Progress of echinococcosis control in China, 2021

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2023.02.003

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to understand the work progress in nationwide control of echinococcosis, data related to echinococcosis prevention and control in 2021 were collected and analyzed. As of the end of 2021, echinococcosis was found endemic in 370 counties (city, district, banner) covering 30 421 endemic villages in China. There were 47 584 117 permanent residents living in endemic townships. In 2021, 26 773 echinococcosis cases were documented in endemic counties (cities, districts, banners), with an average prevalence 0.06% (26 773/47 584 117), among them, 16 625 cases were of cystic, and 8 327 cases alveolar echinococcosis, 311 cases mixed infection, 1 510 cases unclassified. A total of 1 346 cases were newly diagnosed in 2021, including 1 075 cases of cystic echinococcosis, 86 cases of alveolar echinococcosis, 7 cases of mixed infection, and 178 cases of unclassified. In 2021, population screening by abdominal ultrasound scanning was performed in all endemic provinces (autonomous regions) for 4.471 7 million person/times, of them, 0.871 5 million person/examinations were for people under age of 12, 3.600 2 million person/times for permanent residents aged ≥ 12; serological examination was carried out for 11 358 person/times. Recorded from 370 surveillance sites in 2021, positive rate of ultrasound detection in people under age of 12 was 0.02% (72/336 959), of which 58.33% (42/72) were newly diagnosed. The positive rate of ultrasound imaging in permanent residents aged ≥ 12 was 0.26% (922/355 006) in type Ⅰ, Ⅱ endemic counties (city, district, banner), and the newly diagnosed patients accounted for 10.52% (97/922) of the detected patients. In 2021, 19 552 people received drug treatment, 14 440 people received liver and kidney function tests or treatment of adverse reactions. A total of 1 792 patients received surgical treatment, among them cystic echinococcosis accounted for 71.15% (1 275/1 792) and alveolar echinococcosis accounted for 23.66% (424/1 792). In 2021, the follow-up results showed that 3 063 cases were cured, 22 660 cases responded to the treatment, 2 356 cases failed in the treatment, 359 cases died (the cause of death was not echinococcosis), 285 cases were excluded, 301 cases were lost in follow-up, 312 cases had not completed the follow-up, and 146 cases migrated to other places. In 2021, there were 2 626 679 dogs in endemic townships (towns) nationwide, of which 2 389 828 were registered and documented. In 35 019 villages, deworming was conducted for dogs, with 25 844 226 deworming for domestic dogs and 131 315 deworming drug sites were distributed for wild canines. A total of 555 688 fecal samples from domestic dogs were collected and tested, of which 2 614 were found Echinococcus coproantigen positive, with a positive rate of 0.47% (2 614/555 688). Of wild canidae, 54 266 field fecal samples were collected and tested, among which, 422 were found Echinococcus coproantigent positive, with a positive rate of 0.78%. A total of 222 844 slaughtered livestock were randomly examined, among which 1 408 were positive, with a positive rate of 0.63% (1 408/222 844); and 56 124 field rodents were examined, of which 599 were found positive, with a positive rate of 1.07% (599/56 124). The epidemic state of echinococcosis has been basically controlled, but there are still many difficulties and challenges in the control and prevention. It is noted that there may be flaws in the control of the source of infection in some endemic areas, and it is likely that there might exist transmission chain in wild environment. It is imperative to continuously advance the comprehensive intervention areas as gripper to explore and optimize the control strategy, enhance the capacity of primary disease control institutions for control of echinococcosis, carry out pilot trial for controlling echinococcosis transmission in wild field, strengthen the surveillance-early warning system to further curb the epidemic of echinococcosis.

Key words: Echinococcosis, Cystic echinococcosis, Alveolar echinococcosis, Epidemiology, China

CLC Number:

R532.32

KUI Yan, XUE Chuizhao, WANG Xu, LIU Baixue, WANG Ying, WANG Liying, YANG Shijie, HAN Shuai, WU Weiping, XIAO Ning. Progress of echinococcosis control in China, 2021[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES, 2023, 41(2): 142-148.

Figures/Tables 5

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References 16

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省（自治区） Province（Autonomous Region）		流行县（市、区、旗）数 No. endemic county (citiy, district, banner)		常住人口数 No. resident			患病人数/例 No. patient/case
省（自治区） Province（Autonomous Region）		流行县（市、区、旗）数 No. endemic county (citiy, district, banner)		常住人口数 No. resident			细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis			多房棘球蚴病 Alveolar echinococcosis		混合感染 Mixed infection		未分型 Unclassified		合计 Total
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia		26		1 565 605			57			0		0		0		57
四川 Sichuan		35		1 827 119			5 298			5 446		82		32		10 858
云南 Yunnan		24		2 305 706			80			0		0		1		81
西藏 Tibet		74		3 159 263			4 887			253		155		724		6 019
陕西 Shaanxi		2		365 874			0			0		0		19		19
甘肃 Gansu		57		12 580 729			1 273			45		1		2		1 321
青海 Qinghai		39		4 813 070			2 978			2 422		61		677		6 138
宁夏 Ningxia		19		3 189 908			924			106		7		0		1 037
新疆（含兵团） Xinjiang (include XPPC)		94		17 776 843			1 128			55		5		55		1 243
合计 Total		370		47 584 117			16 625			8 327		311		1 510		26 773
省（自治区） Province（Autonomous Region）	新发现患病例数 No. newly diagnosed case
	< 12岁 Age < 12								≥ 12岁 Age ≥ 12
	细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis		多房棘球蚴病 Alveolar echinococcosis		混合感染 Mixed infection	未分型 Unclassifiedd		合计 Total	细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis		多房棘球蚴病 Alveolar echinococcosis		混合感染 Mixed infection		未分型 Unclassified		合计 Total
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	0		0		0	0		0	9		0		0		0		9
四川 Sichuan	0		0		0	0		0	27		23		1		11		62
云南 Yunnan	0		0		0	0		0	16		0		0		0		16
西藏 Tibet	25		1		0	1		27	103		1		2		117		223
陕西 Shaanxi	0		0		0	0		0	0		0		0		3		3
甘肃 Gansu	0		0		0	0		0	131		4		0		3		138
青海 Qinghai	3		3		0	1		7	92		37		0		11		140
宁夏 Ningxia	0		0		0	0		0	50		3		0		0		53
新疆（含兵团） Xinjiang (include XPPC)	106		0		0	7		113	513		14		4		24		555
合计 Total	134		4		0	9		147	941		82		7		169		1 199

省（自治区） Province（Autonomous Region）	< 12岁 Age < 12					≥ 12岁 Age ≥ 12
	总筛查人次 Total no. screened	监测点 Surveillance site				总筛查人次 Total no. screened	Ⅰ、Ⅱ类流行县监测点 Surveillance site in type Ⅰ and Ⅱ county
	总筛查人次 Total no. screened	筛查人次 No. screened	患者例数 No. patient	新发现患者例数 No. newly diagnosed patient	检出率/% Prevalence/%	总筛查人次 Total no. screened	筛查人次 No. screened	患者例数 No. patient	新发现患者例数 No. newly diagnosed patient	检出率/% Prevalence/%
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	55 274	28 448	0	0	0	182 533	22 729	4	3	0.02
四川 Sichuan	87 735	27 221	2	0	0.01	337 058	33 104	208	1	0.63
云南 Yunnan	75 426	37 733	0	0	0	269 276	8 726	2	2	0.02
西藏 Tibet	106 008	41 551	38	22	0.09	382 008	96 765	533	77	0.55
陕西 Shaanxi	4 444	1 037	0	0	0	96 978	2 013	0	0	0
甘肃 Gansu	137 376	47 019	0	0	0	674 217	45 363	7	1	0.02
青海 Qinghai	87 812	20 227	13	2	0.06	223 551	42 386	135	4	0.32
宁夏 Ningxia	54 664	25 303	0	0	0	240 175	18 640	17	4	0.09
新疆（含兵团） Xinjiang (include XPPC)	262 788	108 420	19	18	0.02	1 194 363	85 280	16	5	0.02
合计 Total	871 527	336 959	72	42	0.02	3 600 159	355 006	922	97	0.26

省（自治区） Province（Autonomous Region）	药物治疗/例 Drug treatment/case								手术治疗/例 Surgical treatment/case
省（自治区） Province（Autonomous Region）	细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病 Alveolar echinococcosis		混合感染 Mixed infection		未分型 Unclassified		合计 Total	细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis			多房棘球蚴病 Alveolar echinococcosis			混合感染 Mixed infection	未分型 Unclassified		合计 Total
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	28	0		0		0		28	7			0			0	0		7
四川 Sichuan	4 454	5 255		39		18		9 766	92			232			1	11		336
云南 Yunnan	66	0		0		0		66	6			0			0	0		6
西藏 Tibet	2 956	177		112		589		3 834	185			14			0	4		203
陕西 Shaanxi	0	0		0		0		0	1			0			0	1		2
甘肃 Gansu	905	41		1		2		949	93			1			0	2		96
青海 Qinghai	1 408	1 235		31		288		2 962	225			157			1	28		411
宁夏 Ningxia	693	85		3		0		781	65			5			0	0		70
新疆（含兵团） Xinjiang (include XPPC)	1 066	48		4		48		1 166	601			15			3	42		661
合计 Total	11 576	6 841		190		945		19 552	1 275			424			5	88		1 792
省（自治区） Province（Autonomous Region）			随访情况/例 Follow-up of patient/case
省（自治区） Province（Autonomous Region）			治愈 Cured		有效 Effective treatment		无效 Ineffective treatment			死亡 Died	排除 Excluded		失访 Loss to follow-up	未访 Unvisited			外迁 Moved out
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia			3		49		5			0	0		1	0			0
四川 Sichuan			316		9 991		658			44	126		5	209			4
云南 Yunnan			26		38		12			2	0		1	1			1
西藏 Tibet			551		4 446		730			97	93		5	88			59
陕西 Shaanxi			0		2		19			1	0		1	0			1
甘肃 Gansu			89		1 089		181			37	57		44	5			13
青海 Qinghai			1 603		5 249		661			156	0		192	0			37
宁夏 Ningxia			90		899		79			19	0		31	0			28
新疆（含兵团）Xinjiang (include XPPC)			385		897		11			3	9		21	9			3
合计 Total			3 063		22 660		2 356			359	285		301	312			146

省（自治区） Province（Autonomous Region）	犬管理 Dog management		驱虫 Deworming treatment			粪样检测数 No. fecal sample tested
省（自治区） Province（Autonomous Region）	犬总数 Total no. dog	登记管理犬数 No. dog under management	驱虫村数 No. village deworming	驱虫次数 No. deworming	野外犬科动物驱虫投药份数 No. deworming treatment for wild canines	家犬 Domestic dog	阳性数 No. positive	阳性检出率/% Positive rate/%	野外犬科 Wild canine	阳性数 No. positive	阳性检出率/% Positive rate/%
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	339 569	336 675	1704	3 202 790	8 017	32 283	80	0.25	400	0	0
四川 Sichuan	183 550	183 035	3 828	2 184 372	12 490	37 758	202	0.53	6 014	74	1.23
云南 Yunnan	145 900	17 736	190	87 120	438	5 904	124	2.10	1 062	22	2.07
西藏 Tibet	160 776	154 383	5 364	1 813 084	32 949	41 164	389	0.95	3 603	42	1.17
陕西 Shaanxi	11 471	10 008	205	77 536	0	1 134	0	0	10	0	0
甘肃 Gansu	780 389	690 082	7 204	7 743 629	36 629	156 515	935	0.6	17 092	95	0.56
青海 Qinghai	346 547	345 422	4 039	3 858 174	27 425	87 034	354	0.41	13 672	105	0.77
宁夏 Ningxia	262 763	261 378	2 114	2 679 401	3 683	25 145	114	0.45	2 552	64	2.51
新疆（含兵团） Xinjiang (include XPPC)	395 714	391 109	10 371	4 198 120	9 684	168 751	416	0.25	9 861	20	0.20
合计 Total	2 626 679	2 389 828	35 019	25 844 226	131 315	555 688	2 614	0.47	54 266	422	0.78

省（自治区） Province（Autonomous Region）	屠宰家畜 Livestock			野外啮齿类动物^aWild rodent^a
省（自治区） Province（Autonomous Region）	检查数 No. exam’d	阳性数 No. positive	阳性率/% Positive rate/%	检查数 No. exam’d	阳性数 No. positive	阳性率/% Positive rate/%
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	13 623	23	0.17	0	0	0
四川 Sichuan	9 148	82	0.90	12 684	442	3.48
云南 Yunnan	5 136	4	0.08	0	0	0
西藏 Tibet	99 567	379	0.38	15 376	0	0
陕西 Shaanxi	1 011	26	2.57	0	0	0
甘肃 Gansu	29 170	209	0.72	4 147	9	0.22
青海 Qinghai	10 265	40	0.39	7 386	38	0.51
宁夏 Ningxia	16 526	82	0.50	1 519	0	0
新疆（含兵团）Xinjiang (include XPPC)	38 398	563	1.47	15 012	110	0.73
合计 Total	222 844	1 408	0.63	56 124	599	1.07