Research progress on microvascular density in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis

Abstract

Abstract:

Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a parasitic disease caused by the larva of Echinococcus multilocularis infection. It is challenging to achieve radical resection because its biological characteristics are similar to malignant liver tumours. Although the diagnosis and treatment of HAE have been improved continuously, lesion recurrence postoperation often occurs, and the prognosis is not optimistic. In recent years, studies have shown that microvascular occurs around HAE lesions. In order to explore the blood supply and biological activity of the lesions, the vascular distribution around the lesions and the expression of angiogenesis-related factors were reviewed in this paper.

Key words: Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis, Microvascular density, Vascular endothelial growth factor

CLC Number:

532.32

AN Xiu-qing, WANG Miao-miao, ZHOU Hong-qian, MENG Kai, CAI Jian-ping, LIU Guang-hui, A Ji-de, YANG Jing-yu. Research progress on microvascular density in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES, 2022, 40(6): 792-797.

References 60

[1]	He W, Wang Q, Huang Y, et al. Analysis of the incidence of echinococcosis (hydatidosis) in areas of Sichuan Province from 2007 to 2012[J]. J Pathog Biol, 2014, 9(1): 68-70, 91. (in Chinese)
	(何伟, 王谦, 黄燕, 等. 2007—2012年四川省包虫病流行区网络直报疫情分析[J]. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2014, 9(1): 68-70, 91.)
[2]	Sun XL, Liu SL. Epidemiological analysis of echinococcosis in Qingyang City, Gansu Province in recent ten years[J]. Bull Dis Control Prev China, 2018, 33(4): 59-61. (in Chinese)
	(孙小亮, 刘双兰. 近十年甘肃省庆阳市人群包虫病流行病学分析[J]. 疾病预防控制通报, 2018, 33(4): 59-61.)
[3]	Wu WP. Progress in epidemic and control of echinococcosis in China[J]. China Animal Health, 2016, 18(10): 12-14. (in Chinese)
	(伍卫平. 我国包虫病的流行与防治工作进展[J]. 中国动物保健, 2016, 18(10): 12-14.)
[4]	Zhu YY, Wu WP. Advances in echinococcosis prevention and control programs and research in China and elsewhere around the world[J]. J Pathog Biol, 2016, 11(3): 284-286, 289. (in Chinese)
	(朱曜宇, 伍卫平. 国内外包虫病防治和研究进展[J]. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2016, 11(3): 284-286, 289.)
[5]	Wang QY, Li QN, Mi R, et al. Radiomics nomogram building from multiparametric MRI to predict grade in patients with glioma: a cohort study[J]. J Magn Reson Imaging, 2019, 49(3): 825-833. doi: 10.1002/jmri.26265 pmid: 30260592
[6]	Geramizadeh B, Attaran Y, Malek-Hosseini SA, et al. Photoclinic. alveolar hydatid cyst of the liver[J]. Arch Iran Med, 2011, 14(3): 211-212. doi: 011143/AIM.0016 pmid: 21529115
[7]	Chen ZY. Surgical treatment of hepatic echinococcosis[J]. Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg, 2016, 23(5): 513-516. (in Chinese)
	(陈哲宇. 泡型肝包虫病的外科治疗现状[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2016, 23(5): 513-516.)
[8]	Xie B, Li XH, Sun XY, et al. Characteristics of PET/CT images of multilocular echinococcosis of liver and its diagnostic value[J]. Chin J Nucl Med, 2013(1): 66-67. (in Chinese)
	(谢彬, 李肖红, 孙晓琰, 等. 肝多房棘球蚴病PET/CT图像特点及其诊断价值[J]. 中华核医学与分子影像杂志, 2013(1): 66-67.)
[9]	Wang J, Ding S, Liu WY, et al. Value of MR diffusion weighted imaging in assessing the viability of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis[J]. Chin J Radiol, 2015(2): 103-106. (in Chinese)
	(王静, 丁爽, 刘文亚, 等. MR扩散加权成像评价肝脏泡状棘球蚴病生物学活性的价值[J]. 中华放射学杂志, 2015(2): 103-106.)
[10]	Folkman J. Role of angiogenesis in tumor growth and metastasis[J]. Semin Oncol, 2002, 29(Suppl 16): 15-18. doi: 10.1053/sonc.2002.34874
[11]	Svagzdys S, Lesauskaite V, Pavalkis D, et al. Microvessel density as new prognostic marker after radiotherapy in rectal cancer[J]. BMC Cancer, 2009, 9: 95. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-95 pmid: 19323831
[12]	Song T, Lu YQ, Yao LH, et al. Effects of contrast-enhanced grey scale ultrasonography on characterization of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis[J]. Chin J Ultrason, 2008, 17(2): 133-135. (in Chinese)
	(宋涛, 吕永泉, 姚兰辉, 等. 灰阶超声造影在肝泡状棘球蚴病中的应用[J]. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2008, 17(2): 133-135.)
[13]	Vuitton DA, Gottstein B. Echinococcus multilocularis and its intermediate host: a model of parasite-host interplay[J]. J Biomed Biotechnol, 2010, 2010: 923193.
[14]	Jiang Y, Wang J, Xiao H, et al. Assessment of vascularity in liver alveolar echinococcosis with dual energy CT: a correlation between iodine quantification and histopathologic parameters[J]. J Xinjiang Med Univ, 2015, 38(10): 1207-1212. (in Chinese)
	(蒋奕, 王静, 肖虎, 等. 双源CT能量成像评估肝泡性包虫病血供分布: 碘浓度定量与组织病理学相关性研究[J]. 新疆医科大学学报, 2015, 38(10): 1207-1212.)
[15]	Wang Y, Lu YQ. Application of color Doppler energy in differentiating hepatic alveolar echinococcosis from hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Chin J Uitrasonography, 2002(1): 26-28. (in Chinese)
	(王迎, 吕永泉. 彩色多普勒能量图在肝泡状棘球蚴病与肝癌鉴别诊断中的应用[J]. 中华超声影像学杂志, 2002(1): 26-28.)
[16]	Song T, Li HT, Yang LF, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in rats: the correaltion of imaging fratures and histologic microvascular density[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2014, 32(3): 200-204. (in Chinese)
	(宋涛, 李海涛, 杨凌菲, 等. 大鼠肝泡球蚴病灶浸润增殖区微血管密度与超声造影的相关性研究[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2014, 32(3): 200-204.)
[17]	Song T. Study of gray scale contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (SonoVue) in infiltrative belt surroubding hepatic alveolar echinococcosis[D]. Urumqi: Xinjiang Medical University, 2012:127. (in Chinese)
	(宋涛. 灰阶超声造影对肝泡状棘球蚴病浸润增殖区的研究[D]. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆医科大学, 2012: 127.)
[18]	Chen L. Consistency study of the activity in the infiltrative belt surrounding hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in rats by gray-scale contrast-enhanced ultrasonography[D]. Urumqi: Xinjiang Medical University, 2019: 38. (in Chinese)
	(陈璐. 超声造影评价大鼠肝泡型包虫病浸润增殖区活性的一致性研究[D]. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆医科大学, 2019: 38.)
[19]	Yao B, Wang HT, Liu WY, et al. Peripheral zone of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis: CT perfusion and pathology[J]. Chin Comput Med Imaging, 2010, 16(3): 215-220. (in Chinese)
	(姚冰, 王海涛, 刘文亚, 等. 肝泡球蚴病边缘区域CT灌注成像与组织病理对照研究[J]. 中国医学计算机成像杂志, 2010, 16(3): 215-220.)
[20]	Li L, Ren WX, Xu XD. The distribution of lipiodol ultra-fluid after portal vein injection in the Wistar rats with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis[J]. J Xinjiang Med Univ, 2006, 29(11): 1087-1089. (in Chinese)
	(李莉, 任伟新, 许晓冬. 活体碘油门静脉灌注大鼠肝泡球蚴感染模型的观察研究[J]. 新疆医科大学学报, 2006, 29(11): 1087-1089.)
[21]	Li XH. Clinical research on boundary of hae with ¹⁸F-FDG and its biological characteristics[D]. Urumqi: Xinjiang Medical University, 2015: 111. (in Chinese)
	(李肖红. 肝泡型包虫病边界的18F-FDG生物学特征与临床研究[D]. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆医科大学, 2015: 111.)
[22]	Calli C, Kitis O, Yunten N, et al. Perfusion and diffusion MR imaging in enhancing malignant cerebral tumors[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2006, 58(3): 394-403. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.12.032 pmid: 16527438
[23]	Brumpt E, Blagosklonov O, Calame P, et al. AE hepatic lesions: correlation between calcifications at CT and FDG-PET/CT metabolic activity[J]. Infection, 2019, 47(6): 955-960. doi: 10.1007/s15010-019-01328-z pmid: 31165442
[24]	Azizi A, Blagosklonov O, Lounis A, et al. Alveolar echinococcosis: correlation between hepatic MRI findings and FDG-PET/CT metabolic activity[J]. Abdom Imaging, 2015, 40(1): 56-63. doi: 10.1007/s00261-014-0183-0 pmid: 24970734
[25]	Li HL, Hou LZ, Li WX, et al. Analysis on the characteristic signs of MRI in the liver alveolar hydatid disease[J]. J Qinghai Med Coll, 2016, 37(3): 160-163. (in Chinese)
	(栗海龙, 侯立朝, 李伟霞, 等. 肝泡型棘球蚴病MRI特征性征象分析[J]. 青海医学院学报, 2016, 37(3): 160-163.)
[26]	Li HL, Hou LZ, Ren L, et al. Significance of magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative evaluation for patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis[J]. Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg, 2016, 23(5): 535-538. (in Chinese)
	(栗海龙, 候立朝, 任利, 等. MRI在泡型肝包虫病术前评估中作用的研究[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2016, 23(5): 535-538.)
[27]	Nikendei C, Greinacher A, Berkunova A, et al. Psychological burden and resilience factors in patients with alveolar echinococcosis: a cross-sectional study[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2019, 13(1): e0007082.
[28]	An FQ, Matsuda M, Fujii H, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in surgical specimens of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2000, 126(3): 153-160. pmid: 10741909
[29]	Du JR, Jiang Y, Zhang YM, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and microvascular density in esophageal and gastric carcinomas[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2003, 9(7): 1604-1606. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i7.1604
[30]	Adams J, Carder PJ, Downey S, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in breast cancer: comparison of plasma, serum, and tissue VEGF and microvessel density and effects of tamoxifen[J]. Cancer Res, 2000, 60(11): 2898-2905. pmid: 10850435
[31]	Choy M, Rafii S. Role of angiogenesis in the progression and treatment of prostate cancer[J]. Cancer Invest, 2001, 19(2): 181-191. pmid: 11296622
[32]	Holmes K, Roberts OL, Thomas AM, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2: structure, function, intracellular signalling and therapeutic inhibition[J]. Cell Signal, 2007, 19(10): 2003-2012. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.05.013 pmid: 17658244
[33]	Ferrara N, Gerber HP, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors[J]. Nat Med, 2003, 9(6): 669-676. doi: 10.1038/nm0603-669 pmid: 12778165
[34]	Namisaki T, Yoshiji H, Noguchi R, et al. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 is a major regulator of VEGF-mediated salvage effect in murine acute hepatic failure[J]. J Angiogenes Res, 2010, 2: 16. doi: 10.1186/2040-2384-2-16 pmid: 20731881
[35]	Grothey A, Galanis E. Targeting angiogenesis: progress with anti-VEGF treatment with large molecules[J]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2009, 6(9): 507-518. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.110 pmid: 19636328
[36]	Kondo S, Asano M, Suzuki H. Significance of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor for solid tumor growth, and its inhibition by the antibody[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1993, 194(3): 1234-1241. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1955
[37]	Fina L, Molgaard HV, Robertson D, et al. Expression of the CD34 gene in vascular endothelial cells[J]. Blood, 1990, 75(12): 2417-2426. pmid: 1693532
[38]	Hristov M, Weber C. Endothelial progenitor cells in vascular repair and remodeling[J]. Pharmacol Res, 2008, 58(2): 148-151. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2008.07.008 pmid: 18722530
[39]	Ma J, Zhou XJ, Zhang TH, et al. Clinicopathologic study of angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Chin J Pathol, 2000, 29(4): 248. (in Chinese) pmid: 11866917
	(马捷, 周晓军, 张泰和, 等. 人肝癌组织中CD34和血管内皮生长因子的表达及微血管密度的病理意义[J]. 中华病理学杂志, 2000, 29(4): 248.)
[40]	Siemerink MJ, Klaassen I, Vogels IM, et al. CD34 marks angiogenic tip cells in human vascular endothelial cell cultures[J]. Angiogenesis, 2012, 15(1): 151-163. doi: 10.1007/s10456-011-9251-z pmid: 22249946
[41]	Kademani D, Lewis JT, Lamb DH, et al. Angiogenesis and CD34 expression as a predictor of recurrence in oral squamous cell carcinoma[J]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2009, 67(9): 1800-1805. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2008.06.081
[42]	Zhou Q, Yang XF, Han HH, et al. Correlation between angiogenesis and disease progression of hepatic Echinococcus multilocularis in C57BL/6 mice[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2019, 37(3): 302-310. (in Chinese)
	(周青, 杨雄峰, 韩欢欢, 等. 小鼠肝多房棘球蚴中血管新生与病程发展的相关性研究[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2019, 37(3): 302-310.)
[43]	Ferrara N, Winer J, Burton T, et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor does not promote transformation but confers a growth advantage in vivo to Chinese hamster ovary cells[J]. J Clin Invest, 1993, 91(1): 160-170. pmid: 8423215
[44]	Li T, Zhang SJ. A review of vascular regeneration in the invasive growth process of Echinococcus multilocularis[J]. Chin J Zoonoses, 2014, 30(10): 1071-1074. (in Chinese)
	(荔童, 张示杰. 血管新生在肝泡球蚴浸润性生长中的作用[J]. 中国人兽共患病学报, 2014, 30(10): 1071-1074.)
[45]	Vuitton DA, Bresson-Hadni S. Alveolar echinococcosis: evaluation of therapeutic strategies[J]. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs, 2014, 2(1): 67-86.
[46]	Yang XF, Bao HH, Cao JY, et al. Study on the characteristics of “indulgence of vein” in patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis[J]. J Pract Radiol, 2018, 34(4): 541-544, 567. (in Chinese)
	(杨晓菲, 鲍海华, 曹佳媛, 等. 肝泡型包虫病“嗜静脉血管” 特点研究[J]. 实用放射学杂志, 2018, 34(4): 541-544, 567.)
[47]	Yang XF, Kang YL, Qiao YJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of characteristics of vascular invasion in intermediate and advanced hepatic alveolar echinococcosis[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2019, 17(5): 4197-4204. doi: 10.3892/etm.2019.7460 pmid: 31007751
[48]	Nunnari G, Pinzone MR, Gruttadauria S, et al. Hepatic echinococcosis: clinical and therapeutic aspects[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2012, 18(13): 1448-1458. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i13.1448
[49]	Wen H, Dong JH, Zhang JH, et al. Ex vivo liver resection followed by autotransplantation for end-stage hepatic alveolar echinococcosis[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2011, 124(18): 2813-2817.
[50]	Yang LF, Yang JB, Zhou XB, et al. Development of a radiomics nomogram based on the 2D and 3D CT features to predict the survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients[J]. Eur Radiol, 2019, 29(5): 2196-2206. doi: 10.1007/s00330-018-5770-y pmid: 30523451
[51]	Shi B, Zhang GM, Xu M, et al. Distinguishing metastases from benign adrenal masses: what can CT texture analysis do?[J]. Acta Radiol, 2019, 60(11): 1553-1561. doi: 10.1177/0284185119830292 pmid: 30799636
[52]	Ren CY, Zhang JP, Qi M, et al. Machine learning based on clinico-biological features integrated 18 F-FDG PET/CT radiomics for distinguishing squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma of lung[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2021, 48(5): 1538-1549. doi: 10.1007/s00259-020-05065-6
[53]	Thrall JH, Li X, Li QZ, et al. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in radiology: opportunities, challenges, pitfalls, and criteria for success[J]. J Am Coll Radiol, 2018, 15(< W>3 Pt B): 504-508. doi: S1546-1440(17)31671-X pmid: 29402533
[54]	Chartrand G, Cheng PM, Vorontsov E, et al. Deep learning: a primer for radiologists[J]. Radiographics, 2017, 37(7): 2113-2131. doi: 10.1148/rg.2017170077 pmid: 29131760
[55]	Zhang SJ, Zhang L, Zhao JQ, et al. Inhibition of invasive growth and metastasis of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis by anti-osteopontin antibody[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2011, 29(6): 410-414. (in Chinese)
	(张示杰, 张龙, 赵江桥, 等. 抗骨桥蛋白抗体抑制肝泡型棘球蚴侵袭性生长和转移[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2011, 29(6): 410-414.)
[56]	Zhang HZ, Chen ZY, Yan LN, et al. A single-center experience on surgical treatment of hepatic echinococcosis[J]. Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg, 2015, 22(2): 144-148. (in Chinese)
	(张瀚之, 陈哲宇, 严律南, 等. 肝包虫病外科治疗的单中心经验[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2015, 22(2): 144-148.)
[57]	He YB, Bai L, Aji T, et al. Application of 3D reconstruction for surgical treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2015, 21(35): 10200-10207. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i35.10200
[58]	Wen H, Luan MX, Yang WG, et al. Study on standard classification and clinical significance for hepatic echinococcosis[J]. J Xinjiang Med Univ, 2002, 25(2): 129-130. (in Chinese)
	(温浩, 栾梅香, 杨文光, 等. 肝包虫病的标准化分型及临床意义探讨[J]. 新疆医科大学学报, 2002, 25(2): 129-130.)
[59]	Mannil M, von Spiczak J, Muehlematter UJ, et al. Texture analysis of myocardial infarction in CT: comparison with visual analysis and impact of iterative reconstruction[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2019, 113: 245-250. doi: S0720-048X(19)30090-7 pmid: 30927955
[60]	Gottstein B, Wang JH, Blagosklonov O, et al. Echinococcus metacestode: in search of viability markers[J]. Parasite, 2014, 21: 63. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2014063 pmid: 25429386