四川省凉山彝族自治州鼠类等小兽体表恙螨的调查研究

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2025.03.013

中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (3): 385-394.doi: 10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2025.03.013

四川省凉山彝族自治州鼠类等小兽体表恙螨的调查研究

刘晨曦¹(), 郭宪国¹^,^*()(), 吕艳¹, 尹鹏吾¹, 宋文宇¹, 彭培英², 相蓉¹, 陈雁翎¹^,³, 李贝¹

1 大理大学病原与媒介生物研究所，云南省自然疫源性疾病防控技术重点实验室，云南大理 671000
2 曲靖医学高等专科学校微生物研究所，云南曲靖 655100
3 中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院深汕中心医院，广东汕尾 516600

收稿日期:2024-10-28 修回日期:2025-03-13 出版日期:2025-06-30 发布日期:2025-06-18
通讯作者: *郭宪国（ORCID：0009-0003-7342-8278），男，博士，教授，从事传染病媒介寄生虫分类与生态研究。E-mail：xgguo2002@163.com
作者简介:刘晨曦，女，硕士研究生，从事病原生物学研究。E-mail：oOlxcOo@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(82160400)

Investigation of chigger mites on the surface of murines and other small mammals in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province

LIU Chenxi¹(), GUO Xianguo¹^,^*()(), LV Yan¹, YIN Pengwu¹, SONG Wenyu¹, PENG Peiying², XIANG Rong¹, CHEN Yanling¹^,³, LI Bei¹

1 Institute of Pathogens and Vectors, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Dali University, Dali 671000, Yunnan, China
2 Institute of Microbiology, Qujing Medical College, Qujing 655100, Yunnan, China
3 Shenshan Central Hospital, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shanwei 516600, Guangdong, China

Received:2024-10-28 Revised:2025-03-13 Online:2025-06-30 Published:2025-06-18
Contact: *E-mail: xgguo2002@163.com
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82160400)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的回顾性分析四川省凉山彝族自治州恙螨种类构成、分类名录和感染状况等，以期为该地区恙虫病及其媒介恙螨的监测和防控提供科学依据。方法 2013—2020年间对凉山彝族自治州木里藏族自治县、冕宁县、昭觉县、盐源县、德昌县、会东县等6个县进行现场调查，不同生境常规采集鼠类等小兽体表恙螨并用霍氏液封制恙螨玻片标本，逐一鉴定到种。计算感染率（P_M）、平均多度（MA）和感染度（MI）等感染指标，及丰富度指数（S）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H’）、Pielou均匀度（E）和Simpson优势度指数（D）等群落指标。通过物种稀疏曲线、外推曲线和样本覆盖率判定采样充分程度。通过Spearson相关系数分析主要恙螨间的种间关系，采用双边网络分析宿主动物与恙螨间相互关系。结果从3目4科14属24种778只鼠类等小兽宿主体表鉴定出2科3亚科14属132种20 313只恙螨，其中有15种媒介或潜在媒介恙螨。纤恙螨属构成比最高（占75.3%，15 296/20 313）。凉山全境小兽体表恙螨的总P_M 为65.2%，总MA为26.11只/兽，总MI 为 40.07只/兽，S = 32，H’ = 3.20，E = 0.65，D = 0.92；样本覆盖率为99.9%。恙螨感染指标随海拔梯度升高呈逐渐降低趋势，群落指标随海拔梯度增高呈先增高后降低趋势。在132种恙螨中，5种优势恙螨构成比为52.4%，5种优势恙螨和5中主要媒介恙螨两两之间呈不同程度的正相关关系（r = 0.19~0.87，P < 0.01）。双边网络分析显示，一种宿主可以承载多种恙螨，一种恙螨可以寄生多种宿主。结论凉山彝族自治州恙螨种类丰富，物种多样性高，宿主感染普遍且感染严重，不同海拔地带恙螨感染和恙螨群落结构存在差异；主要恙螨之间有同时选择同一宿主和种间共存倾向；该州纤恙螨属大量存在，有15种媒介恙螨共存，且多数恙螨宿主特异性低，增加了该州恙虫病持续传播的潜在风险。

关键词: 恙螨, 恙虫病媒介, 种类构成, 感染, 群落, 凉山彝族自治州

Abstract:

Objective To retrospectively analyze the species composition, list of classification, and infection prevalence of chigger mites in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, so as to provide insights into monitoring and prevention and control of scrub typhus and its vector chigger mites in the prefecture. Methods Field surveys were conducted in six counties of Muli Tibetan Autonomous County, Mianning County, Zhaojue County, Yanyuan County, Dechang County, and Huidong County in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture from 2013 to 2020. Chigger mites were collected from the surface of murines and small mammals in different habitats, enveloped with Hoyer’s medium to generate slide specimens of chigger mites, and individually characterized to species. The prevalence (P_M), mean abundance (MA), and intensity of chigger mite infections (MI) were calculated, and the community indicators of chigger mites were estimated, including richness index (S), Shannon Wiener diversity index (H’), Pielou evenness (E), and Simpson dominance index (D). The adequacy of sampling was determined using species rarefaction curves, extrapolation curves, and sample coverage. In addition, the interspecific relationships among main chigger mites were examined using Spearson correlation coefficients, and the interrelationships between host animals and chigger mites were evaluated using bilateral network analysis. Results A total of 20 313 chigger mites were identified from the surface of 778 murines and other small mammal hosts belonging to 24 species, 14 genera, 4 families and 3 orders, including 132 species (15 vector or potential vector chigger mites), 14 genera, 3 subfamilies and 2 families, and Leptotrombidium was the dominant genus (75.3%, 15 296/20 313). The gross P_M, MA, MI, S, H’, E and D of chigger mites were 65.2%, 26.11 mites/animal, 40.07 mites/animal, 32, 3.20, 0.65, and 0.92 on the surface of small mammals across Liangshan, with sample coverage of 99.9%. The P_M, MA and MI of chigger mites appeared a tendency towards a decline with the rise in elevation, and the community indicators of chigger mites appeared a tendency towards a rise followed by a decline with the rise in elevation. Of 132 species of chigger mites, the constituent ratio of five dominant species was 52.4%, and there were positive correlations with varying degrees among 5 dominant chigger mites and 5 main vector chigger mites (r = 0.19-0.87, P < 0.01). Bilateral network analysis revealed that one host harbored multiple species of chigger mites and one species of chigger mites was parasitized in multiple species of hosts. Conclusion Chigger mites are abundant in species and high in species diversity in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. The prevalence of chigger mite infections is common and high in hosts, and the prevalence of chigger mite infections and community structure of chigger mites vary in elevation. The main chigger mites have a tendency towards choosing the same host and interspecific coexistence in Liangshan, and Leptotrombidium genus is widespread in Liangshan. There are 15 species of vector chigger mites, and most present a low specificity to hosts, which increases the potential risk of continuous transmission of scrub typhus in Liangshan.

Key words: Chigger mite, Vector of scrub typhus, Species composition, Infection, Community, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture

中图分类号:

R384.421

刘晨曦, 郭宪国, 吕艳, 尹鹏吾, 宋文宇, 彭培英, 相蓉, 陈雁翎, 李贝. 四川省凉山彝族自治州鼠类等小兽体表恙螨的调查研究[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2025, 43(3): 385-394.

LIU Chenxi, GUO Xianguo, LV Yan, YIN Pengwu, SONG Wenyu, PENG Peiying, XIANG Rong, CHEN Yanling, LI Bei. Investigation of chigger mites on the surface of murines and other small mammals in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, 2025, 43(3): 385-394.

图/表 9

表1

表2

四川省凉山彝族自治州132种恙螨分类名录

恙螨中文名称 Chinese name of chigger mites	拉丁名 Latin name of chigger mites	恙螨中文名称 Chinese name of chigger mites	拉丁名 Latin name of chigger mites	恙螨中文名称 Chinese name of chigger mites	拉丁名 Latin name of chigger mites
恙螨亚科	Trombiculinae	岩栖纤恙螨^b	L. rupestre	钳齿恙螨属	Cheladonta
纤恙螨属	Leptotrombidium	竹栖纤恙螨	L. bambicola	密齿钳齿恙螨	C. micheneri
中华纤恙螨	L. sinicum	鼠蝠纤恙螨	L. myotis	囊棒恙螨属	Ascoschoengastia
小板纤恙螨^a	L. scutellare	临淮岗纤恙螨^b	L. linhuaikongense	梭形囊棒恙螨	A. spindalis
绒鼠纤恙螨	L. eothenomydis	福建纤恙螨	L. fujianense	民和囊棒恙螨	A. minheensis
新猬纤恙螨	L. neotebraci	海岛纤恙螨^a	L. insulare	四方囊棒恙螨	A. sifanga
寒冬纤恙螨	L. hiemalis	云南纤恙螨	L. yunnanense	拉氏囊棒恙螨	A. latyshevi
乡野纤恙螨^b	L. rusticum	普通纤恙螨	L. gemiticulum	云南囊棒恙螨	A. yunnanensis
树鼩纤恙螨	L. shuqui	棕鼠平纤恙螨	L. rufocanum	李氏囊棒恙螨	A. leechi
王氏纤恙螨	L. wangi	林姬纤恙螨	L. mlinji	山林囊棒恙螨	A. montana
密点纤恙螨	L. densipunctatum	湟川纤恙螨	L. huangchuanense	褐鼠囊棒恙螨	A. rattinorvegici
永胜纤恙螨	L. yongshengense	巴颜纤恙螨	L. bayanense	爬虫恙螨属	Herpetacarus
于氏纤恙螨^b	L. yui	横板纤恙螨	L. hengdun	芒棒爬虫恙螨	H. aristoclavus
地里纤恙螨^a	L. deliense	雨林纤恙螨	L. yulini	针毛爬虫恙螨	H. spinosetosus
英帕纤恙螨^b	L. imphalum	庐山纤恙螨	L. lushanense	细棒爬虫恙螨	H. tenuiclavus
贡山纤恙螨	L. gongshanense	麂纤恙螨	L. muntiaci	枪棒爬虫恙螨	H. hastoclavus
钉毛纤恙螨	L. spicanisetum	大海纤恙螨	L. dahai	背展恙螨亚科	Gahrliepiinae
吉首纤恙螨^a	L. sialkotense (L. jishoum)	疏羽纤恙螨	L. shuyui	无前恙螨属	Walchia
已纤恙螨	L. zeta	山蝠纤恙螨	L. nyctali	四川无前恙螨	W. szechuanica
错那纤恙螨	L. cuonae	叶片恙螨属	Trombiculindus	太平洋无前恙螨^b	W. pacifica
扁板纤恙螨	L. deplanoscutum	狭毛叶片恙螨	T. stenosetosus	葛洪无前恙螨	W. kor
川西纤恙螨	L. chuanxi	棘列叶片恙螨	T. jilie	无结无前恙螨	W. enode
社鼠纤恙螨	L. sheshui	高山叶片恙螨	T. alpinus	藏南无前恙螨	W. zangnanica
曲靖纤恙螨	L. qujingense	签叶叶片恙螨	T. qianye	川无前恙螨	W. chuanica
金马纤恙螨	L. jinmai	云南叶片恙螨	T. yunnanus	西沙无前恙螨	W. xishaensis
长中纤恙螨	L. longimedium	楔形叶片恙螨	T. cuneatus	攸氏无前恙螨	W. ewingi
红纤恙螨^b	L. akamushi	竹叶片恙螨	T. bambusoides	棒六恙螨属	Schoengastiella
高山纤恙螨	L. alpinum	怒江叶片恙螨	T. nujiange	林谷棒六恙螨^b	S. ligula
异毛纤恙螨	L. allosetum	齿列叶片恙螨	T. chilie	背展恙螨属	Gahrliepia
中鼩纤恙螨	L. sinotupaium	新恙螨属	Neotrombicula	长足背展恙螨	G. longipedalis
徐氏纤恙螨	L. hsui	德钦新恙螨	N. deqinensis	丛林背展恙螨	G. silvatica
昆明纤恙螨	L. kunmingense	日本新恙螨	N. japonica	射点背展恙螨	G. radiopunctata
粗毛纤恙螨	L. robustisetum	通天河新恙螨	N. tongtianhensis	宽板背展恙螨	G. latiscutata
碧罗雪山纤恙螨	L. biluoxueshanense	旱獭新恙螨	N. marmotae	德钦背展恙螨	G. deqinensis
沧江纤恙螨	L. cangjiangense	微恙螨属	Microtrombicula	浙江背展恙螨	G. chekiangensis
川村纤恙螨	L. kawamurai	越毛微恙螨	M. vitosa	云南背展恙螨	G. yunnanensis
东洛纤恙螨	L. dognluoense	合轮恙螨属	Helenicula	田姬背展恙螨	G. agrariusia
江苏纤恙螨	L. kiangsuense	柯氏合轮恙螨	H. kohlsi	迷易背展恙螨	G. miyi
居中纤恙螨^b	L. intermedium	阿坝合轮恙螨	H. abaensis	大板背展恙螨	G. megascuta
陇川纤恙螨	L. longchuanense	宫川合轮恙螨	H. miyagawai	麻板背展恙螨	G. madun
高姬纤恙螨	L. apodevrieri	沟毛合轮恙螨	H. aulacochaeta	多毛背展恙螨	G. myriosetosa
北里纤恙螨	L. kitasatoi	云南合轮恙螨	H. yunnanensis	舌板背展恙螨	G. linguipelta
中甸纤恙螨	L. zhongdianense	奥氏合轮恙螨	H. olsufjevi	列恙螨亚科	Leeuwenhoekiinae
碧山纤恙螨	L. bishanense	西盟合轮恙螨^b	H. simena	甲梯恙螨属	Chatia
云岭纤恙螨	L. yunlingense	徐氏合轮恙螨	H. hsui	尖螯甲梯恙螨	C. acrichela
鹅颈山纤恙螨	L. ejingshanense	伯劳合轮恙螨	H. lanius	高山甲梯恙螨	C. alpine
保鼠纤恙螨	L. baoshui	珠恙螨属	Doloisia	螯齿恙螨属	Odontacarus
尾毛纤恙螨	L. caudatum	莫卡珠恙螨	D. moica	西山螯齿恙螨	O. xishana
林地纤恙螨	L. saltuosum	六胸毛珠恙螨	D. hexasternosetosa	巨螯齿恙螨^b	O. majesticus
六毛纤恙螨	L. sexsetum	泰山珠恙螨	D. taishanensis

表2

表3

表4

表5

图1

表6

图2

图3

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优势鼠种 Dominant rodent species	分类地位（科、属） Taxonomic status (Family, Genus)	数量/只 Number	构成比/% C_r/%
高山姬鼠 A. chevrieri	鼠科、姬鼠属 Muridae, Apodemus	233	30.0
大绒鼠 E. miletus	仓鼠科、绒鼠属 Cricetidae, Eothenomys	133	17.1
西南绒鼠 E. custos	仓鼠科、绒鼠属 Cricetidae, Eothenomys	91	11.7
北社鼠 N. confucianus	鼠科、白腹鼠属 Muridae, Niviventer	83	10.7
合计 Total		540	69.4

优势恙螨 Dominant chigger species	数量/只 Number	构成比/% C_r/%
密点纤恙螨 L. densipunctatum	3 445	17.0
永胜纤恙螨 L. yongshengense	3 101	15.3
竹栖纤恙螨 L. bambicola	2 010	9.9
攸氏无前恙螨 W. ewingi	1 181	5.8
江苏纤恙螨 L. kiangsuense	900	4.4
合计 Total	10 637	52.4

主要媒介恙螨 Main vector chigger species	数量/只 Number	构成比/% C_r/%
英帕纤恙螨 L. imphalum	814	4.0
西盟合轮恙螨 H. simena	486	2.4
岩栖纤恙螨 L. rupestre	315	1.6
小板纤恙螨 L. scutellare	181	0.9
地里纤恙螨 L. deliense	125	0.6
合计 Total	1 921	9.5

海拔梯度 Altitude gradients/m	恙螨个体数及构成比No. and C_r of chigger individual		感染指标Infection index			群落指标Community index
海拔梯度 Altitude gradients/m	No.	C_r/%	P_M/%	MA	MI	H’	D	S	E
1 000~1 999	13 832	68.1	84.8	58.61	69.16	2.53	0.87	57	0.63
2 000~2 999	5 254	25.9	62.9	16.27	25.88	3.39	0.94	104	0.73
3 000~3 999	1 227	6.0	47.5	5.6	11.8	2.49	0.85	50	0.64
合计Total	20 313	100	65.2	26.11	40.07	3.2	0.92	32	0.65

四川省凉山彝族自治州鼠类等小兽体表恙螨的调查研究

Investigation of chigger mites on the surface of murines and other small mammals in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province

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科 Family	亚科 Subfamily	属 Genus	种数 No. species	种构成比 C_rof species/%	个体数 No. individual	个体数量构成比 C_r of individual/%
恙螨科 Trombiculidae	恙螨亚科 Trombiculinae	纤恙螨属 Leptotrombidium	67	50.8	15 296	75.3
		叶片恙螨属 Trombiculindus	9	6.8	672	3.3
		新恙螨属 Neotrombicula	4	3.0	197	1.0
		微恙螨属 Microtrombicula	1	0.8	1	0
		合轮恙螨属 Helenicula	9	6.8	978	4.8
		珠恙螨属 Doloisia	3	2.3	8	0
		囊棒恙螨属 Ascoschoengastia	8	6.1	591	2.9
		爬虫恙螨属 Herpetacarus	4	3.0	114	0.6
		钳齿恙螨属 Cheladonta	1	0.8	58	0.3
小计 Subtotal			106	80.3	17 915	88.2
	背展恙螨亚科 Gahrliepiinae	无前恙螨属 Walchia	8	6.1	1 921	9.5
		背展恙螨属 Gahrliepia	13	9.9	361	1.8
		棒六恙螨属 Schoengastiella	1	0.8	81	0.4
小计 Subtotal			22	16.7	2 363	11.6
列恙螨科 Leeuwenhoekiidae	列恙螨亚科 Leeuwenhoekiinae	螯齿恙螨属 Odontacarus	2	1.5	23	0.1
		甲梯恙螨属 Chatia	2	1.5	12	0.1
小计 Subtotal			4	3.0	35	0.2
合计 Total			132	100	20 313	100

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