Progress of echinococcosis control in China, 2022

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2024.01.002

Abstract

Abstract:

To understand the work progress in nationwide control of echinococcosis, we summarize the experience and find the existing problems through descriptive analysis on the national control data in 2022. As of the end of 2022, there were 370 echinococcosis endemic counties (city, district, banner) covering 29 926 villages in China, having a total of 25 227 echinococcosis cases with an average prevalence of 58.35 per 100 000 （25 227/43 232 609), among them, 15 554 cases were of cystic echinococcosis, 8 169 cases alveolar echinococcosis, 255 mixed infection, and 1 249 cases pending; 1 270 cases were newly found, including 991 cases of cystic echinococcosis, 89 alveolar echinococcosis, 5 mixed infection, and 185 pending; revealing 102 cases were at age < 12, and 1 168 case were of age ≥ 12. In 2022, population screening by abdominal ultrasound scanning was performed in all endemic provinces (autonomous regions) for 3 576 121 person/times. Of them, 751 440 person/examinations were performed for the residents younger than 12, and 2 824 681 person/times were performed for residents older than 12. The serological examination was carried out for the suspected individuals for 17 404 person/times. According to data from 370 surveillance sites in 2022, the prevalence in residents younger than 12 was 0.02% (60/287 437) by ultrasound screening, with 40.00% (24/60) newly diagnosed cases. The prevalence in the residents older than 12 was 0.29% (772/270 407) in type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ endemic counties (city, district, banner). The newly diagnosed cases accounted for 8.29% (64/772) of the detected patients. In 2022, 18 354 patients received drug treatment, of which 16 625 patients received liver and kidney function tests or management against adverse reactions. A total of 1 418 patients received surgical treatment, including 69.82% (990/1 418) for cystic echinococcosis, and 26.52% (376/1 418) for alveolar echinococcosis. In 2022, the follow-up results showed that 999 cases were cured, 20 599 cases responded to the treatment, 2 546 cases failed in the treatment, 374 cases died (the causes of the deaths were not echinococcosis), 239 cases were excluded, 372 cases were lost in follow-up, 884 cases had not completed the follow-up, and 170 cases migrated to other places. In 2022, there were 2 478 608 dogs in the endemic townships (towns) nationwide, of which 2 250 694 were registered for management. Deworming work was conducted for dogs in 34 646 villages, with 24 289 457 deworming times. Wild canines were demormed by delivering 119 473 drug doses. A total of 394 851 fecal samples from domestic dogs were collected and detecteded, of which 1 756 were found positive for Echinococcus coproantigen, with a positive rate of 0.44% (1 756/394 851). Of the wild canines, 62 884 field fecal samples were collected and detected, among which 1 201 were found positive for Echinococcus coproantigen, with a positive rate of 1.91% (1 201/62 884). A total of 117 303 slaughtered livestock were randomly examined, among which 1 038 were diseased, with a prevalence of 0.88%. A total of 43 705 field rodents were examined, among which 403 were diseased, with a prevalence of 0.92%. Although the endemic of echinococcosis in China has been essentially controlled, there remain many difficulties and challenges in control work. It is imperative to continuously strengthen the prevention and control measures for echinococcosis, raise the disease prevention awareness, explore optimizing the control strategy, exert the role of regional joint prevention and control mechanisms and fully implement comprehensive measures to further control the prevalence of echinococcosis.

Key words: Echinococcosis, Cystic echinococcosis, Alveolar echinococcosis, Epidemiology, China

CLC Number:

R532.32

KUI Yan, XUE Chuizhao, WANG Xu, LIU Baixue, WANG Ying, WANG Liying, YANG Shijie, HAN Shuai, XU Xuenian. Progress of echinococcosis control in China, 2022[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES, 2024, 42(1): 8-16.

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省（自治区） Province (autonomous egion)	流行县（市、区、旗）数 No. endemic county (city, district, banner)	常住人口数 No. resident	患病数/例 No. patient/case						新发现病例数/例 No. newly diagnosed/case
			细粒棘球蚴病Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病Alveolar echinococcosis	混合感染Mixed infection	未分型Pending	合计 Total	< 12岁 Age < 12						≥ 12岁 Age ≥ 12
			细粒棘球蚴病Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病Alveolar echinococcosis	混合感染Mixed infection	未分型Pending	合计 Total										细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病Alveolar echinococcosis	混合感染 Mixed infection	未分型 Pending	合计 Total	细粒棘球蚴病Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病Alveolar echinococcosis	混合感染 Mixed infection	未分型 Pending	合计 Total
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	26	1 765 560	71	0	0	1	72		0	0	0	0	0		17	0	0	0	17
四川 Sichuan	35	1 818 703	5 078	5 376	79	38	10 571		0	2	0	0	2		21	33	0	8	62
云南 Yunnan	24	799 280	69	0	0	0	69		1	0	0	0	1		18	0	0	0	18
西藏 Xizang	74	3 145 263	4 277	221	106	390	4 994		10	0	0	0	10		85	3	0	5	93
陕西 Shaanxi	2	377 237	1	0	0	22	23		0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0	2	2
甘肃 Gansu	57	11 641 934	1 093	41	0	3	1 137		0	0	0	0	0		127	2	0	0	129
青海 Qinghai	39	4 329 062	2 816	2 385	58	688	5 947		0	0	0	2	2		58	34	0	50	142
宁夏 Ningxia	19	3 120 611	828	91	2	0	921		0	0	0	0	0		80	0	0	0	80
新疆^a Xinjiang^a	94	16 234 959	1 321	55	10	107	1 493		74	0	0	13	87		500	15	5	105	625
合计 Total	370	43 232 609	15 554	8 169	255	1 249	25 227		85	2	0	15	102		906	87	5	170	1 168

省（自治区） Province（autonomous region）	< 12岁 Age < 12					≥ 12岁 Age ≥ 12
	总筛查人次Total no. screened	监测点 Surveillance site				总筛查人次Total no. screened	Ⅰ、Ⅱ类流行县监测点 Surveillance site in type Ⅰand Ⅱ county
	总筛查人次Total no. screened			筛查人次No. screened	患病人数No. patient	总筛查人次Total no. screened	新发现病例数No. newly diagnosed patient	患病率/% Prevalence/%			筛查人次No. screened	患病人数No. patient	新发现病例数 No. newly diagnosed patient	患病率/% Prevalence/%
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	37 235	23 879	0	0	0	127 726	12 317	1	1	0.01
四川 Sichuan	107 281	25 135	1	0	0	369 193	32 083	257	0	0.80
云南 Yunnan	67 976	28 160	1	1	0	176 781	9 705	4	4	0.04
西藏 Xizang	36 891	18 674	19	8	0.10	180 758	52 213	254	46	0.49
陕西 Shaanxi	4 751	1 233	0	0	0	12 198	2 043	0	0	0
甘肃 Gansu	130 279	42 683	0	0	0	454 657	44 036	6	6	0.01
青海 Qinghai	75 285	19 909	20	0	0.10	180 485	39 548	234	1	0.59
宁夏 Ningxia	45 623	16 821	0	0	0	208 506	13 629	3	2	0.02
新疆^a Xinjiang^a	246 119	110 943	19	15	0.02	1 114 377	64 833	13	4	0.02
合计 Total	751 440	287 437	60	24	0.02	2 824 681	270 407	772	64	0.29

省（自治区）Province（autonomous region）	药物治疗/例 Drug treatment/case					手术治疗/例 Surgical treatment/case					随访情况/例 Follow-up of patients/case
省（自治区）Province（autonomous region）	细粒棘球蚴病Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病Alveolar echinococcosis	混合型Mixed infection	未分型 Pending	合计 Total	细粒棘球蚴病Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病Alveolar echinococcosis	混合型 Mixed infection	未分型Pending	合计 Total	治愈 Cured	有效Effective treatment	无效Ineffective treatment	死亡 Died	排除 Excluded	失访 Loss to follow-up	未访 unvisited	外迁 Moved out
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	43	0	0	1	44	9	0	0	0	9	1	27	45	0	0	0	0	0
四川 Sichuan	4 711	5 360	37	24	10 132	131	235	1	4	371	105	8 873	1 258	169	77	1	440	1
云南 Yunnan	66	0	0	3	69	11	0	0	0	11	20	37	11	2	0	0	1	0
西藏 Xizang	2 985	184	95	312	3 576	81	8	0	3	92	420	3 425	435	49	150	45	369	75
陕西 Shaanxi	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	4	3	16	0	0	0	0	0
甘肃 Gansu	838	35	0	3	876	102	3	0	0	105	121	957	150	39	4	47	0	17
青海 Qinghai	794	1 111	7	58	1 970	81	114	0	0	195	242	4 967	616	89	0	248	73	45
宁夏 Ningxia	643	85	1	0	729	59	0	0	0	59	59	876	7	19	1	23	0	25
新疆^aXin- jiang^a	859	51	8	40	958	516	16	3	40	575	27	1 434	8	7	7	8	1	7
合计 Total	10 939	6 826	148	441	18 354	990	376	4	48	1 418	999	20 599	2 546	374	239	372	884	170

省（自治区）Province（autonomous region）	犬管理 Dog management		驱虫 Deworming treatment			粪抗原检测 Coproantigen tested
省（自治区）Province（autonomous region）	犬总数/只 Total no. dog	登记管理犬数 No. dog under management	驱虫村数/个 No. village deworming	驱虫犬数/只 No. deworming	野外犬科动物驱虫投药数/份 No. drug unit for wild canine deworming	家犬数/只 Domestic dog	阳性数/只 No. positive	阳性率/% Positive rate/%	野外犬科动物数/只 No. wild canine	阳性数/份 No. positive	阳性率/%Positive rate/%
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	328 489	326 739	2 102	327 850	80	19 587	46	0.23	600	0	0
四川 Sichuan	159 080	158 958	3 828	159 345	12 205	38 957	156	0.40	7 877	61	0.77
云南 Yunnan	134 779	22 935	171	10 869	940	5 849	86	1.47	2 087	71	3.40
西藏^a Xizang^a	153 776	147 963	4 830	136 775	18 946	28 841	214	0.74	8 916	49	0.55
陕西 Shaanxi	11 321	9 610	205	10 509	0	1 300	0	0	0	0	0
甘肃 Gansu	777 189	686 337	7 705	686 337	13 964	102 562	449	0.44	10 476	38	0.36
青海 Qinghai	328 481	319 030	4 039	319 030	62 063	51 945	441	0.85	19 662	946	4.81
宁夏 Ningxia	229 164	228 463	2 105	228 463	2 164	18 908	68	0.36	2 369	8	0.34
新疆^b Xinjiang^b	356 329	350 659	9 661	357 820	9 111	126 902	296	0.23	10 897	28	0.26
合计 Total	2 478 608	2 250 694	34 646	2 236 998	119 473	394 851	1 756	0.44	62 884	1 201	1.91

省（自治区） Province（Autonomous region）	屠宰的家畜 Livestock slaughtered			野外啮齿类动物^aWild rodent^a
省（自治区） Province（Autonomous region）	检查数/头 No. exam’d	患病数/头 No. diseased	患病率/% Prevalence/%	检查数/只 No. exam’d	患病数/只 No. diseased	患病率/% Prevalence/%
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	13 610	17	0.12	0	0	0
四川 Sichuan	7 312	78	1.07	8 955	231	2.58
云南 Yunnan	5 077	13	0.26	0	0	0
西藏^bXizang^b	2 218	52	2.34	5 166	0	0
陕西 Shaanxi	1 238	33	2.67	0	0	0
甘肃 Gansu	21 564	186	0.86	4 021	9	0.22
青海 Qinghai	9 225	37	0.40	8 900	89	1
宁夏 Ningxia	15 798	19	0.12	1 520	0	0
新疆^c Xinjiang^c	41 261	603	1.46	15 143	74	0.49
合计 Total	117 303	1 038	0.88	43 705	403	0.92