Table of Content

30 April 2016, Volume 34 Issue 2

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Identification of Taenia solium Insulin Receptor TsIR-1316 and Expression of Its Ligand Binding Domain

WEI Yan-ling1，GUO Ai-jiang1,2，ZHANG Shao-hua1，LIU Guang-xue1，HOU Jun-ling1，LUO Xue-nong1,2 *

2016, 34(2):  1-93-98. 

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Objective To characterize the structure of insulin receptor of Taenia solium（TsIR-1316） and express its ligand binding domain（LBD）. Methods Primers for TsIR-1316 were designed according to the genomic data of T. solium, and the TsIR-1316 gene was amplified by PCR. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of TsIR-1316 were aligned using BLASTN and BLASTP, and the putative signal peptide and structure domains were predicted. The LBD fragment of TsIR-1316 was cloned into the pET-30a（+） vector and expressed. The expressed proteins were purified, separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed with Western blotting using cysticercus cellulosae-positive serum and TsIR-LBD-immunized rabbit serum. Results The open reading frame of TsIR-1316 was 5 196 bp, encoded a protein of 1 732 amino acids which had a typical conserved domain of tyrosine kinase family, was 84% homologous with Echinococcus multilocularis, and had a“V”-shaped tertiary structure. As expected, SDS-PAGE showed that the expressed protein had a band at Mr 59 000. Western blotting showed that the recombinant protein had specific reactions with cysticercus cellulosae positive serum and TsIR-LBD immunized rabbit serum, resulting in a specific band at Mr 59 000. Conclusion The TsIR-1316 gene was successfully cloned and identified. The expressed protein of TsIR-1316 LBD can be recognized by cysticercus cellulosae positive serum, which suggests a good antigenicity of this protein.

T Follicular Helper Cells and Related Molecules in Schistosoma japonicum Infected Mice after Praziquantel Treatment

ZHANG Yu-mei1,2, WANG Yan-juan1 *, LIU Hua1, JIANG Yan-yan1, XU Yu-xin1,ZHENG Li1,3, HU Yuan1, SHEN Yu-juan1, CAO Jian-ping1

2016, 34(2):  2-99-104. 

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Objective To investigate the pathological changes of liver and spleen of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum and the changes of T follicular helper（Tfh） cells and surface molecules after praziquantel treatment. Methods Fifteen female C57BL/6 mice （6-8 weeks） were randomly assigned into the praziquantel treated infection group （treated group）, infection control group（untreated group） and uninfected group （n=5 in each group）. The mice in the treated group and untreated group were each infected with 20 S. japonicum cercariae through the abdominal skin, and mice in the treated group were further administered with intragastric praziquantel ［200 mg/（kg·d）］ at week 6 post-infection for 3 consecutive days. Mice were sacrificed at week 4 after treatment to observe the morphological changes of liver and spleen and calculate the worm reduction rate and the liver egg reduction rate. The Tfh cell to CD4+ T cell ratio, as well as the expression of inducible T-cell costimulator （ICOS） and programmed cell death protein 1（PD-1） on peripheral blood and spleen, were determined by flow cytometry. Schistosome soluble egg antigen（SEA） specific IgG antibodies in serum were detected by ELISA. Results The pathological changes of liver and spleen in the treated group were less severe compared with those of the untreated group, with a worm reduction rate of 84.1% and liver egg reduction rate of 69.1%. Flow cytometry showed that the percent of Tfh cells in peripheral blood and spleen was significantly higher in the treated group（14.7%-18.0%, 15.6%-25.0%） and the untreated group（13.7%-16.7%, 12.4%-18.2%） than that in the uninfected group（2.5%-6.8%, 4.9%-8.0%）, but there was no significant difference between the treated and untreated groups. The expression of ICOS in the peripheral blood and the spleen was significantly higher in untreated group（1.3%-3.2%, 4.1%-7.0%） than in the treated group（0.7%-1.1%, 1.8%-6.8%） and the uninfected group（0.2%-0.3%, 0.5%-0.8%）（P<0.01）, The expression of ICOS in the spleen was significantly higher in the treated group than in the uninfected group（P<0.01）, while this difference was not found for ICOS expression in the peripheral blood. The PD-1 expression in the peripheral blood and spleen was significantly higher in the untreated group（0.8%-1.9%, 4.1%-10.7%） than in the uninfected group（0.4%-0.8%, 1.2%-1.8%）（P<0.01）, while there was no significant difference between the treated group（0.5%-1.5%, 4.5%-8.9%） and the untreated group（P>0.05）. In addition, there was no significant difference in the level of SEA specific IgG between the treated group（2.015±0.061） and the untreated group（1.969±0.038） at 4 weeks after praziquantel treatment. Conclusion Praziquantel treatment can significantly alleviate the lesions of the liver and the spleen and decrease the ICOS expression by Tfh cells in the peripheral blood and spleen.

Dynamic Changes of Dectin-2 Expression on Dendritic Cells in Mice Infected with Trichinella spiralis

LIU Bo-yu, WANG Cheng, XING Xin, CHEN Hong-liang, JIANG Jing, CAI Ya-nan,WANG Chun-feng, YANG Gui-lian*

2016, 34(2):  3-105-108. 

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Objective To investigate the effect of Trichinella spiralis infection on dectin-2 expression on dendritic cells（DC） in mice. Methods Seventy-two female BABL/c mice were randomized into experimental and control groups（n=36 in each）, and received intragastric administration of 200 muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis and PBS respectively. Six animals were each sacrificed on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after administration. The spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes（MLN） were dissected and single cell suspensions were prepared. The expression of dectin-2 on DC in the spleen and MLN was examined by flow cytometry. In another experiment, bone marrow was obtained from C57BL/6 mice, and was treated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 4 to induce bone marrow-derived dendritic cells（BMDC） in vitro. Then 100 μg/ml T. spiralis excretory/secretory（ES） antigen or the same volume of PBS was added. The expression of dectin-2 was determined by flow cytometry at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. Results The flow cytometry results showed a significant decrease of dectin-2 expression［（7.0±0.7）%］ on spleen DC compared with that of the control group［（15.1±1.6）%］（P<0.01） on day 7, and significant increase of dectin-2 on MLNDC compared with that of the control on days 7, 21 and 28 ［（11.1±3.5）% vs. （6.6±0.4）%, （12.4±1.4）% vs. （4.9±0.4）%, （6.9±1.0）% vs. （4.0±1.4）%］ （P<0.05） after infection. In vitro results showed that dectin-2 expression was （9.4±2.2）%, （6.9±1.8）%, （6.9±0.7）%, （9.1±1.9）%, and（15.9±1.9）% respectively at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after ES stimulation on BMDC. The expression at 6, 12, 24 and 36 h decreased significantly in comparison to that of the PBS group［（21.3±6.3）%］（P<0.01）. Conclusion Trichinella infection can induce changes of dectin-2 expression on DC of mice.

Morphological Characteristics and Molecular Identification of Trichuris sp. from Giraffe

XU Qian-ming*, ZHAO Chang-cheng, FANG Fen, XU Xiao-pei,LIU Wen-ge, Zhang Qin, WANG Gui-jun

2016, 34(2):  4-109-112. 

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Objective To investigate the morphological characteristics of Trichuris sp. from giraffe in Hefei wild zoo and identify its species using molecular techniques. Methods Morphological characteristics of Trichuris collected from giraffe were analyzed. The internal transcribed spacer 1（ITS-1） was amplified by PCR and the PCR product was sequenced. The resulting sequence was homology analysis in GenBank and its heredity evolution tree was constructed by MEGA 4.0 software. Results The male worms had a body length of 35.89-58.56 mm, an esophagus to body length ration of 0.29-0.40, and a spicule length of 1.96-3.89 mm. The thick and thin proportions of body were 7.02-23.45 mm and 28.05-40.05 mm respectively. These data showed different degrees of variation with previous reports. The PCR resulted in a product of 491 bp, comprising part of 18S rRNA and full length ITS-1. Sequence alignment showed that the identified Trichuris was most homologous（98.6%） with T. bos taurus HE608848, T. capreolus JX218218, and T. japanese AB367795, but it was only 46.0% homologous with T. discolor AB367794. In the heredity evolution tree, it was not located on the same branch as T. discolor, T. ovis and T. bos taurus. Conclusions The Trichuris sp. collected from giraffe is different from previous reports in morphology and ITS-1 sequence. Further research is needed to determine if it is a new species.

Morphological and Molecular Identification of Acanthamoeba sp., A New Pathogen for Human Respiratory Tract Infection

QIAO Yan1,2, PENG Heng2, ZHU Huai-min2 *, YAN Ji-zhou1

2016, 34(2):  5-113-117. 

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Objective To identify the species of a morphologically Acanthamoeba-like pathogen in sputum from a patient with repeated cough. Methods Protozoa were isolated from the sputum and cultured for morphological observation of the trophozoites and cysts. DNA was extracted from the cultivated sample, and PCR was performed using primers as follows: 18S universal primers for amoeba family（Ami6F1 and Ami9R） and for amoeba genus（JDP1 and JDP2）, and primers for 18S full-length sequence of S-7 ATCC reference strain of Acanthamoeba griffini （AacGF and AscGR）. The 18S rRNA was sequenced, followed by homology analysis. The maximum likelihood method was used to construct phylogenetic tree. Results Microscopic examination showed that the trophozites had spine and irregular-shape pseudopodia bulge. The cysts were encapsulated by double membrane layer with the inner membrane having star-like processes. As expected, PCR amplification resulted in bands of 830, 479 and 1 957 bp, respectively, which were blasted to be 99%, 99% and 100% homologous to those of A. griffini（U07412.1）. Phylogenetic tree indicated that this acanthamobe in the patient’s sample was 91.4%, 99.6%, 94.5% and 91.8% homologous to keratitis-associated A. castellanii, A. polyphage, A. cullbertsoni and A. rhysodes. Conclusion The parasite in sputum of the patient with respiratory tract infection is Acanthamoeba griffini.

Clinical Analysis of 94 Patients with Neurocysticercosis in Sichuan Province

LIU Ying, HU Tian-yu, ZHONG Ce-jun, LV Xiao-ju*

2016, 34(2):  6-118-122. 

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Objective To analyze the clinical features of neurocysticercosis（NCC） to provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Methods Medical records of NCC patients in the West China Hospital of Sichuan University received between January 2003 and January 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. The epidemiological data, clinical manifestations, therapeutic procedures and outcomes of the patients were analyzed. Results A total of 94 NCC patients met the recruiting criteria, of whom 67.0%（63/94） were male, 59.6%（56/94） ranged 30-55 years old, 73.4%（69/94） had a living history in endemic regions such as Aba, Ganzi and Liangshan prefectures, 80.9%（76/94） lived in rural areas. NCC was clinically characterized by epilepsy, headache and intracranial hypertension. The positive rate for anti-T. solium antibodies by ELISA was 96.8%（91/94）, and the total positive scan rate of neuroimaging including CT and MRI was 95.7%（90/94）. In addition, 73 patients were suspected to have NCC at the first diagnosis, with a misdiagnosis rate of 22.3%（21/94）. Seventy-nine of the patients received albendazole treatment［20 mg/（kg·d）, twice per day for 10 days as one treatment course, 1-3 courses as needed］. Eleven patients received praziquantel（total dose of 120-180 mg/kg, 3 times per day for 3 days as one treatment course, 1-3 courses）, and 4 received a combination of albendazole and praziquantel. Symptoms improved in 77 cases（81.9%）, but 12 of them（12/77, 15.6%） relapsed. The improvement rate of the albendazole group（6/11, 84.8%） was significantly higher than that of the praziquantel group（54.6%）（P<0.05）. Conclusion NCC more commonly occurs in young males and lacks specific clinical manifestations. Neuroimaging combined with serum specific antibody tests is crucial for diagnosis. Albendazole has better therapeutic effects than praziquantel.

The Role of Medical Institutions in the Control of Imported Malaria Since the Initiation of Malaria Elimination Program in Henan Province

YANG Cheng-yun, QIAN Dan, ZHANG Ya-lan, CHEN Wei-qi, LIU Ying,ZHOU Rui-min, LU De-ling, ZHANG Hong-wei*, ZHAO Yu-ling

2016, 34(2):  7-123-127. 

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Objective To retrospectively overview the diagnosis and treatment of malaria during 2010-2014 in Henan Province and understand the role of medical institutions in imported malaria control. Methods Information on malaria epidemic situation as well as its diagnosis and treatment during 2010-2014 in Henan Province was collected from the infectious disease surveillance system and information management system for the prevention and treatment of parasitic disease. Descriptive analysis was performed to determine the role of medical institutions in the reporting, diagnosis and treatment of malaria. Results A total of 821 imported malaria cases were reported during 2010-2014 in Henan Province, among whom 12 died, with a case fatality rate of 1.7%. The 12 deaths were all due to falciparum malaria and from Africa. The number of cases reported by medical institutions and disease control agencies were 432（52.6%） and 389（47.4%）, respectively. Among the 569 imported malaria cases with diagnosis records, 380 were determined to be malaria at first-diagnosis, with a diagnostic accuracy of 66.8%（380/569）. The accuracy of first diagnosis by medical institutions（49.2%, 178/362） was significantly lower than that by disease control agencies（97.6%, 202/207）（χ2=139.147, P<0.01）. The accuracy of first diagnosis by medical institutions at the town-ship level or below, the county level, the city/prefecture level and the provincial level was 14.2%（18/127）, 43.4% （23/53）, 73.6%（67/97） and 76.9%（70/91）, respectively（χ2=112.764, P<0.01）. However, there was no significant difference in the accuracy among disease control agencies of the above levels（χ2=0.380, P＞0.05）. The cases diagnosed by medical institutions and disease control agencies constituted 48.9%（278/569） and 51.1%（291/569）, respectively, with no significant difference（χ2=0.594, P＞0.05）. In addition, the cases diagnosed by medical institutions at the town-ship level or below, the county level, the city/prefecture level and the provincial level constituted 1.2%（7/569）, 3.7%（21/569）, 12.5%（71/569） and 31.5%（179/569）, respectively（χ2=299.143, P<0.01）. Similar results were also obtained for disease control agencies of the above levels（χ2=91.569, P<0.01）. Conclusion There are considerable differneces of the first diagnosis accuracy and the diagnosis rate among medical institutions of different levels. Medical institutions of lower levels, which establish a diagnosis mainly based on microscopic examination, have lower diagnosis rate than the disease control agencies at same levels.

Epidemiological Analysis of Imported Malaria in Xinjiang from 2004 to 2015

Mamatjan UMAR1,2, Yisilayin OSMAN1, Adili SIMAYI1, TONG Su-xiang1, HOU Yan-yan1, Yalikun MAIMAITIYIMING1, XIAO Ning2 *

2016, 34(2):  8-128-132. 

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Xinjiang. Methods The information of reported malaria cases and epidemiological records from various sources in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2004 to 2015 was collected. The epidemiological characteristics of malaria cases were analyzed. Results Seventy-seven malaria cases were reported in Xinjiang from 2004 to 2015, and all were imported cases. In detail, 42 cases （54.5%） were reported during the time period of 2004-2009, with 24 laboratory diagnosed and 18 clinically diagnosed; 35 cases （45.5%） were reported from 2010 to 2015, with 27 laboratory diagnosed and 8 clinically diagnosed. Among the 51 cases with laboratory diagnosis, 18 were falciparum malaria, 31 were vivax malaria, and 2 unidentified. The male-to-female ratio was 6.7 ∶ 1（P<0.05）. The age range of the patients was 14-75 years （39.7 ± 13.3 years）, comprising 26.0% （20/77） for the range of 31-40 years and 24.7% （19/77） for the range of 41-50（P>0.05 among the age groups）. From the perspective of case sources, 28 cases （36.4%） were imported from Africa and 49 cases（63.6%） from Asia (including other provinces of China). The interval from onset to final diagnosis ranged 1-320 days. Only 3 patients（3.9%） were diagnosed within 24 h, and 59 patients（76.6%） were not diagnosed until or over one week. In addition, 28 cases（36.4%） were reported by medical institutions at the provincial level, 15 cases（19.5%） were reported by medical institutions at the prefecture level, 5 cases（6.5%） were reported by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the rest 29 cases（37.7%） were reported at the county level or below. No secondary transmission was found. Conclusion Most of the imported malaria cases during 2004-2015 were diagnosed with laboratory tests, reported by medical institutions, and were from Africa and Asia.

Investigation on Angiostrongylus cantonensis Infection in Rodents in Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province

LIN Guo-hua1, YAN Cui-lan1, CAI Mao-rong2, HUANG Ming-song1, ZHOU Yao-xiong1,FANG Yan-yan3, CHENG You-zhu3 *

2016, 34(2):  9-133-136. 

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Objective To investigate the Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in rodents in Zhangzhou City and provide basis for control the disease. Methods Eighteen villages in 4 counties, which located in coastal and mountain regions of rodent breeding, were selected between 2013-2015. Rodents were collected by cage trapping, and organs of heart and lungs were prepared for microscopic examination of A. cantonensis after identification of the species and age of the rodent. The infection rate was calculated and correlation between natural environment and the infection rate was analyzed. Results A total of 1 551 rodents were collected and identified to be Rattus flavipectus, R. norvegicus, Sorex araneus, Mus musculus and R. lossea with a high-to-low ranking of R. flavipectus（41.8%）, R. norvegicus（28.4%） and S. araneus（20.9%）. The overall infection mice was 9.2%（142/1 551）. The infection rates of R. norvegicus and R. flavipectus were 13.2%（58/441） and 11.4%（74/649） respectively, both significantly higher than that of Sorex araneus［1.5%（5/323）］, Mus musculus［1.4%（1/74）］ and R. lossea［6.3%（4/63）］ （P<0.05）. The infection rate in the costal regions was 12.4%（83/668）, significantly higher than that in the mountain regions（6.68%, 59/883）（χ2=15.083, P<0.05）. Moreover, in contrast with the significant difference in the infection rate between hilly（9.2%, 46/499） and mountainous areas（3.4%, 13/384）, there the infection rate showed no significant difference between coastal flatland（12.7%, 53/416） and coastal hilly areas（11.9%, 30/252） （χ2=2.264, P>0.05）. In addition, 696 adult worms were found in 142 infected rodents. These worms mainly located in the pulmonary artery（94.3%）, then and the heart （5.7%）. There was also no significant difference in infection rate between male（9.2%, 73/795） and female rodents（9.1%, 69/756） （P>0.05）. Conclusion R. flavipectus and R. norvegicus are the important reservoir hosts for A. cantonensis in Zhangzhou. The infection rate in different species of rodents varies in different ecological environments.

Dog Fecal Contamination by Echinococcus in Cuomei County of Tibet in 2015

NIU Yan-lin1, WU Wei-ping1*, GUAN Ya-yi1, WANG Li-ying1, HAN Shuai1, GONGSANG Qu-zhen2, GANG Zhu3, CIREN Wang-dan3, YIXI Dan-zeng4, CIREN Qu-zhen5, GESANG Ci-ren4, JIMI Qu-zhu5

2016, 34(2):  10-137-143. 

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Objective To understand dog fecal contamination by Echinococcus in Lhoka Prefecture of Tibet and provide basis for development of prevention and control strategies. Methods Survey spots were sampled around the Zhegu Village of Zhegu Town in Cuomei County of Tibet using the mechanical sampling method in May, 2015. The positions of spots, amount of dog feces, types of camps, pastures, terrains, vegetations and land cover, as well as information concerning the existence of household garbage, were recorded. The linear distance from survey spot to the center of the village was calculated. Dog feces were sampled in survey spot and examined the copro-antigen for Echinococcus contamination by ELISA. The distribution characteristics of fecal contamination were analyzed by chi-square test, Fisher′s exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Nemenyi test. Results Seventy-nine survey spots were selected for sampling. A total of 226 feces samples were obtained in 37 of the spots. ELISA results showed that the copro-antigen positive rate was 23.9%（54/226）, the averaged density of feces and the averaged density of positive feces were 0.317 9/100 m2 and 0.075 9/100 m2, with a maximum of 2.555 6/100 m2 and 0.555 6/100 m2 respectively. The density of feces and the density of positive feces were both higher in summer camps（0.601 9/100 m2 and 0.157 4/100 m2 respectively） than in non-camps（0.170 2/100 m2 and 0.033 1/100 m2）（χ2=18.248 4，P<0.01；χ2=15.274 3，P<0.01）. In addition, the density of feces and the density of positive feces were both higher in survey spots with household garbage（0.679 0/100 m2, 0.177 0/100 m2） than in those without household garbage （0.130 3/100 m2 and 0.023 5/100 m2）（χ2=34.634 7，P<0.01；χ2=26.109 1，P<0.01）; as well as higher in survey spots ≥10 km from the center of the village（0.403 7/100 m2, 0.107 4/100 m2） than in those <10 km（0.265 3/100 m2, 0.056 7/100 m2）（χ2=4.432 7，P<0.05；χ2=4.045 5，P<0.05）. Conclusion The Cuomei County of Tibet is facing a serious situation of dog fecal contamination by Echinococcus. Summer camps, areas with household garbage, and districts with a ≥10 km linear distance from the village center may provide reference for determining the regions for hydatidosis prevention and control.

Cost Analysis of Dog Deworming in Echinococcosis Control Program in Daofu，Sichuan Province

ZHU Yao-yu1，WU Wei-ping1 *，GUAN Ya-yi1，WANG Li-ying1，HAN Shuai1，NIU Yan-lin1，Dan-zeng2，JIANGYANG Qu-zhen2，BAI Xue-fei1

2016, 34(2):  11-144-149. 

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Objective To estimate the cost of dog deworming in Daofu, Sichuan Province and analyze the factors influencing the cost, in order to provide a scientific basis for the investment for echinococcosis control. Methods Thirty villages were randomly selected in Daofu, Sichuan Province in November 2015, according to the proportion of agricultural and pastoral areas. Data concerning the cost during each step of dog deworming were collected. The unit cost was estimated, the cost composition in each step, element, and institution were described, and the main cost-influencing factors were analyzed using the linear regression method. Results The mean cost of dog deworming in the 30 surveyed villages was 3.76 yuan/dog-times, comprising drug cost of 0.38 yuan/dog-times, bait cost of 0.37 yuan/dog-times, drug delivery cost of 0.09 yuan/dog-times, mobilization cost of 0.19 yuan/dog-times, household deworming cost of 2.05 yuan/dog-times, faeces disposal cost of 0.35 yuan/dog-times, training cost of 0.29 yuan/dog-times, and supervision cost of 0.04 yuan/dog-times. Among the deworming steps, household deworming cost occupied the most （2.05 yuan/dog-times）; among the cost elements, labour cost had the highest proportion （2.55 yuan/dog-times）; among the different-leveled institutions, village-level cost was the most important part（2.82 yuan/dog-times）. Linear regression analysis revealed that the type of production and the distance among households were the major influencing factors. The labour price was the most sensitive factor for cost-estimation in the dog deworming activities. Conclusion The labor cost of dog deworming is very high. Governments should increase investment according to local situations.

Tracing Investigation of a Quartan Malaria Case in Shanghai

CAO Shen1, WANG Lin1, ZHU Min2, CAI Li2 *

2016, 34(2):  12-150-153. 

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Objective To find out the infection source of a quartan malaria case. Methods The clinical, laboratory and epidemiological information of the patient was collected. The epidemiological investigation and rapid diagnostic test （RDT） were conducted in the surrounding population. Vectors were investigated. Results Blood film test showed the presense of Plasmodium malariae. Bone marrow aspiration revealed active proliferation of bone marrow as well as granulocytes, red blood cells and giant cells. RDT test showed positive result for Plasmodium. Nested PCR resulted in a specific band of 144 bp, consistent with the positive control. The patient was treated with dihydroartemisinin piperaquine phosphate tablet（2 tab×bid×2 d, po）. Tracing investigation showed that the patient had no history of surgery or blood transfusion within 3 years before the disease onset, and had travelling history in Hainan Province and Haimen City in 2005 and 2013 respectively. There was no case of local infection within 5 years in the patient’s area of residence. Twenty-five families including 35 individuals in the area where the patient lived were investigated and all had negative results for the RDT test. In addition, none showed symptom of fever within the past 2 weeks. No Anopheles sinensis was found in the vector investigation. Conclusion This is a case of quartan malaria with a long latency, and the patient has been infected in other provinces.

Competition Results of Parasitic Disease Control Techniques among Technician in Hubei Province in 2015

WU Jia-li, TU Zu-wu, PEI Su-jian, ZHANG Hua-xun, ZHU Hong, CAI Shun-xiang, TANG li*

2016, 34(2):  13-154-160. 

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Objective To understand the qualification of technicians in parasitic disease control in Hubei Province by analyzing the rusults of technique competition in 2015. Methods Provincial competitions on basic knowledge and on skills were conducted among 68 technicians in 17 cities （prefectures） in May 2015. The results were collected and analyzed with SPSS18.0 software. Scores were descriptively analyzed, and group comparisons were made by t-test and ANOVA. Results The average score of the 68 competitors was 77.6, with a passing rate of 76.5%. In detail, the average scores of blood slide-making, Plasmodium detection, Kato-Katz slide-making and helminth egg detection were 9.3（passing rate, 98.5%）, 14.2 （32.4%）, 8.6 （98.53%） and 22.6 （27.9%） respectively. The average scores on theoretical knowledge and blood slide-making of female competitors were （84.5±17.3） and （9.4±0.4）, respectively, significantly higher than those of the males （70.7±21.1, 9.1±0.9 respectively） （P<0.05）. The scores of Plasmodium microscopy and egg microscopy were higher in competitors from counties［（16.3±8.0）, （25.8±12.0）］ than in those from cities/prefectures ［（12.5±6.5）, （20.0±10.8）］ （P<0.05）. In addition, the average scores on theoretical knowledge and egg dection were higher in competitors from districts with schistosomiasis control task ［（84.4±18.4）, （25.4±11.0）］ than in those from areas without schistosomiasis control task［（61.1±14.7）, （16.0±10.8）］（P<0.05）. There were no statistically significant differences in scores of various items among competitors of different ages and with professional ranks （P>0.05）. Conclusion There is a good overall performance among the professionals but an imbalance in detecting capability in different areas. The microscopic examination skill also needs to be improved.

Research Progress on the Mechanisms of Impediment of Blood Coagulation in Host by Adult Schistosomes

GONG Qing-long, WANG Chun-feng, YANG Gui-lian*

2016, 34(2):  14-157-160. 

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Schistosomes interfere with the primary coagulation, secondary coagulation, and vascular endothelial functions of the host, and activate the fibrinolytic activity, which indicate the presence of anti-coagulation effect during schistosome parasitism. This review introduces research progress on the anti-coagulation mechanisms of schistosomes, in the aim to provide theoretical basis for development of antibodies against schistosome and novel anti-thrombotic or thrombolytic drugs.

Research Progress on the Genomics of Taenia solium and Candidate Vaccines for Cysticercosis

MA Cheng-xu1,2 *, WANG Hong-wei1,2, YANG Yi-xuan1,2

2016, 34(2):  15-161-165. 

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Research on cysticercosis has been stimulated by the rapid development of genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics and the emergence of molecular biological and immunological technologies. In this review, we attempt to discuss the research development on genomics of Taenia solium and candidate vaccines and antigens for cysticercosis. This will provide a new perspective for studying genomics of Taenia solium and for cysticercosis prevention and treatment, and provide a wealth of informative data for the development of novel and highly efficient vaccines against cysticercosis or diagnostic antigen molecules for cysticercosis.

Research Status of Application of Gold Nanoparticles in Medical Biotechnology

LI Jia-meng，CAO Ying，ZHAO Yuan，YANG Yi-mei*

2016, 34(2):  16-166-170. 

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In recent years, gold nanoparticles（GNPs） have attracted more and more attention for their unique physical, chemical and biological properties, and are emerging as optical probes and biocompatibility materials for use. With the application of nanogold labeling technology in the medical field, detection techniques using GNPs as immune markers will become a major labeling technique, and will have wide applications in basic and clinical medicine. In this article, recent research progress on the applications of GNPs in the detection of pathogens, nucleic acids, and proteins and in the preparation of biosensors is reviewed.

Antiprotozoal Activities of Eucalyptus Extracts and Their Chemical Components

ZHAO Yu-ning，ZHANG Hao-bing*

2016, 34(2):  17-171-178. 

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Eucalyptus is a fast-growing plant with rich activities. The roots, stems and leaves of Eucalyptus all have medicinal values. Extracts from different parts of various kinds of Eucalyptus show antiparasitic effects, not only the repelling and killing effects on ectoparasites such as ticks and mites, but also the antiparasitic activities against endoparasites such as helminth and protozoa. This paper reviews the effects of Eucalyptus extracts and their chemical componets on protozoa including flagellates, sporozoan and ciliates.

Endemic Situation and Control of Malaria in Baoying County of Jiangsu Province from 2005 to 2014

LU Jia-xiang*, LIU Guang-xin

2016, 34(2):  18-179-181. 

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Malaria information was collected through online systems in Baoying County from 2005 to 2014 and descriptive analysis was performed on the data. A total of 175 cases of malaria were reported in the years, with no report of death. During 2005-2008, vivax malaria cases constituted 86.4%（19/22） of all cases reported, and all infected locally with diease onset mainly occurred from May to November. During 2009-2014, falciparum malaria cases constituted 82.4%（126/153）, and all imported cases, which showed a trend of increase, from one case in 2007 to 22 in 2009. All the cases reported during 2010-2014 were imported cases. As to malaria control, there was an overall regular treatment rate of 100%, 195 patients had radical cure during the resting stage, and blood test was conducted in 52 827 fevered patients, resulting in a positive rate of 0.3%（149/52 827）. Although no local malaria cases were reported since 2010, the imported malaria is still an important issue.

Clinical Features Analysis of Demodectic Blephartis Observed in 40 Patients

NING Xiao-ling*, MA Qin

2016, 34(2):  19-182-封三. 

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Conjunctival scrapings for cytological examination and demodicid mite microscopic examination were performed in 55 cases of blephartis patients. Demodicid mites were detected in 40 cases, with a detection rate of 72.7%. The following signs/symptoms displayed among the 40 cases: conjunctival congestion（37）, eyelid hyperemia and hypertrophy（40）, eyelash epilation and abnormal growth（39）, eyelash root with sleeve-like scales（33）, conjunctival lesions（37）, corner lesions(21), meibomian gland orifice occlusion(18), accompanied with skin lesions as acne or acne rosacea（19), hordeolum and chalazion(15). Conjunctival scrapings for cytological examination in the 27 cases revealed medium- and small-sized lymphocyte-predominant inflammatory cells, indicating that the conjunctiva lesion was a result of chronic inflammation.