TT, Ji PH, et al. Identification and bioinformatics analysis of deregulated miRNA in liver from mice at different days post-infection with Capillaria hepatica[J]. J Zhengzhou Univ Med Sci, 2024, 59(6): 788-791. (in Chinese)
[9]	Ledger ML, Grimshaw E, Fairey M, et al. Intestinal parasites at the Late Bronze Age settlement of Must Farm, in the fens of East Anglia, UK (9th century B.C.E.)[J]. Parasitology, 2019, 146(12): 1583-1594.
[10]	Dubey A, Bagchi A, Sharma D, et al. Hepatic capillariasis-drug targets[J]. Infect Disord Drug Targets, 2018, 18(1): 3-10.
[11]	Fuehrer HP, Igel P, Auer H. Capillaria hepatica in man: An overview of hepatic capillariosis and spurious infections[J]. Parasitol Res, 2011, 109(4): 969-979.
[12]	吕艳, 张莉, 李海龙. 我国肝毛细线虫感染研究现状[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2020, 31(2): 239-246.
	Lyu Y, Zhang L, Li HL. Current research status of Capillaria hepatica infection in China[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control, 2020, 31(2): 239-246. (in Chinese)
[13]	张丽, 缪峰, 申艳梅. 肝毛细线虫感染1例[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2023, 41(5): 650-652.
	Zhang L, Miao F, Shen YM. A case of Capillaria hepatica infection[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2023, 41(5): 650-652. (in Chinese)
[14]	窦珍珍, 陈天明, 胡冰, 等. 儿童肝毛细线虫感染1例[J]. 中国临床案例成果数据库, 2022, 4(1): E03057-E03057.
	Dou ZZ, Chen TM, Hu B. et al. A case report of capillaria hepatica infection in children[J]. CMCR, 2022, 4(1): E03057-E03057. (in Chinese)
[15]	Antoons V, Groignet S, Tuerlinckx D, et al. A case of autochthonous hepatic capillariasis in a refugee child in Belgium[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2022, 41(10): e447.e448.
[16]	Perugu A, Aggarwal R, Aggarwal A, et al. The diagnostic conundrum of hyper eosinophilia-sheer tenacity of a parasite[J]. Cytopathology, 2024, 35(6): 789-791.
[17]	Sharma R, Dey AK, Mittal K, et al. Capillaria hepatica infection: A rare differential for peripheral eosinophilia and an imaging dilemma for abdominal lymphadenopathy[J]. Ann Parasitol, 2015, 61(1): 61-64.
[18]	Yadav SC, Sathe PA, Ghodke RK. Hepatic capillariasis: A rare parasitic infection[J]. Indian J Pathol Microbiol, 2016, 59(1): 124-125.
[19]	Menon J, Shanmugam N, Vij M, et al. A child with prolonged fever and hepatosplenomegaly caused by Calodium hepaticum[J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2021, 73(5): e120.
[20]	李燕榕, 林耀莹, 李莉莎, 等. 宁化县人体假性感染肝毛细线虫Capillaria hepatica调查[J]. 中国人兽共患病学报, 2016, 32(2): 206-207.
	Li YR, Lin YY, Li LS, et al. Survey on human pseudo infection of Capillaria hepatica in Ninghua County, China[J]. Chin J Zoonoses, 2016, 32(2): 206-207. (in Chinese)
[21]	Cedric Y, Nadia NAC, Payne VK, et al. Gastrointestinal nematodes among residents in melong, moungodivision, littoral region, Cameroon[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2021, 2021: 5368973.
[22]	de Oliveira FB, Correia TPD, das Neves LB, et al. Spurious infection by Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft, 1983) Moravec, 1982 and intestinal parasites in forest reserve dwellers in Western Brazilian Amazon[J]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 2022, 64: e2.
[23]	da Rocha EJG, deAlmeidaBasano S, de Souza MM, et al. Study of the prevalence of Capillaria hepatica in humans and rodents in an urban area of the city of Porto Velho, Rond?nia, Brazil[J]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 2015, 57(1): 39-46.
[24]	Nagar N, Madan NK, Mittal R, et al. Visceral larva migrans: A rare encounter by a cytologist[J]. Asian J Res Infect Dis, 2021: 9-13.
[25]	陆伦根, 尤红, 谢渭芬, 等. 肝纤维化诊断及治疗共识(2019年)[J]. 实用肝脏病杂志, 2019, 22(6): 793-803.
	Lu LG, You H, Xie WF, et al. Consensus on the diagnosis and therapy of hepatic fibrosis[J]. J Pract Hepatol, 2019, 22(6): 793-803. (in Chinese)
[26]	吕尚标, 陈年高, 刘跃民, 等. 江西省山丘型血吸虫病传播控制地区野生动物血吸虫感染调查[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2019, 31(5): 463-467.
	Lv SB, Chen NG, Liu YM, et al. Survey of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild animals in hilly transmission-controlled areas of Jiangxi Province[J]. Chin J Schisto Control, 2019, 31(5): 463-467. (in Chinese)
[27]	Sazmand A, Khordadmehr M, Nourian A, et al. Hepatic Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft, 1893) infection in cat (Feliscatus): Histopathological findings and first report from Iran[J]. Parasitol Res, 2021, 120(4): 1489-1491.
[28]	de Barros Silva VL, Pescador CA, Borsa A, et al. Case report of hepatic calodiosis in a rescued dog[J]. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports, 2023, 46: 100942.
[29]	Bochyńska D, Lloyd S, Restif O, et al. Eimeria stiedae causes most of the white-spotted liver lesions in wild European rabbits in Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom[J]. J Vet Diagn Invest, 2022, 34(2): 199-205.
[30]	Miller MA, Duignan PJ, Dodd E, et al. Emergence of a zoonotic pathogen in a coastal marine sentinel: Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepaticum)-associated hepatitis in southern sea otters (Enhydralutris nereis)[J]. Front Mar Sci, 2020, 7: 335.
[31]	Sim?es SRJS, Pereira AG, Da Silva MCC, et al. Granulomatous hepatitis caused by Calodium hepaticum in a captive mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) in Brazil[J]. Rev Patol Trop, 2024, 53(1): 57-64.
[32]	Islam MM, Farag E, Hassan MM, et al. Rodent-borne zoonoses in Qatar: A possible one-health framework for the intervention of future epidemic[J]. One Health, 2023, 16: 100517.
[33]	Fuehrer HP. An overview of the host spectrum and distribution of Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica): Part 1: Muroidea[J]. Parasitol Res, 2014, 113(2): 619-640.
[34]	Brar SK, Singla N, Singla LD. Molecular characterization and histo-physiological alterations induced by concurrent helminthosis in the liver of urban commensal rodents in Punjab, India[J]. Iran J Vet Res, 2021, 22(1): 15-23.
[35]	Roqueplo C, Lepidi H, Medkour H, et al. Enzootic hepatic capillariasis (Calodium hepaticum) in street rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Marseille City, France[J]. Pathogens, 2020, 9(12): 1048.
[36]	Sandy J, Uea-Anuwong T, Kiu LH, et al. Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepaticum) infection and factors influencing infection carriage in rats (Rattus spp.) in Hong Kong[J]. One Health, 2024, 19: 100878.
[37]	刘锦, 黄淑丽, 李宏梅, 等. 草原道路对狭颅田鼠肝毛细线虫感染率影响的初步调查[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2023, 34(1): 109-113.
	Liu J, Huang SL, Li HM, et al. A preliminary investigation of effects of grassland road on Capillaria hepatica infection rate in Microtus gregalis[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control, 2023, 34(1): 109-113. (in Chinese)
[38]	Hu B, Wang JM, Zhao N, et al. Regulatory mechanisms of Capillaria hepatica infection on brandt’s vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii) population[J]. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2024, 284: 116849.
[39]	吕艳, 李渊, 张莉, 等. 大理市家栖鼠肝毛细线虫感染调查[J]. 医学动物防制, 2020, 36(10): 919-921, 925, 1022.
	Lv Y, Li Y, Zhang L, et al. Capillaria hepatica infection of domestic rodents in Dali City[J]. J Med Pest Control, 2020, 36(10): 919-921, 925, 1022. (in Chinese)
[40]	李奔福, 许翔, 吴方伟, 等. 云南红河流域鼠类肝毛细线虫感染状况调查[J]. 中国热带医学, 2019, 19(2): 154-156.
	Li BF, Xu X, Wu FW, et al. Capillaria hepatica infection of rodents in Honghe River basin of Yunnan[J]. China Trop Med, 2019, 19(2): 154-156. (in Chinese)
[41]	王峰, 吴凡, 李琳琳, 等. 安徽省芜湖市野鼠寄生虫感染情况分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2023, 41(4): 516-519.
	Wang F, Wu F, Li LL, et al. Prevalence of parasitic infections in wild mice in Wuhu City, Anhui Province[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2023, 41(4): 516-519. (in Chinese)
[42]	Parande Shirvan S, Yaghfoori S, Mahmoudi A, et al. Prevalence of helminths infection in wild rodents of northwestern Iran[J]. Arch Razi Inst, 2024, 79(1): 120-128.
[43]	Herawati NA, Sudarmaji. Diversity of rodent species and its potency as the vector for transmitting rodent borne parasitic disease in households[J]. BIO Web Conf, 2021, 33: 07004.
[44]	Tijjani M, Majid RA, Abdullahi SA, et al. Detection of rodent-borne parasitic pathogens of wild rats in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia: A potential threat to human health[J]. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl, 2020, 11: 174-182.
[45]	Quilla MHDP, Paller VGV. Histopathological features and prevalence of Capillaria hepatica infection in Rattus spp. in Philippine Mount Makiling forest reserve and its adjacent areas[J]. J Parasit Dis, 2020, 44(2): 338-348.
[46]	Abalaka SE, Ejeh SA. Histopathological evaluation of Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft, 1893) in Cricetomys gambianus (waterhouse, 1840)[J]. J Parasit Dis, 2025, 49(1): 186-192.
[47]	Galán-Puchades MT, Gosálvez C, Trelis M, et al. Parasite fauna and coinfections in urban rats naturally infected by the zoonotic parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis[J]. Pathogens, 2023, 13(1): 28.
[48]	Miterpáková M, Hurníková Z, Komorová P, et al. Micromammals as a reservoir for the zoonotic nematode Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) in recreational areas of Slovakia[J]. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis, 2024, 6: 100214.
[49]	Rothenburger JL, Himsworth CG, La Perle KMD, et al. Pathology of wild Norway rats in Vancouver, Canada[J]. J Vet Diagn Invest, 2019, 31(2): 184-199.
[50]	Fantozzi MC, Reguera-Gomez M, Beldomenico PM, et al. Variability of Calodium hepaticum eggs from sigmodontine host species through geometric morphometric analysis[J]. J Helminthol, 2022, 96: e75.
[51]	Bertram MG, Costi MP, Thoré ESJ, et al. One health[J]. Curr Biol, 2024, 34(11): R517-R519.

国家	年份	病例数	性别	年龄	诊断方法	治疗方法	参考文献
尼日利亚、巴西、斯洛伐克等19个国家	截至2011	85	男30人、女32人、不明23人	其中44名1~8岁	镜检法、血清学	文献中未描述	[11]
印度	2015	1	男	3岁	镜检法	阿苯达唑和类固醇2周，枸橼酸乙胺嗪21 d	[17]
印度	2016	1	男	2岁	镜检法	噻苯达唑3个月	[18]
印度	2021	1	男	3岁	镜检法	阿苯达唑和泼尼松龙	[19]
以色列	2021	1	男	59岁	PCR	阿苯达唑14 d	[1]
比利时	2022	1	女	3岁	镜检法、PCR	阿苯达唑100 d、皮质类固醇50 d	[15]
印度	2024	1	男	2岁	镜检法、PCR	阿苯达唑1个疗程	[16]
中国	2019	16	男、女各8人	平均24.5岁，其中7名1~5岁	镜检法	阿苯达唑和糖皮质激素	[2]
中国	2022	1	男	1.3岁	镜检法	吡喹酮和醋酸泼尼松，2岁后服用阿苯达唑	[14]
中国	2023	1	女	45岁	镜检法	阿苯达唑7 d	[13]