Table of Content

31 May 1988, Volume 6 Issue 2

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STUDIES ON THE EFFECTIVE COMPONENTS IN PROTECTIVE SEKA AGAINST PLASMODIUM YOELII INFECTIONS IN MICE

1988, 6(2):  81-86. 

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Sera were collccted from mice immunized separately with schizonts, merozoitcs or different parasite stages, or from mice which had been recovered from Plasmodium yoelii yoelii infection. The effect of protection of cach serum against P. y. infection was assayed by passivc transfer technique. It was shown that only sera collected from mice which either had been trcated with chloroquine or had been naturally recovcred from P. y. infections can transfer certain dcgree of resistance to normal mice. The cffectivc sera delayed the appearance and the peak of parasitemia, and prolonged the survival time of the challenged mice. After these sera were fractionatcd by 50%(NH4)2SO4 precipitation, the prccipitated fraction showed similar degree of protection as the non-fractionated sera. Chloroquine-treated serum was shown to be able to inhibit the invasion of new erythrocytes by marozoite in vitro. 35S-methionine-labelcd antigens were precipitated by protective or non-protective sera and the bands were compared on SDS-PAGE and autoradiogram. Since thc antigcn bands of 245, 210, 190, 156 and 130 KD can only bc precipitated by protective sera but not by non-protectivc sera, it is possible that the protection of chloroquine-treated serum is induced by the specific antibodies against the above antigens.

DOT-IMMUNOBINDING ASSAY WITH SHEEP HYDATID FLUID ANTIGEN FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF HYDATIDOSIS

1988, 6(2):  87-89. 

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Dot-Immunobinding assay was adapted for tne indircct scrological measuremcnt of anti-Echinococcus antibodies in human hydatid discasc. The sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility were evaluated by testing 56 sera from patients with clinically diag-nosed or surgically confirmed hydatidosis, 39 sera from patients with non-hydatid disease (liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-parasitic lung cyst, different types of cancer, tuberculosis and cysticercosis) and 60 sera from healthy adults. The dilution of sera was 1:400 and an cxtinction value of 0.1 was considercd as positive reaction.The results indicated that the sensitivity and specificity of this test were 98.9% and 97.0% respectively. The extinction values (mean±SD) of sera from paticnts with. hydatid disease, non-hydatid disease and from healthy adults were 0.515±0.195, 0.095 ±0.045, 0.055 ± 0.045 respectively.Comparison of the quantitativc test with O-phenylenediamine as substrate which gives yellow soluble product with the qualitative test with benzidine-HCL as substrate which gives a bluish brown precipitate adhering to the nitrocellulose membrane showcd that the qualitative test is as sensitive and specific as the quantitative one, but the formcr is more simple and convenient to perform than the latter.

EFFECTS OF BRUGIA MALAYI INFECTION ON THE FECUNDITY AND SURVIVAL RATE OF ANOPHELES SINENSIS

1988, 6(2):  90-93. 

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Observations were carricd out on the changes in the fecundity and the survival rate of Anopheles sinensis infected with microfilariae of Erugia malayi through an artificial membrane and maintained at 25.5±1℃ and R. H. 75-85%。Analysis of the resultant data showed that there was a significant dccrcase in egg-production in the mosquitoes infected with a density of microfilariae over 5.42mf/μl during the first gonotrophic cycle and over 2.69mf/μl during the second, with a tenden-cy of continuous decrease following the increase in microfilarial density. The results were discussed in terms of the hypothesis of "nutritional competition" suggested by Javadian et al in 1974.Four groups of mosquitoes infected with various dcnsitics of microfilariae were observed on their survival rates after exposure to microfilariae. The infected mosquitoes showed lower survival rate as compared with the control group, exhibiting a continuous decrease in the survival rate of Infected mosquitocs with the increase in microfilarial dcnsities in the blood meal engorged. This continuous change was more significant during the lst-12th day post-exposure.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC INDICES BETWEEN SCHISTOSOMAL LIVER FIBROSIS AND POST-HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS

1988, 6(2):  94-98. 

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The incidence of advanced schistosomiasis complicated with chronic viral hepatitis was found as high as 72.1% by biopsis, immunological and biochemical examinations in 68 cases of hepatic discases. The histologie changes in the post-hepatitic cirrhosis are: degeneration or necrosis of the liver cells, formation and/or swelling of bile ductule, and infiltration by lymphocytes. Among these cases, positive result of Orcein staining may indicate HBV infcction, while negative result of HBsAg associated with positive result of anti-HBc-IgM probably show a new infection of HBV. Both HBsAg and anti- HBc-IgM positive or associated with HBeAg positive may indicate the multiplication of viruses. The differential points between schistosomal fibrosis and post-hepatic cirrhosis are as follows: The oval tubercles and the infiltration of collagenous fibers are found in the hepatic lobules and the portal areas. The pseudolobules causcd by the fibrotic septum have not been formed. On the other hand, the infiltration of the inflammatory cells is not obvious. Serum RF, ANA and AFP examinations are hclpful in diffcrentia-ting chronic active hepatitis. CIC and MAO assaies have definite significance for progno-sis and diagnosis. In addition, dynamic changes in liver. functions and serum lipid, HDL-C/T. Ch0.3, tend to indicate the post-hepatic cirrhosis.

STUDY ON THE ROLE OF LOW DENSITY MICROFILAREMIA CASES IN THE TRANSMISSION OF FILARIASIS IN LATE STAGE OF FILARIASIS CONTROL

1988, 6(2):  99-102. 

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Field and laboratory studies in 1981-1986 showed that in endemic areas of mala-yan filariasis with Anopheles sinensis as the transmitting vector and in endemic areas of bancroftian filariasis with Culex pipiens pallens as the transmitting vector, when the microfilaria rate of the human population met thc criterion of elimination of filariasis, namely below 1% of thc total population in all the administrative villages, and the average density of microfilaria per 60/μ1 peripheral blood bcing around 5, the residual microfilaremia cases could turn negative one after another within 3-5 years, even if they did not receive causative treatment. Thc microfilaria rate of the human population would decline year by ycar, the natural infection of mosquitoes with filaria larva would fall down to zero, no new patent infection of filariasis occurred. The transmission was thought interrupted.

DYNAMIC CHANGES IN SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES IN SERA OF MONGOLIAN JIRDS INFECTED WITH BRUGIA MALAYI DURING THE FIRST YEAR INFECTION

1988, 6(2):  103-106. 

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Sera sequentially collccted from 30 Mongolian jirds (Meriones unguitus) infectcd with Erugia malayi were examined for specific antibodies by ELISA using soluble malayan adult worm and microfilarial antigens (MAA and MFA). Anti MAA antibody was detected as carly as the 2nd wcek aftcr infcction, and the ami-MFA antibody, the 3rd week. Both antibodies went on a steady increase, and reached peak level at the 12th weck. Thereafter, the anti-MAA antibody, after showing a little decrease at the 16th wcck, kept up a moderate level, and the anti-MFA antibody fluctuated at a high level. The level of specific antibodies was higher in 11 patently infected jirds than that in 19 occultly infected ones. It is suggested that the patently infected jirds may be used as an animal model for assessing the specific antibody level in filariasis.

COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PLASMODIUM VIVAX ISOLATED FROM SOUTH YUNNAN AND NORTHWEST HUNAN

1988, 6(2):  107-110. 

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This paper deals with some biological and clinical aspects of Plasmodium vivax in Yunnan and Hunan Provinces. The results obtained are as follows: (1) The developmen-tal period of P. vivax in mosquitoes was 9 days at a temperature of 26±1℃ and the parasitaemia was from 8 to 13 (9.9 ±1.3) days after exposure in Yunnan, 11 to 16 (14.3±1.6) days after exposure in Hunan. No pronounced correlation bctween the length of prepatent period and the number of sporozoites incculated was found. (2) In most of the cases artificially infected with Plasmodium vivax the clinical attack occurred in the afternoon and the typical tertian fever was seen only in 2 of 14 patients. The natural course of infection was as short as 9 to 14 days in nonimmune cases (Fig. l, 2). (3) Mosquitoes fed at the time when parasite was first detected after sporozoite inoculation did not become infected. But the infection rate of mosquitoes fed on patients at the first onset was 7.9% in Yunnan and 93.0% in Hunan. Such a grcat difference in infectivity was briefly discussed in terms of parasite biology.

EFFECTS OF PYRIMETHAMINE ON THE OOCYST FORMATION OF PLASMODIUM YOELII YOELII

1988, 6(2):  111-114. 

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Plasmodium yoelii yoelii-Anopheles stephensi system was chosen as the experimental model in studying the effects of pyrimethamine on oocyst formation of the plasmodium species. The drug was given by allowing mosquitoes to feed on infected and pyrimethamine treated mice or by feeding them directly with pyrimcthamine-sugar water. The infective rate and the number of oocysts formed after drug administration were reduced, the oocysts formed being smaller and their daily growth rate slower than that of the controls. Electron microscopic and Feulgen staining studies showed that the cytoplasm of the affected oocysts contained many vacuoles, pigment aggregations and black aggre-gates (Fig. 4). No nucleus appeared in the affected oocysts, which were presumably deteriorated and became "black spores". The amount of DNA in drug-affected oocysts was scanty. No sporozoites were found in the salivary glands of these mosquitoes. It was suggested that pyrimethamine interfered with DNA synthesis of oocysts.

PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM: CORRELATION BETWEEN IMMUNO FLUORESCENT PROPERTIES OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND THEIR PROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES

1988, 6(2):  115-117. 

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The correlation between the immunofluorescent propertics of the monoclonal antibo-dies against Plasmodium falciparum and their protective activities were investigated. The results showed that tne protective activities of tne monoclonal antibodies including inhibition, opsonization, and cytotoxicity on P. falciparum were not associated with thc antibody level as mcasured by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay (P 0.05). Monoclonal antibodies with spot-or pin-like fluorescence and honeycomb-like bright fluorescence on thc cdge of the mature parasite, recognizing surface antigens of free merozoite and segmenter, exhibited cxcellent protective activities.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE SHORT ARM OF THE SEX CHROMOSOME OF THE POLYTENE CHROMOSOMES OF THE SALIVARY GLAND OF ANOPHELES SINENSIS

1988, 6(2):  118-120. 

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We further studied the polytene chromosomes of Anopheles sinensis by improved method of preparation. 527 satisfactory specimens of polytene chromosomcs of the salivary gland were observed and analysed. The short arm of the X chromosomc of XL (Fig. 1-6) was furthcr identified. The frequency and the disposition of the short arm obscrved on preparations were discussed. Statistical analysis shows that the short arm of the X chromosome was present in more than 90 percent of the preparations. The disposition of the short arm on preparations can be divided into following patterns: a. XL linked with XR (Fig. 1); b. XL free; c. XL adhering to other arms of thc autosomal chromosomes (2R, 2L, 3R, 3L Fig. 2-6).

OBSERVATION ON ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSAE

1988, 6(2):  121-122. 

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The ultrastructure of Cysticercus cellulosae was obscrved by transmission and scan-ning electron microscopy. The result showed that the rostellum was disc-like- There was a semispherical projection at the middle of basal lamella. Few rostellar hooks were seen on the rostellum. Round nerve papillae were seen in the base of sucker. Clubbed micro-triches and fingershaped microtriches were found abundant on thc head and neck of Cysticercus cellulosae, but few on dorsal part of the body.Flame cells were elliptic, within which nucleus, nucleolus and chromosomes were on one side and a bundle of cilia were on the other, with fibrous membranc enclosing on the distant end. Each cilium had a typical"9+2" composition. Collecting tubes were divided into smaller tubules, which gather together to form plexus. The calcareous bodies appeared as round granules and did not fuse together. The rostellar hooks were seen embedded in the parenchyma tissue of the head region.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION ON THE EFFECTS OF PYQLITON AND ALBENDAZOLE ON THE TEGUMENT OF CLONORCHIS SINENSIS

1988, 6(2):  123-125. 

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The effects of pyquiton and albendazole on Clonorchis sinensis in rats were studicd by means of scanning clcctron microscopc. Pyquiton and albendazole were administered orally at a single dose of 300 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg respectively. Swelling and vacuu- lization of the tegument of worms occured 2hr after pyquiton administeration. 4-24 hr later vacuoles ruptured, and crosion of tegumental tissues appeared. As the alteration progressed, the outer tegumental layer disruptured 36-48 hr later. After albendazole administration, swelling, protrusion formation and erosion were observed on the tegument 24 hr, 36 hr and 48 hr later respectively. The results indicate that both pyquiton and albendazole have destructive cffcct on the tcgument of Clonorchis sinensis.

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE MIRACIDIUM OF PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI

1988, 6(2):  126-127. 

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Under SEM, the surface of the miracidium is densely covered with long and thin cilia. TEM shows that microtubules of the cilium are arranged in a typical form of "9 + 2". A layer of cytoplasmic projections was seen on the surface of the miracidium. Below the surface are matrix, basal plasma membrane and muscular layer consisting of srcular and longitudinal muscles. Therc is a large vesiculated cell containing numerous vesicles, lying beneath the muscle layer. Excretory system includes two flame cells, thcir size being 5.4/μm by 3.0/μm, with tiny cxcrctory tubes, the diameter of the tube cavity being about 0.4μm. The cilium bundle of flame cell is composed of about 39 to 45 cilia structurally similar to those on the surface of the body wall. Germinal cells gathering in groups are mainly distributed in the posterior and middle regions of the body.

OBSERVATION ON TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

1988, 6(2):  128-129. 

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Trichomonas vaginalis obtaincd from infected paticnts were cultivated for 48 hours. The cells revealed by SEM were ovoid or pear-shaped. Four anterior flagella emergcd from the periflagellar canal very close to one another. The posterior flagellum cmerged, independently of the anterior flagella from the dorsal part of the canal. The point of emergence of posterior flagellum was separated from anterior flagella by thc wall of thc periflagcllar canal. The posterior flagellum extended to the posterior end of the cell along the left side of the undulating membrane, which was a wave-like membrancous structure extending outside the body from the cytoplasm and the outer membrane. A comparison of the members of a population rcvcals variability in length of the undulating membrane. In the outer margin of the undulating mcmbrane.no accessory filament was seen. The axostyle of the organism projeeted from the posterior end of the cell.

OBSERVATION ON THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF KETOTIFEN, CYPROHEPTADINE AND PIZOTIFENUM ON PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM IN VITRC

1988, 6(2):  130-133. 

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We have reported that ketotifen, cyproheptadinee and pizotifenum could cure mice infected with Plasmodium yoelii, and kctotifen and cyproheptadine could cure monkeys infected with Plasmodium cynomolgi. This paper presems the inhibitory effect of the above-mentioncd thrce drugs in vitro on the development of Plasmodium falciparum. 5 × 10-5M ketotifen, 1 × 10-4 M cyproheptadin and pizotifenum inhibited the trophozoites from developing into schizonts, which became degencrated 30 hours after drug exposure.