Table of Content

28 February 1988, Volume 6 Issue 1

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LIGHT MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE PROLIFERATION AND GROWTH OF TWO HUMAN ECHINOCOCCUS TYPES

1988, 6(1):  1-3. 

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This paper reports the histologic changes in the proliferation and growth of two echinococcus types in 25 patients, 15 with liver or lung cystic echinococcosis and 10 with liver alveolar echinococcosis. The results indicated that these two echinococcus types shared two modes of proliferation including exogenous and endogenous budding. In cystic echinococcus type, endogenous budding showed localized hyperplasia of the germinal membrane, the formation of the brood capsule, and the development of the protoscolices. Exogenous budding appeared chiefly in the migratory process of the protoscolices from the germinal membrane to the outside of the exocyst passing through the laminated layer and the fibro-exocystic wall (Figs. 1-4). In alveolar echinococcus type, endogenous budding was characterized by the propagation of the alveolar wall towards the intra-alveolar cavity with the formation of septum. Exogenous budding showed the alveolar wall propagated towards the exterior to produce daughter and grand-daughter alveoli (Figs. 5-7).

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PIRIMIPHOSMETHYL AGAINST ANOPHELES SINENSIS

1988, 6(1):  4-7. 

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A field trial was undertaken in Jining, Shandong, to evaluate the effectiveness of pirimiphosmethyl in controlling An. sinensis, the main vector of malaria. In one district all human dwelling and animal shelters were sprayed with a dosage of 2g/m2, while in another district only animal shelters were covered with a dosage of 2.25g/m2. The results showed a good effectiveness of the insecticide against An. sinensis. That is, the mosquito density decreased by 90% as compared with that of untreated area, the evening netbait density was much lower within following 5-6 weeks, and the parous rates declined significantly within 3 weeks postspraying. It is concluded that the full coverage spraying showed more effectiveness than the spraying of animal shelters alone.

STUDIES ON THE DIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN FILARIASIS BY INDIRECT FLOURESCENT ANTIBODY TEST(IFAT) AND IMMUNOENZYMATIC STAINING TECHNIQUE(IEST) WITH HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS ADULT FILARIAL ANTIGENS

1988, 6(1):  12-14. 

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This article deals with the diagnostic values of IFAT and IEST in human filariasis with both frozen sections of Brugia malayi and Setaria cervi adult worms as antigens. The average positive and the false positive rates of IFAT with two antigens were 84.9-97.1%(45/53-102/105)and 2.9-9.7%(1/35-3/31) respectively, while no cross-reaction was observed in subjects infected with ascaris or hookworm. The average positive and the false positive rates of IEST with two antigens were 94.3-94.9% (99/105-56/59) and 0-2.9% (0/35-l/35) respectively. Both IFAT and IEST with two antigens for the diagnosis of human filariasis were considered to be of higher sensitivity and specificity, frozen sections of adult Setaria cervi being more economical and effective.

A PRELIMINARY SURVEY ON THE ACTION MECHANISM OF CARBOXYLESTERASE IN THE DIPTEREX-RESISTANCE OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (L.)

1988, 6(1):  15-17. 

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Enzyme kinetics investigation revealed that the affinity of gut carboxylesterase of Periplaneta americana (L.) for dipterex was 23 times greater than that with the cholines-terase. Addition of purified enzyme preparation of one fraction of the isoenzymes of carboxylesterases with an activity 21-fold strengthened to the test system caused decrease in the binding of cholinesterase with dipterex. This illustrated that the former exerted a sparing effect in favor of cholinesterase. This protective effect ran in parallel with the amount of the enzyme preparation added (in our experiment the increment in the enzyme activity was 0.21, 0.43 and 0.65 times). This survey conformed with the "competitive combination" hypothesis postulated by Motoyama, et al. Since purified enzyme preparation was used in the investigation, this argued much stronger for the affirmation of the hypothesis.

OBSERVATION ON THE CIDAL EFFECT OF WS-I TYPE INSECTICIDE COATINGS ON MOSQUITOES, FLIES AND COCKROACHES

1988, 6(1):  18-21. 

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Health insecticide coating type WS-I was shown to have very strong knockdown and cidal effect on mosquitoes, flies and cockroachs. When these insects examined came into contact with the treated surface which had been coated two years for 1-3 hours, a death rate of 100% could be found. The main criteria (KT50, 24 hr rate of death) of WS-I have an advantage over that of international similar products (Artilin). The releasing experiments of mimic testing under normal temperature showed that KT50 of Culex pipiens pollens was within 5.6-40.3 minutes, while that of Musca domestica within 10.4-26.4 minutes. The 24 hours' killing effect for both the mosquitoes and the flies was 100%. It is harmless to humans and domestic animals. The coating is stable and cost less.

TOXICITY AND TISSUE SCHIZONTOCIDAL ACTIVITY OF PRIMAQUINE COMBINED WITH PYRONARIDINE IN LABORATORY ANIMALS

1988, 6(1):  22-25. 

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Groups of mice were administered intragastrically either with primaquine alone or in combination with pyronaridine. The number of mice died in groups treated by pyronaridine 293-507 mg/kg combined with primaquine 50 mg/kg were not more than those in group by primaquine alone, but significantly less than those in groups by combination of chloroquine 102-253 mg/kg and primaquine. The tests of primary tissue schizontocidal activity in rhesus monkeys inoculated, with Pladmodium cynomolgi sporozoitcs showed that all monkeys were cured either by treatment of ig primaquine alone, 3 mg/kg/d × 3, or by a single im dose of pyronaridine 10 mg/kg combined with primaquine starting on the day of infection. No influence of pyronaridine on primaquine was observed in P. yoelii sporozoites-infected mice.

CLINICAL STUDY ON TREATMENT OF MALARIA WITH ARTEMETHER AND ARTESUNATE

1988, 6(1):  26-28. 

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As artemether and artesunate are both soluble in water, they are able to overcome the difficulty of preparation caused by the insolubility of artemisinine. Treatment of 772 cases of various forms of malaria at a total dose of 160-800mg yielded excellent effect with 100% recovery rate, the parasite clearance time being shorter than that of artemisininc and six other antimalarial drugs. In particular, when treating 25 severe cases of malaria, sodium artesunate injection led to satisfactory result, either intramuscularly or intravenously. It is the most effective new antimalarial drug. There were no side-effects, and no significant influences on the function of heart, liver, kidney and other important organs. However, the recrudescence rate of 46.6%(304/652) was relatively high.

DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO VIVAX-MALARIA BY ELISA USING IN VITRO CULTURED ERYTHROCYTIC PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI AS ANTIGEN

1988, 6(1):  29-31. 

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Experiments were carried out to compare between antigens, extracted from blooc stage of P. cynomolgi, from in vitro culture and infected monkey, using ELISA to detect antibody to vivax-malaria. The results showed a positive rate of 96.9% among 64 cases with vivax-malaria 19-90 days after the onset of attack with both antigens and the titres for the two antigens were quite similar. However, mature parasites can be collected more readily from cultures in vitro and the antigens extracted from them can be prepared freshly. Accordingly, the problem of reactivity loss of antigenicity upon storage can be solved. Once more, the usefulness of PVC film to replace the traditional plates and harmless TMBS as substrate of HRP were confirmed in ELISA for the detection of antibodies to vivax malaria.

EVALUATION OF CYSTICERCVS CELLVLOSAE ANTIGENS IN THE IMMUNODIAGNOSIS OF HUMAN CYSTICERCOSIS BY ELISA

1988, 6(1):  32-35. 

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The proteins of cysticercus cyst fluid and cysticercus were fractionated into 2 and 4 fractions respectively by ammonium sulfate precipitation. ELISA tests were performed by using these 8 preparations (2 crude preparations and their 6 fractions) as antigens tc determine the presence of corresponding antibodies in the sera of proved cases of cysticercosis and other parasitoses, as well as normal adults. Our study shows that a fraction of cysticercus cyst fluid, P1, has the highest positive rates in the diagnosis of cysticercosis and OD ratios of cysticercosis patients to normal persons among 8 preparations. Our study also shows that the positive rate of a fraction of crude cysticercus preparation, P25-55, is only next to P1 among 8 preparations and has highest OD ratios among crude cysticercus preparation and its fractions.With sera of hydatidosis patients, P1 is highly cross reactive, while P25-55 is less so cross-reactive. With sera of paragonimiasis patients, P1 is also cross-reactive, while P25-55 is not in 14 patients studied.In addition, there is a richer source of P25-55 than PI. Therefore, P25-55 is practically a good antigen fraction for diagnostic purpose,

DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATION AND PROPOSED DOSAGE REGIMEN OF PYRONARIDINE FOR TREATMENT OF MALARIA

1988, 6(1):  36-38. 

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The minimum effective concentration (MEC) of pyronaridine (PND) against Plasmo-, dium falciparum FCC1 was determined by a rabbit/in vitro 48 h assay. It was found that the MEC assayed with dosed rabbit serum was 4.7f331.2 ng/ml, and with control rabbit serum added with PND, 5.2± 2.0 ng/ml. There was no significant difference between the two values (P0.05). Dosage regimen was proposed basing on MEC, and the pharmacokinetic data in malaria patients studied previously. Whole blood MEC, maintenance dose and loading dose were calculated, and the proposed dosage regimens were presented as follows: d1 4 mg/kg, d2 2 mg/kg im: or capsule (or enteric coated tablet), d1 10 mg/kg, d2 5 mg/kg po, while the dosage regimens in current use are 3 mg/kgta × 2, im q6h; or enteric coated tablet, d, 6 mg/kg × 2, q6h, d2 and d3 6 mg/kg/day po. Under the proposed dosage regimens, the blood concentration of PND could be maintained at a level of about 2 times the blood MEC during 1 min-72 h after first intramuscular injection, and 1 (or 3)-72 h following first oral dosing. However, further clinical studies should be conducted to, evaluate their therapeutic and undesirable effects.

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL, HISTOCHEMICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION ON THE ADULT WORM OF FARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI AFTER PYQUITON ADMINISTRATION

1988, 6(1):  41-43. 

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8 hours after pyquiton treatment at a single dose of 100mg/kg, the cytoplasmic projections of the teguments of P. westermani were shortened, their secretory bodies being decreased. Contraction and swelling of the worms were seen 16-24 hours after treatment. Various organelles of the teguments including syncytia, muscle, genital organs, and the flame cells showed irreversible damage, especially on the mitochondria (Figs. 1-7). The activities of the SDH, ACP and ANAE were gradually reduced and finally disappeared.. The dead worms disintegrated after 3-15 days.

EVALUATION OF UREA-SOLUBLE EGG ANTIGEN (JEU) IN DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF CURE OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA

1988, 6(1):  44-47. 

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With a modified, simple method, JEU was extracted from the remaining residue after SEA extraction. The positive rate in 150 proved schistosomiasis japonica patients was 96% by ELISA using JEU, and the false positive rate in 129 normal persons was only 0.8%.To evluate the therapeutic effectiveness, 255 patients with negative stool hatching after treatment were repeatedly tested by ELISA using JEU for a period of one to five years. The negative conversion rate increased year by year. The negative rate was 93.4% in three years, and 100% in five years. The antibody titer decreased more significantly than the positive rate.when JEU was parallelly tested with ELISA and IHA using SEA and COP in a village where schistosomiasis had been controlled, there was no significant difference among ELISA and IHA but ELISA using JEU was much better than COP.The results suggest that JEU is a new type of antigen of practical use in the diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness.

ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY ON THE EGG-SHELL OF ENTEROBIVS VERMICULARIS

1988, 6(1):  48-50. 

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Electronic microscopy showed that the egg-shell of E. ver micularis is composed of 6 layers, namely, surface membrane, external uterine layer, internal uterine layer, vitelline layer, chitinous layer and lipid laycr. The surface membrane, external uterine layer, vitelline layer and lipid layer are thin membranes(Fig. 1). The internal uterine layer is thick within which numerous regularly arranged long fibrous substances run radially and, many long or short slits scattered between them. These slits communicated with the micropores on the shell surface, and lined both by the surface membrane and the external uterine layer (Figs. 2-4). The constructional features of the internal uterine layer of E. vermicularis cggshell is considered to be species specific.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM IN COLONIC GRANULOMATOUS LESION OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS

1988, 6(1):  51-52. 

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From dogs Infected successivcly with a total number of 900 cercariae of S. japonicum two ycars ago, sections of colonic mucosa with obvious granulomatous lesions were studied under electron microscope and compared with those of the healthy dogs. The results showed that the epithelial cells of the colonic mucosa selected from different sites with hypertrophict granulomatous and ulcerative lesions, had the characteristics of both proliferative and adcnomatous ccllular changes (Figs. 2-5). But, as comparel with the ultrastructure of the colonic cpithelium of the normal, the characteristics of the schistosomal lesions was more of the proliferative type rather than of carcinomatousone,

THE RECEPTOR ROLE OF GLYCOPHORIIN A DURING THE INVASION OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE BY PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM

1988, 6(1):  53-56. 

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The effects of GPA, anti-GPA IgG, α1acid glycoprotcin (α1-AGP), ovomucoid (OM) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) on the invasion of erythrocytes by P. falciparum were obseryed in vitro. GPA, anti-GPA IgG and WGA at low concentrations had obviously inhibitory effects on thc invasion. There were hyperbolic relationships between the concentrations of these inhibitors and their inhibition rates. OM, α1-AGP and non-spccific anti-serum had no obvious effect on the invasion. It is confirmed for the first time from the biological characteristics of receptor-ligand interaction that thc combination of GPA with P. falciparum merozoites has high spccificity, high affinity with a tendency to sa-turation and can produce specific biological effects.

EXPERIENCE IN THE CONSOLIDATION MEASURES AT THE FINAL STAGE OF MALARIA ERADICATION IN DAXIN COUNTY, GUANGXI

1988, 6(1):  57-60. 

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Daxin County is situated in the south-western part of Guangxi with a population of more than 32.8 thousands. In 1957 the malaria parasite rate were as follows: 22.1% in hilly district where Au. minimus was the mam vector and 4.6% in plain district where An. sinensis was the main vector.Since 1958, DDT indoor residual spraying and drug administration of malaria had been used as control measures. From then till 1979 the malaria morbidity was decreased to 0.2‰ and parasite rate to 0.03%. Malaria was almost eradicated in those districts where An. sinensis was the main vector, but in other districts where Are. minimus was the main vector, a lot of foci still existed. Therefore, we strengthened the antimalaria project in those districts by indoor residual spraying, detection of cases, presumptive trcatment, radical treatment, and tracing of malaria cases. After three years, all the malaria foci were eliminated and the annual blood examination rate of the febril patients was about 11.5%, the annual parasite incidence decreased to 0.1%, quartan malaria and falciparum malaria absent and the tertian malaria has been decreased. In the Encheng village under malaria surveillance from 1980 to 1985, we have examined 11256 febril patients with only two positires and among 903 infants and 6806 inhabitants examined, none had malaria parasite.