Table of Content

31 August 1988, Volume 6 Issue 3

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STUDIES ON THE INDIRECT FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TEST FOR DIAGNOSIS AND SURVEILLANCE OF HUMAN FILARIASIS

1988, 6(3):  161-165. 

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This paper reports the results of indirect fluorescent antibody test(IFA) with frozen sections of adult Brugia malayi as antigen for detecting antibody in human filariasis.Sera and ear-lobe blood were collected from 125 cases with bancroftian microfilaremia. The positive rate of IFA was 99.2% for serum and 96.8% for PBS eluates of dry blood, and the GMRT for the two groups was 31.14 and 33.08 respectively, showing no statistically significam difference in either positive rate or antibody titre.Observation on cross reaction in 289 cases of various parasitoses comprising nematode and trematode infections as well as malaria revealed positive rates of 0-7.1%. In view of the fact that GMRT of all the 62 bancroftian filariasis cases dropped significantly 6 monThs after diethylcarbamazine (DEC) therapy, and that both IFA positive rates and antibody titres were extremely low in historical bancroftian and malayan microfilaremia cases who had been cured by DEC 9-10 years ago, it is reasonable ta consider that IFA can be used to evaluate therapeutic effect of antifilarial drugs and as an useful technique in epidemiological surveillance of filariasis.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION ON THE INCUBATION PERIOD AND RELAPSE PATTERN OF PLASMODIUM VIVAX IN GUANGXI

1988, 6(3):  166-168. 

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39 healthy volunteers were experimentally inoculated with Plasmodium vivax from Guangxi by mosquito bite, and 32 of them were successfully infected. 25 of the infected volunteers (78.1%) had a short incubation period (mean: 16.4 days) prior to the onset of malaria attack, while seven individuals had long-term incubation period of 238 to 314 days (mean: 274.7±29.3 days). Relapses occurred in all cases with short-term incubation period after a long latency without exception; most of them had l to 2 relapses, some, 3 relapses. Among the seven cases with long incubation period, only one relapse occurred in five, and the remaining two had no relapse at all. It was shown that although Guangxi was situated in subtropical zone, Plasmodium vivax there was characteristie of the temperate zone type. A comparison of Plasmodium vivax from Guangxi with those from south Yunnan and Henan suggested that they differ in the composition of sporozoite subpopulations classified arbitrarily according to the duration of development of bradysporozoites in hepatic cells.

PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION ON CERGARIAL DERMATITIS IN ALI AREA OF XIZANG AUTONOMOUS REGION, CHINA

1988, 6(3):  169-170. 

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This report describes the discovery of cercarial dermatitis in AU Area, Xizang AU-tonomous Region. It is the first record in a locality more than 4 000m above sea level, The cercaria is temporarily identif ied as Trichobilharzia sp. which is closcly related to T paoi by measurement and general structure. The intermediate host is a fresh water snail, Radix cucunouica. Experimental infection to two human volunteers caused typical lesion of skin. The foci of cercarial dermatitis in Ali Area and nearby countrysides are discussed (Plates 1-3).

SEROEPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF HUMAN CYSTICERCOSIS IN THE NEHE COUNTY OF HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE

1988, 6(3):  171-173. 

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In May 1986, seroepidemiological survey of human cysticercosis by means of indirect hemagglutination (IHA) with blood on filter paper was performed in, Nehe County of Heilongjiang Province. In 6 villages of the county, the total. number of residents examined was 9 832, and IHA-positivity was recorded in 83 cases, the positive rate being 0.8%. Of 5047 males and 4785 females examined, 39 and 44 showed positive with positive rates of 0.7% and 0.9% respectively. No significant difference was found in the positive rates among residents of different ages and professions.The survey showed that there was a high eorrelation between the prevalence of human cysticercosis and that of pig cysticercosis (P0.05).

STUDY ON CIRCUMOVAL PRECIPITIN TEST USING DRY EGG ANTIGEN SMEAR ON PVC MEMBRANE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA

1988, 6(3):  174-177. 

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This article compares the routine methods used in circumoval precipitin testa with PVC-COP using PVC membrane slide coated with egg antigen.By applying the above method to 82 parasitologically confirmed cases, we found that 80 of them showed positive reaction which means a positive rate of 97.6%. When applied to 361 healthy persons, the false positive rate was found to be 1.79%. By com-paring routine COP method with PVC-COP on 694 sera from different endemic areas, no statistical difference was found between the positive rate and the average circumoval precipitin rate (P0.05).On the whole PVC-COP is sensitive, specific and takes less time, material and labor, the slides can be easily carried or mailed, thus proved to be practical in field and epidemiological surveys.

ROLE OF MICROSCOPY STATIONS FOR MALARIA IN MALARIA CONTROL IN JIANGSU PROVINCE

1988, 6(3):  178-181. 

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Since 1973, there was a rapid progress in the establishment of microscopy stations for malaria at grass-root levels and blood examinations of patients with fever bave been widely made in Jiangsu Province. Up to 1986, stations have been set up in l 671 town-ships (73.3% of the whole province), covering 46.1 million population (74.5% of the province). Examination of blood smears from patients with fever have been carried out and the annual number of examinations reached 3.91 million which accounted for 6.3% of the total population of the province. 64.9% of the total malaria cases reported in the whole province were detected by the microscopy stations which, undoubtedly, play an important role in monitoring malaria control in the province.

IN VITRO CULTIVATION OF ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE FROM 14TH DAY JUVENILES TO EGG-LAYING ADULTS

1988, 6(3):  182-185. 

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A total of 106 juveniles of A. duodenale about 2mm long with undeveloped genital organs secured on the 14th day from intestine of experimentally infected puppies were cultured in dog serum and 50% dog serum + 50 % RPMI 1640 medium. 90% of juveniles survived well and many of them grew to sexual maturity. The earliest oviposition stage observed was at the 24th day after cultivation in vitro. The maximum number of eggs laid per day amounted to 7 000. The longest duration of the worm survival was 154 days, reaching 8-9mm in length. Two pairs of worms matured in the culture plate copulated. Fertilized eggs were oviposited after copulation, and a great number of infective larvae were obtained. 436 adult A. duodenale were recovered from puppies artificially reinfected with these infective larvae (Plates 1-4).

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM MESSENGER RIBONUCLEIC ACID

1988, 6(3):  186-188. 

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Intact mRNA was isolated from adult worms of S. japonicum by guanidine hydro-chloride/CsCl -procedure and Oligo(dT) cellulose chromatography. Translation of the mRNA in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate gave positive incorporation of 35S-methionine into synthe-sized proteins. The translation products from schistosome mRNA are precipitable with serum from infected rabbits, showing that serum could recognize the protein determinante by counter electrophoresis radioautography. The experiments described here open the way to clone the antigen genes of 5. japonicum.

CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY ON CORRELATION BETWEEN ADVANCED SCHISTOSOMIASIS AND HEPATITIS B

1988, 6(3):  189-191. 

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The pathological features of liver biopsy and HBV markers (ihcluding serum HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs and Orcein stain of HBsAg) were studied in 100 clinically diagnosed advanced schistosomiasis cases and correlative analysis was made with clinical data.The results showed that out of 100 cases twelve cases were pathologically diagnosed as simple schistosomiasis, 53 cases as schistosomiasis accompanied with chronic hepatitis B, and 35 as simple chronic hepatitis B.Histological Identification of the 53 cases of schistosomiasis accompanied with chronic hepatitis was classified as light hepatitis in 15, chronic prolonged hepatitis in 14, chronic active hepatitis in 5, and chronic active hepatitis with post-hepatic cirxhosis in 19 (35.8%). indicating that the liver damage in majority of clinically diagnosed schistosomiasis was due to HBV. A positive rate of HBV markers as high as 67.1% in serum and 38% of positive Orcein stain of HBsAg in liver biopsy are supportive to this argument.The possible relationship of HBV infection in advanced schistosomiasis patients to blood transfusion and the possible immune suppression mechanism are discussed.

PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF HEART IN SCHISTOSOMIASIS RABBITS

1988, 6(3):  192-194. 

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Glomerulonephritis and rheumatic heart disease are usually inferred as immune complex disease caused by infections, but the pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease is still not clear. In this experiment, we infected 38 rabbits with cercariae of S. japonicum and de-monstrated the histopathological changes of endocarditis, myocarditis and perivasculitis in the heart tissues of 33(86.8%) infected rabbits. Thrombosis was also found in heare vessels, but adult schistosomes or eggs were not found in the heart tissues. Direct and ndirect immune enzyme staining studies showed the presence of schistosome-specific antigenst and host antibodies in the heart tissues, suggesting that the histopathological changes in ithe infected rabbit hearts were resulted from the deposition of immune complexes and th secondary events pf host autoimmune reactions. In this paper, correlative clinical cases were reviewed and the possibility of heart disease in human schistosomiasis caused by immune mechanism was discussed. We hope that the above findings might broaden our understanding of the pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease, myocardiopathy and cardio-vascular diseases (Plates 1-3).

COMPARISON OF PROTEIN VARIATION BETWEEN ANOPHELES SINENSIS FROM WUXI AND ZHENGZHOU

1988, 6(3):  195-198. 

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A comparison of protein variation was made for the first time between Anopheles sinensis from Wuxi and Zhengzhou by two dimentional slab gel electrophoresis followed by sensitive silver staining method. A total of 142-144 proteins were detected, among Which, 35 were found to be variable. Two of the proteins showed only quantitative di-fference, whereas the rest 33 differed in both their molecular weights and isoelectric points. The variant proteins have been numbered. 16 of the 142 proteins in An. sinensis from Wuxi are variants (i.e. 11.3%), as compared to 19 of the 144 proteins in An. sinensis from Zhengzhou (i.e. 13.2%), the occurrence of variant proteins being 12.2% in total.

TOXICITY OF TRIBENDIMIDIN, A NEW ANTI-HOOKWORM DRUG

1988, 6(3):  199-201. 

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The acute oral LD50 of tribendimidin in normal mice and rats were 950±207mg/kg and 2 001 ± 79mg/kg, respectively. Its LD50 by peritoneal injection in mice was 277 ± 27mg/kg. The ED50 of the drug in rats infected with Nippostrongylus braziliensis, as estimated in previous studies was 5.1mg/kg. The therapeutic index and safety index were 394 and 48mg/kg respectively.When rats and dogs were orally administered with tribendimidin at the dosage of 125-750 and 30-120mg/kg/d, respectively for 14 days, no change in the liver and renal functions and blood or urine routine examinations was observed. The histopathological lesions in liver, stomach, small intestinal and kidney were mild and reversible. Salivation, vomiting and intermittent convulsion and even death due to respiratory failure, were found in dogs receiving 5-20 times the recommended clinical oral dosage of tribendimidin.

CHANGE IN LIVER COLLAGEN METABOLISM AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE DURING FIBROSIS FORMATION OF LIVER IN RABBITS WITH SCHISTOSOMIASIS

1988, 6(3):  202-204. 

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Rabbits were infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae and the collagen content, collagenase activities in the liver and monoamine oxidase(MAO), α2-M in serum were examined post-infection. The results showed that 8 weeks post-infection (pi), the liver collagen content in infected rabbits was 23.14±5.23 (normal control value: 10.56±1.73 mg/g wet weight), and was 32.89±7.04 11 weeks p.i, 27.29±8.86 18 weeks p.i, but 28.34±11.95mg/g wet weight 14 weeks after pyquiton treatment. Collagenase activities were 32.99±7.34 (compared with normal group, P〈0.05), 16.88 ± 5.99, 11.13±3.35 (P〈0.05) and 14.30±5.41u, respectively. Serum MAO increased from the 4th week on but tended to return to normal after pyquiton treatment. A negative relationship was noticed between collagenese activities and collagen content (P〈0.01). It was suggested that the abnormal collagen metabolism was related to immunological reaction caused by granuloma formed by schistosome eggs and the increase in collagenase activities is an important factor in the catabolism of liver collagen.

OBSERVATION ON INDIRECT HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST WITH ADULT ONCHOCERCA ARMILLATA ANTIGEN IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF FILARIASIS

1988, 6(3):  205-207. 

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The efficacy of indirect hemagglutination test using sheep erythrocytes sensitized with crude antigen of adult worms of Onchocerca armillata or Brugia malayi was compared for diagnosis of filariasis in 84 brugian microfilaremia positive patients. It was shown tbat 90.5%(76/84) was positive to antigen of O, armillata, while 92.996(78/84) was positive to antigen of B. malayi, there being no difference of statistical significance (X2 = 0.312, P0.05). In the control test against tne sera of normal persons, the false positive rate of the two antigens was both 7.7%(4/52).It is suggested that O. armillata adult worm may be used as a heteroantigen for diagnosis of filariasis.

CHANGES IN THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE REACTIVE OXYGEN BY PHAGOCYTES FROM MICE INFECTED OR IMMUNIZED WITH PLASMODIUM BERGHEI.

1988, 6(3):  208-211. 

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The capacity of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) obtained from mice infected or immunized with Plasmodium berghei to produoe reactive oxygen species and its related biological basis was investigated, using luminol-dependent zymosan-triggered chemiluminescence (CL). CL response of PEC from infected mice increased at the early stage but was significantly dcpressed at the later course of the infection. A similar biphasic activity of peroxidase was observed in PEC from infected mice. On the other nand, PEC from immunized mice exhibited concomitant increases of the ability to produce CL, the activity of peroxidase and the expression of Fc and C3 receptors on cell surface. Compared with the controls, PEC from immunized mice showed an elevated CL background, responded more rapidly to the stimulation and generated considerably higher CL when triggered with opsonized zymosan. The data suggest that phagocytes in immunized mice are aotive in the production of reactive oxygen species while those in the infected ones are less active, and the inhibition of the ability of phagocytes to produce reactive oxygen species may be one of the me-chanisms for the parasites to escape the host immune system.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON APPLICABILITY OF LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST IN SCHISTOSOMIASIS-ERADICATED AREA

1988, 6(3):  212-213. 

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The positive rate of latex agglutination test(LA) was 7.3% in 947 residents in an area where schistosomiasis japonica has been eradicated and that was similar to the cross reaction rate of the test. The GMRT of LA was as low as that of COP. In lower age group (15 years) the positive rate and GMRT of LA were also comparabk to those of COP which has been recommended for assessment of schistosomiasis control projects. The results suggested that the transmission had been interrupted in this area. LA was simple, rapid, easy to perform and suitable for field use. It could be used for seroepidemiological survey and supplementary diagnosis in formerly endemic areas of schistosomiasis japonica after successful control.

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECTS OF PYQUITON ON PAGUMOGONIMUS SKRJABINI IN DOGS

1988, 6(3):  214-216. 

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Transmission. electron microscopical observations on the effects of pyquiton on po-gumogonimus skrjabini in dogs were carried out. 24 hours after oral administration of single dose of 120mg/kg pyquiton to dogs infected with Pagumogonimus skrjabini, the tegumental cytoplasmic projections swelled, the mitochondria in the ground substance; were concentrated, the secretory bodies decreased, the nucleolus and chromatin in the tegumental cells and the musculature were dissolved and the muscular microfilaments were disordered. Simultaneously, the nucleus and nucleolus of the gut epithelia were swollen, the chromatin concentrated, the secretory body disappeared and the microvilli on the surface of digestive tract adhered together and ruptured. Finally, the mechanism of pyquiton in killing Paragonimus was discussed on the basis of the findings in this study (Plates 1-8).