Table of Content

30 April 1998, Volume 16 Issue 2

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论著

LONGITUDINAL SURVEILLANCE OF SENSITIVITY OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM TO PYRONARIDINE IN SOUTH YUNNAN

YangHenglin;LiuDequan;HuangKaiguo;ZhangChunyong;LiChunfu

1998, 16(2):  1-83. 

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AIM: To understand the changes in the sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to pyronaridine in the south of Yunnan Province. METHODS: WHO standard in vivo and in vitro microtest was used. RESULTS: In 1984-1985 and 1995, 36 and 39 cases of acute falciparum malaria were observed, the average defervescence time being 32 7±16 0 h and 56 2±27 4 h, the mean asexual parsite clearance time, 64 2±22 9 h and 55 3±11 8 h, and the recrudescence rate of patients followed up for 28 days, 15 2%(5/33) ...

AN INTRODUCTION OF A NATIONWIDE SAMPLING SURVEY ON SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN CHINA

OfficeofEndemicDiseasesControl;MinistryofHealthExpertAdvisoryCommitteeonSchistosomiasis;MinistryofHealthInstituteofParasiticDiseases*;ChineseAcademyofPreventiveMedicine

1998, 16(2):  2-88. 

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AIM: In order to know the present status of the endemicity of schistosomiasis and to evaluate the control effect during 1990-1995, a second nationwide sampling survey on schistosomiasis japonica was undertaken during September and November of 1995. METHODS: A stratifying and clustering random sampling technique was used in the survey. Serological test, circumoval precipitin test or indirect hemagglutination assay were used for preliminary screening. Stool examination using hatching technique and Kato Katztechnique w as app lied fo r ident ificat ion
of the infected persons and intensity of infect ion and hatch ing test only fo r survey of domest ic animals.
RESULTS: In 195 samp led villages from endem ic areas, a to tal of 224 819 peop le w ere ex2
am ined. The infect ion rate of residents w as 4189% and the infect ion rate of farm cat t le w as
9106%. In the 169 samp led villages from endem ic areas under cont ro l, only 17 out of 18 302 ch il2
dren w ere ident ified as infected by stoo l exam inat ion from Hubei and Sichuan P rovinces. F rom the
results of the survey, the number of infected persons, and the number of infected farm cat t le and
w ater buffaloes w ere est imated to be 865 084 and 100 251, respect ively, in the w ho le count ry.
CONCLUSION: A s comparedw ith the data in 1989 , a reduct ion of 4712% in infected persons and
about 50% in infected farm cat t le and w ater buffaloes, respect ively, w as show n.

COMPARISON OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF WING SPOT BETWEEN ANOPHELES MINIMUS AND ANOPHELES FLUVIATILIS

XuJinjiang;LuoXinfu;TangLinhua

1998, 16(2):  3-93. 

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AIM: To compare the morphology of wing spot between Anopheles minimus Theobald, 1901 and Anopheles fluviatilis James, 1902 and find out the reliable diagnostic characteristics. METHODS: Anopheles minimus were collected from Jinuo Village, Jinghong County,Yunnan Province. Anopheles fluviatilis were collected from Lingyun County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Measurements of the wing length and the length of pale and dark spots on the costa and V1 were made with a microscope fitted with an ocular micrometer. RESULTS: A total of 52 females and 60 males of Anopheles minimus and 40 females and 60 males of Anopheles fluviailis were examined. It was found that the presence of presector pale spot and the ratio of sector pale spot to sector dark spot were the important diagnostic morphological characteristics between the above mentioned two species. CONCLUSION: obvious differentiations exist in the morphology of wing spots between Anopheles minimus and Anopheles fluviatilis

DIAGNOSIS OF FALCIPARUM MALARIA BY IMMUNOCHROMATOGRAPHIC TEST

ZhuWeidong;TangLinhua;ZhengXiang;LuoManzhen;GuZhengcheng;QianHuilin;QuJingqi

1998, 16(2):  4-96. 

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AIM: To evaluate the applicability of rapid immunochromatographic test(ICT)for diagnosing falciparum malaria in outpatient clinics in endemic area. METHODS: With thick blood smear method as control, ICT was used for the detection of P. falciparum . RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of ICT in detecting P. falciparum was 94.7% and 90.3%, respectively. No cross reaction with P. vivax was found( P >0.05). CONCLUSION: ICT is much more rapid and simple than thick blood smear method for the diagnosis of falciparum malaria, and can be applied in the outpatient clinics in endemic area.

论文

A NEW METHOD FOR EVALUATING MALARIA SURVEILLANCE EFFECTIVENESSESTABLISHMENT AND APPLICATION OF AN INDEX SYSTEM

ZhouShuisen;TangLinhua;QianHuilin;ZhengXiang;LuoManzhen

1998, 16(2):  5-100. 

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AIM: To establish a comprehensive index system which is suitable for evaluating the effectiveness of malaria surveillance schemes .METHODS: Delphi method was used to screen the existed effectiveness evaluation indices by experts to determine key indices and weighted coefficients. RESULTS: Three indices, i.e. autochthonous incidence, ratio of cases detected (ROCD) and ratio of introduced/imported cases were selected. Their weighted coefficients were 0.36, 0.31 and 0.33, respectively. An index system nam ed them alaria su rveillance effect iveness index (MSEI) was built up and formulated as 2ni= 1Xi·W i which was applied to study cost-effectiveness of the two malaria surveillance schemes (A and B). According to the formula, theM SEIs in the study areas using the schemes A and B were 48156 and 45193, respectively. However, the cost for increasing a score of MSEI by implementing the scheme A was four times as high as that by implementing the scheme B. CONCLUSION: The MSEI is practicable for evaluating the overall effectiveness of malaria surveillance schemes, especially
in the cost-effectiveness analysis and health-economic evaluation.

论著

STUDIES ON CATHEPSINS IN SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM

LiYonglong;FenYouren;ConorCaffrey;AndreasRuppel

1998, 16(2):  6-104. 

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AIM:To identify the cathepsins in adult worms of Schistosoma japonicum and their proteolytic activities. METHODS: The vomitus from adult worms of S. japonicum was collected. The proteolytic activity of cathepsins in the vomitus was identified and measured using synthetic substrates with arginyl bonds. RESULTS: Specific synthetic substracts Z Arg Arg AMC (for cathepsin B) and Z Phe Arg AMC (for cathepsin B and L) were degraded by the vomitus. An inhibitor, Z Phe PheCHN 2 for cathepsin L , inhibited partialy the activity of
the vomitus to degrade Z-Phe-Arg-AMC. The optimal pH for cathep sin B/L is 5.0- 5.5.CONCLUSION: The vomitus of S. japonicum has cathepsin B-and L-like activity.

RESEARCHES ON THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCING OF THE RECOMBINANT Sj 22.6 kDa ANTIGEN GENE OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM*

ZhangGuiyun*;ZhangZhaosong;ChenShuzhen;ShenYiping;WuHaiwei;SuChuan;WangRongzhi;WuGuanling

1998, 16(2):  7-108. 

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AIM: To sequence the cloned gene in pG Sj24 and to identify the encoded protein. METHODS: The cloned gene in pG Sj24 was digested from the recombinant plasmid by EcoRI,ligated into the M13mp19 vector and sequenced by automatic sequencer.The sequence was analyzed by Goldkey DNA and Protein Analytical Program and DNASIS Program.RESULTS: The pGSj24 cloned gene was demonstrated to be 840 bp containing one opened reading frame (ORF) with an initiation codon ATG at position 23 nt and a termination termination codon TAA at position 596 nt, encoding a protein with a molecular weight of 2216 kDa. At the upstream and down stream of the ORF there were termination codons, so the encoded protein was unable to be larger. However, there was a termination codon TAA at position 11 nt, suggesting why the 2216 kDa protein expressed separately. The nucleotide sequence of the pGSj24 cloned gene shared 95% identity with that of the corresponding part of S.japonicum 2216 kDa antigen gene, and 99.7% identity in the encoding part. The deduced amino acid scquence analysis showed a sequencemotif known as EF-Hand calcium binding domain, several endoplasmic reticulum targetting sequences and microbodies C-terminal targeting signals. The possible antigen determinants were predicted with in the amino acid fragments of 29-32aa, 63- 68aa and 87- 101aa. CONCLUSIONS: The cloned gene in pGSj24 is the gene that
encodes Sj22.6 kDa antigen.

DETERMINATION OF POLYAMINES IN PYRONARIDINE SENSITIVE AND RESISTANT PLASMODIUM BERGHEI INFECTED ERYTHROCYTES *

ShiXiaohua;YeXiuyu;CaiYue;HaShuhua;YaoJunmin

1998, 16(2):  8-112. 

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AIM: To understand the relationship between polyamine metbolism and pyronaridine resistance of
malaria parasites.METHODS: Kunming strain mice weighing 18 g-22 g were inoculated intraperitoneally with
Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain (pyronaridine sensitive, PS), and P. berghei ANKA strain low and high pyronaridine resistant lines(PRA and PRB), respectively. Seven days after inoculation,blood samples were
collected and WBC in the blood were removed by the method of chromatography using SE-cellulose and Sephadex G25 (1 ∶2). After thin layer chromatography, the contents of three polyamines, ie. putrescine (PTC) , spermidine (SPD) , and spermine (SPM ) in normal and infected eryth rocytes were determined with fluorescence spectrometer. The changes of polyamine level in PS and PRB infected erythrocytes of mice treated by a single oral dose of PND 5 and 10 mg/kg re-spect ively were also observed. RESULTS: The contents of PTC, SPD and SPM in PS infected erythrocytes were 47.5±28.6, 97.7±34.0 and 81.7±23.8 nmol/109 RBC (n= 9) , respectively, being 1.5, 3.5, and 616 times of those appeared in thenormal RBC (32.0±9.9, 28.2±12.3, and 12.4±15.0 nmol/109 RBC, n= 9) , respectively. The differences between two groups were significant. Interestingly, when mice infected with pyronaridine resistant line PRA and PRB, the contents of PTC, SPD and SPM in the infected erythrocytes increased to 187.7±139.9, 258.3±137.9 and 142.8±143.8 nmol/109 RBC (n=18) , and 345.5±223.0, 435.8±265.4 and 189.4±171.7 noml/109 RBC, respectively. Except for SPM , PTC and SPD in the PRA and PRB infected erythrocytes were significantly higher than those in the PS and PRA infected erythrocytes, respectively, being 3.9, 2.6 and 1.8, 1.7 times of those appeared in PS and PRA infected erythrocytes. In PND treated group, SPD and SPM contents of PS infected erythrocytes were decreased by 31.6% and 47.3% compared with non-treated group, but the polyamine level of PRB infected erythrocytes did not significantly change after PND administration. CONCLUSION∶ The resistance of P.berghei to PND is related to the alteration of polyamine metabolism in them alarial parasites.

HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES OF CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSAE UNDER THE ACTION OF PROTEINASE OF OMPHALIA LAPIDESCENS IN VITRO

ZhaoGuanhong;XuZhibiao;FengManling;YouJinying;GuoMaodi;LiHuanlou

1998, 16(2):  9-116. 

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AIM: For the purpose of finding an anthelmintic with high efficacy,low toxicity and low cost,
especially from the Chinese tranditional medicines. METHODS:Forty Cysticercus cellulosae were separately
incubated with proteinase from artificially fermented Omphalia lapidescens for 2 h, 4 h and 8 h, and then
examined for histological changes by light microscopy and compared with those of proteinase from natural dry
Omphalia lapidescens after similar treatment.RESULTS: Cysticercus cellulosae were mo rphologically and structurally impaired after exposure to the action of proteinase of Omphalia lapidescens, and the degree of impairment was proportionally paralleled to the duration of treatment. CONCLUSION: The anticysticercus effect of proteinase of Omphalia lapidescens and the homogeneity of proteinases from artificially fermented and natural Omphalia lapidescens were confirmed.

OBSERVATION ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ANOPHELES SINENSIS TO PERIODIC BRUGIA MALAYI MICROFILARIAE *

XuDagang*;WanQihui;LiJie;NieWenqing

1998, 16(2):  10-119. 

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AIM: To explore the susceptibility of Anopheles sinensis to Brugia malayi microfilariae of
different densities . METHODS: The survival rate of mosquitoes,the rate of microfilariae penetrating through
midgut, the mature rate of larvae into infective larvae(L3) and the mean number of L 3 in the survived
mosquitoes were observed. RESULTS: With the microfilariae densities of 32 5 mf/μl and 141 5 mf/μl, the rate
of larvae matured into L3 was 36.2% and 8.7%, respectively, the mean number of L3 recovered from infected mosquitoes was 8.24 and 0.30, respectively. CONCLUSION: An apparently higher susceptibility of An. sinensis to
B.malayi was found by using B.malayi microfilariae density of 32.5- 66.4 m f/ul.

CHRONOBIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON EFFECT OF CYCLOSPORIN A (CsA) AGAINST ADULT MALE WORMS OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI IN VITRO

LiuJianfa;L.H.Chappell

1998, 16(2):  11-123. 

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AIM: To study the action mode of cyclosporin A (CsA) against Schistosoma mansoni in vitro
.METHODS: MF1 mice were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae for 6 weeks when the adult worms were
recovered by portal perfusion. The male worms of S.mansoni recovered were exposed to varying concentrations of
CsA at 8, 16, and 24 h in vitro .Drug induced damage to the male worm surface was chronobiologically observed
throughout these experiments by SEM. RESULTS: After the male worms of S. mansoni were incubated with 1 ug/ml CsA for 8-24 h, the tegument showed swelling of ridges with appearance of holes on their surface and detachment of a part of spines. The above damage of the tegument became more evident in male worms after incubation with 10, 15, 20 ug/ml CsA for 8- 24 h. Moreover, incubation of male worms with 25 ug/ml CsA for 8-24 h resulted in significant deformation and disruption of tegument, rupture of ridges and detachment of spines. The tegumental damage of male worms of S. mansoni was dose- and time-dependen t. CONCLUSTION: The antischistosomal action of CsA is direct, the chistosome tegument appears to be the main site for CsA attack.

MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATION ON BLASTOCYSTIS HOMINIS

QiaoJiying;XueHongxie;Turxunai

1998, 16(2):  12-125. 

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AIM:To observe the morphology of Blastocystis hominis .METHODS:The morphology of Blastocystis hominis found in the fecal specimens from school children and diarrheal cases was examined by using normal saline smear,iodine stain and iron hematoxylin staining method in Ali,Xizang Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Autonomous Region.RESULTS:The morphology of Blastocystis hominis was found to include four types,namely vacuolized,granular,amoeboid and binary fission. CONCLUSION: The vacuole type was the most often seen and accounted for 84% of all 4 types. Blastocystis hominis infection was often found to be associated with Entamoeba coli and other in testinal protozoa, leading to diarrhea in these patients.

实验报道

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF PARAGONIMUS HETEROTREMUS IN RATS

YanTao;LiGuoliang;DongChangan

1998, 16(2):  13-129. 

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AIM: To study the polymorphism of the development of Paragonimus heterotremus in rats and to ascertain the host nature of the rat. METHODS: SD and Wistar rats were each infected orally with 100 metacercariae of P.heterotremus . The distribution and development of the worms recovered from rats 14-156 days after infection were observed. RESULTS:Thirty days after infection, reproductive organs appeared in the worms recovered from the body cavities.Seventy days after infection,worm cysts were found in the lungs, livers and pleural wall, the worms in the cystsmatured but the worm s detected in the muscles were still stunted on the 156th day after infection. CONCLUSION: Rat is the definitive host and paratenic host of P. heterotremus. The development of P. heterotremus is polymorphic.

COMPARATIVE OBSERVATION ON EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH ECHINOCOCCUS MULTILOCULARIS IN CRICETULUS MIGRATORIUS AND MERIONES MERIDIANUS

IsrainOsman;JiaoWei;LiaoLifu;ChaiJunjie

1998, 16(2):  14-132. 

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AIM: To search for an animal model with higher susceptibility to Echinococcus multilocularis and shorter experimental period.METHODS: Cricetulus migratorius, Meriones meridianus and NIH mice were experimentally infected with protoscolices of E. multilocularis and were autopsed at different times after their infection. The development of E. multilocularis in these three species of rodents was observed and compared. RESULTS: The average wet cyst weight and the ratio of cyst weight to body weight on the 91st day after infection were 15.0±2.1 g and 32.3% fo r C. migratorius, 3.3±1.1 g and 6.9% for M. m eridianus, 0.6±0.6 g and 2.4% for NIH mice; and the corresponding figures on the 188th day after infection were 11.8±2.7 g and 21.7% for C. migratorius, 8.1±5.1 g and 15.4% for M. meridianus and 8.4±8.3 g and 26.7% for NIH mice, respectively. On the 91st day, matured protoscolices were found in C. migratorius and M. meridianus, whereas NIH mice had matured protoscolices on the 188th day after infection. CONCLUSION: C. migratorius has higher sensitivity to E. multilocularis infection than the other two species of animals as manifested by high infection rate, well-developed vesicles and rapid growth speed. C. migratorius proved to be an ideal experimental animal for E. multilocularis.