Detection of Plasmodium among international students studied in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province from 2024 to 2025

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2026.03.021

Abstract

Abstract:

Whole blood samples were collected from international students studied in China for the first time from malaria-hyperendemic regions who underwent health examinations at the Hangzhou International Travel Healthcare Center in summer and autumn during the period from 2024 to 2025, and were tested for Plasmodium using a Plasmodium antigen colloidal gold assay, blood smear microscopy, and fluorescent quantitative PCR assay (qPCR). Basic demographics and epidemiological history were collected from students tested positive for Plasmodium. A total of 530 international students from 20 countries were tested, and Plasmodium antigen colloidal gold assay tested 22 positives, with a positive rate of 4.2% (22/530), including 16 positives from Nigeria, 2 from Tanzania, 2 from Guinea, one from Democratic Republic of Congo, and one from the Republic of Congo. Among the 22 positive cases, 11 cases were positive for P. falciparum detected by qPCR, and 1 case was positive by blood smear microscopy. Epidemiological surveys revealed that all positive individuals were afebrile and asymptomatic during healthy examinations. One microscopically positive case was hospitalized for treatment, and one case was hospitalized for treatment due to fever following healthy examinations. These data indicate asymptomatic cases among international students studied in China from malaria-endemic regions. Enhanced malaria surveillance and health education is required among international students studied in China to facilitate early detection and treatment, so as to reduce the risk of overseas importation of malaria.

Key words: Plasmodium, International students in China, Detection, Asymptomatic case

CLC Number:

R531.3

LV Qinfeng, CHEN Minghuan, LIAO Jing, LIAO Yingting, ZHANG Jing, CHEN Shudan, LOU Jiayi, HE Lei, LUO Peng. Detection of Plasmodium among international students studied in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province from 2024 to 2025[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES, 2026, 44(3): 454-456.

Figures/Tables 1

References 15

[1]	李振伟, 杜宛毓, 王文静, 等. 中国内地2010—2017年疟疾流行趋势及时空分布特征分析[J]. 中国公共卫生, 2022, 38(9): 1203-1208.
	Li ZW, Du WY, Wang WJ, et al. Trend and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of malaria in mainland China-2010 to 2017: an analysis on national registration data[J]. Chin J Public Health, 2022, 38(9): 1203-1208. (in Chinese)
[2]	丰俊, 张丽, 夏志贵, 等. 中国消除疟疾: 重要里程碑意义及消除后的挑战[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2021, 39(4): 421-428.
	Feng J, Zhang L, Xia ZG, et al. Malaria elimination in China: an eminent milestone in the anti-malaria campaign and challenges in the post-elimination stage[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2021, 39(4): 421-428. (in Chinese)
[3]	张丽, 易博禹, 尹建海, 等. 2022年全国疟疾疫情特征分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2023, 41(2): 137-141.
	Zhang L, Yi BY, Yin JH, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of malaria in China, 2022[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2023, 41(2): 137-141. (in Chinese)
[4]	张丽, 夏志贵. 2023年全国疟疾疫情特征分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2024, 42(2): 135-139.
	Zhang L, Xia ZG. Epidemiological characteristics of malaria in China, 2023[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2024, 42(2): 135-139. (in Chinese)
[5]	张丽, 夏志贵, 李石柱. 2024年全国疟疾疫情特征分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2025, 43(2): 162-166.
	Zhang L, Xia ZG, Li SZ. Epidemiological characteristics of malaria in China, 2024[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2025, 43(2): 162-166. (in Chinese)
[6]	张丽, 夏志贵, 李石柱. 2025年全国疟疾流行病学特征分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2026, 44(2): 153-157.
	Zhang L, Xia ZG, Li SZ. Epidemiological characteristics of malaria in China, 2025[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2026, 44(2): 153-157. (in Chinese)
[7]	朱国鼎, 曹俊. 全球消除疟疾进展及面临的挑战[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2019, 31(1): 19-22, 52.
	Zhu GD, Cao J. Progress and challenges of global malaria elimination[J]. Chin J Schisto Control, 2019, 31(1): 19-22, 52. (in Chinese)
[8]	朱素娟, 金行一, 徐卫民, 等. 杭州市消除疟疾后传疟媒介按蚊种群及密度监测结果分析[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2021, 32(5): 546-550.
	Zhu SJ, Jin XY, Xu WM, et al. An analysis of the population density of Anopheles sinensis as malaria vector after elimination of malaria in Hangzhou, China[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control, 2021, 32(5): 546-550. (in Chinese)
[9]	郭传坤. 我国嗜人按蚊研究进展[J]. 中国热带医学, 2005, 5(2): 396-398, 384.
	Guo CK. Advance in the research of Anopheles anthropophagus in China[J]. China Trop Med, 2005, 5(2): 396-398, 384. (in Chinese)
[10]	尚乐园, 陈建设, 李东方, 等. 河南省嗜人按蚊分布、重要生态习性与传疟作用的调查研究[J]. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2007, 2(4): 304-306.
	Shang LY, Chen JS, Li DF, et al. Study on distribution, ecological feature and malaria transmission effect of Anopheles anthropophagus in Henan Province, China[J]. J Pathog Biol, 2007, 2(4): 304-306. (in Chinese)
[11]	张轩, 王笑笑, 陈华良, 等. 2020—2024年浙江省输入性疟疾流行特征分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2025, 43(4): 533-539.
	Zhang X, Wang XX, Chen HL, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Zhejiang Province from 2020 to 2024[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2025, 43(4): 533-539. (in Chinese)
[12]	朱素娟, 金行一, 霍亮亮, 等. 2004—2021年杭州市疟疾流行特征分析[J]. 预防医学, 2022, 34(10): 1026-1030, 1037.
	Zhu SJ, Jin XY, Huo LL, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Hangzhou City from 2004 to 2021[J]. J Prev Med, 2022, 34(10): 1026-1030, 1037. (in Chinese)
[13]	王淑琪, 姜静静, 吕晓凤, 等. 安徽省不同地区中华按蚊种群的遗传特征分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2025, 43(4): 511-517.
	Wang SQ, Jiang JJ, Lv XF, et al. Genetic structure characteristics of Anopheles sinensis populations in different regions of Anhui Province[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2025, 43(4): 511-517. (in Chinese)
[14]	World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2023[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2024.
[15]	王新宇, 张文宏. 中国消除疟疾流行后如何加强临床医生疟疾的诊治能力[J]. 临床内科杂志, 2022, 39(4): 217-218.
	Wang XY, Zhang WH. How to strengthen the clinicia’s ability to diagnose and treat malaria after eliminating malaria epidemic in China[J]. J Clin Intern Med, 2022, 39(4): 217-218. (in Chinese)

国籍	疟原虫抗原胶体金法			qPCR法阳性数	血涂片镜检法阳性数
国籍	检测人数	阳性数	阳性率/%	qPCR法阳性数	血涂片镜检法阳性数
尼日利亚	232	16	6.9	10	1
坦桑尼亚	79	2	2.5	0	0
刚果民主共和国	38	1	2.6	0	0
刚果共和国	12	1	1/12	1	0
埃塞俄比亚	36	0	0	0	0
安哥拉	5	0	0	0	0
巴基斯坦	32	0	0	0	0
赤道几内亚	1	0	0	0	0
几内亚	39	2	5.1	0	0
加纳	2	0	0	0	0
肯尼亚	1	0	0	0	0
卢旺达	5	0	0	0	0
马来西亚	20	0	0	0	0
马里	1	0	0	0	0
莫桑比克	16	0	0	0	0
苏丹	2	0	0	0	0
乌干达	1	0	0	0	0
印度尼西亚	5	0	0	0	0
赞比亚	1	0	0	0	0
乍得	2	0	0	0	0
合计	530	22	4.2	11	1