Research progress on combined use of drugs with albendazole in the treatment of echinococcosis

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.05.013

Abstract

Abstract:

Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease that seriously affects the health and life safety of farmers and herdsmen. Albendazole is the primary clinical drug. However, the bioavailability of albendazole is low, requiring patients to increase the dosage and take medicine for a long time, producing certain adverse reactions and drug resistance. In order to improve the efficacy of albendazole and reduce the damage of drugs to the body, more and more studies pay attention to the combination of albendazole. This paper focuses on the advances progress of other drugs combined with albendazole in the treatment of echinococcosis to provide a reference for the further research and application of drug therapy in patients with echinococcosis.

Key words: Echinococcosis, Albendazole, Medication, Combination therapy

CLC Number:

R532.32

QIN Min, WANG Li-ying. Research progress on combined use of drugs with albendazole in the treatment of echinococcosis[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES, 2022, 40(5): 647-655.

Figures/Tables 2

References 77

[1]	Vuitton DA,, McManus DP,, Rogan MT, et al. International consensus on terminology to be used in the field of echinococcosis[J]. Parasite, 2020, 27(Suppl): 41.
[2]	Budke CM,, Deplazes P,, Torgerson PR. Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis[J]. Emerg Infect Dis, 2006, 12(2): 296-303. pmid: 16494758
[3]	McManus DP,, Gray DJ,, Zhang WB, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and management of echinococcosis[J]. BMJ Clin Res Ed, 2012, 344: e3866.
[4]	McManus DP,, Zhang WB,, Li J, et al. Echinococcosis[J]. The Lancet, 2003, 362(9392): 1295-1304. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14573-4
[5]	Craig PS,, McManus DP,, Lightowlers MW, et al. Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2007, 7(6): 385-394. pmid: 17521591
[6]	Moro P,, Schantz PM. Echinococcosis: a review[J]. Int J Infect Dis, 2009, 13(2): 125-133. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.03.037 pmid: 18938096
[7]	Brunetti E,, Kern P,, Vuitton DA, et al. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans[J]. Acta Trop, 2010, 114(1): 1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.001 pmid: 19931502
[8]	Brunetti E,, Junghanss T. Update on cystic hydatid disease[J]. Curr Opin Inf Dis, 2009, 22(5): 497-502. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e328330331c
[9]	Torgerson PR,, Schweiger A,, Deplazes P, et al. Corrigendum to “Alveolar echinococcosis: from a deadly disease to a well-controlled infection. Relative survival and economic analysis in Switzerland over the last 35 years”[J Hepatol 49 (2008) 72-77][J]. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(5): 1208. doi: S0168-8278(18)32292-X pmid: 30206019
[10]	Jenkins DJ. WHO/OIE manual on echinococcosis in humans and animals: a public health problem of global concern[J]. Inter J Parasitol, 2001, 31(14): 1717-1718. doi: 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00318-6
[11]	Li XT,, Zhou XZ,, Li B, et al. Reviewed on research of albendazole[J]. J Tradit Chin Vet Med, 2019, 38(3): 26-29. (in Chinese)
	( 李晓婷,, 周绪正,, 李冰, 等. 广谱抗蠕虫药阿苯达唑研究进展[J]. 中兽医医药杂志, 2019, 38(3): 26-29.)
[12]	Vuitton DA. Benzimidazoles for the treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis: what is the consensus?[J]. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2009, 7(2): 145-149. doi: 10.1586/14787210.7.2.145 pmid: 19254162
[13]	Kern P. Echinococcus granulosus infection: Clinical presentation, medical treatment and outcome[J]. Langenbecks Arch Surg, 2003, 388(6): 413-420. doi: 10.1007/s00423-003-0418-y
[14]	Chai JJ,, Meng HBT,, Jiao W, et al. Clinical efficacy of albendazole emulsion in treatment of 212 cases of liver cystic hydatidosis[J]. Chin Med J (in English), 2002, 115(12): 1809-1813.
[15]	Turson Y,, Aili ,, Ti L, et al. Clinical effect of albendazole emulsion treatment in 71 cases of hepatic capsule hydatidiasis[J]. Bull Dis Control Prev China, 2002, 17(1): 72-74. (in Chinese)
	( 亚德卡尔·吐尔逊,, 艾力,, 提拉合买提, 等. 阿苯达唑乳剂治疗肝囊型包虫病71例临床疗效观察[J]. 地方病通报, 2002, 17(1): 72-74.)
[16]	Wang LY,, Wu WP,, Cai HX, et al. Clinical observation of albendazole to treat echinococcosis in children[J]. J Pathog Biol, 2014, 9(10): 911-914. (in Chinese)
	( 王立英,, 伍卫平,, 蔡辉霞, 等. 阿苯达唑治疗中小学生棘球蚴病的观察[J]. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2014, 9(10): 911-914.)
[17]	Anthony JP,, Fyfe L,, Smith H. Plant active components: a resource for antiparasitic agents?[J]. Trends Parasitol, 2005, 21(10): 462-468. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.08.004
[18]	Goncagul G,, Ayaz E. Antimicrobial effect of garlic (Allium sativum)[J]. Recent Pat Anti Infect Drug Discov, 2010, 5(1): 91-93. doi: 10.2174/157489110790112536
[19]	Nicastro HL,, Ross SA,, Milner JA. Garlic and onions: their cancer prevention properties[J]. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 2015, 8(3): 181-189. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0172
[20]	Haji Mohammadi KH, Heidarpour M,, Borji H. Allium Sativum methanolic extract (garlic) improves therapeutic efficacy of albendazole against hydatid cyst: in vivo study[J]. Invest Surg, 2019, 32(8): 723-730.
[21]	Duan XX,, Li JL,, Li W, et al. Antioxidant tert-butylhydroquinone ameliorates arsenic-induced intracellular damages and apoptosis through induction of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant responses as well as stabilization of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 in human keratinocytes[J]. Free Radic Biol Med, 2016, 94: 74-87. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.009
[22]	Goudarzi M,, Amiri S,, Nesari A, et al. The possible neuroprotective effect of ellagic acid on sodium arsenate-induced neurotoxicity in rats[J]. Life Sci, 2018, 198: 38-45. doi: S0024-3205(18)30072-9 pmid: 29455002
[23]	Li J,, Zhang WB,, Loukas A, et al. Functional expression and characterization of Echinococcus granulosus thioredoxin peroxidase suggests a role in protection against oxidative damage[J]. Gene, 2004, 326: 157-165. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2003.10.027
[24]	Xing GQ,, Zhang H,, Liu CL, et al. Sodium arsenite augments sensitivity of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces to albendazole[J]. Exp Parasitol, 2019, 200: 55-60. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.02.008
[25]	Zhang WB,, Ross AG,, McManus DP. Mechanisms of immunity in hydatid disease: implications for vaccine development[J]. J Immunol, 2008, 181(10): 6679-6685. pmid: 18981082
[26]	Zhang WB,, Wen H,, Li J, et al. Immunology and immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis: an update[J]. Clin Dev Immunol, 2012, 2012: 101895.
[27]	Rahdar M,, Rafiei A,, Valipour-Nouroozi R. The combination of Cytokines and albendazole therapy for prophylaxis and treatment of experimental/hydatid cyst[J]. Acta Trop, 2020, 201: 105206. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105206
[28]	Uzé G,, Tavernier J. High efficiency targeting of IFN-α activity: possible applications in fighting tumours and infections[J]. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2015, 26(2): 179-182. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.10.006
[29]	Godot V,, Harraga S,, Podoprigora G, et al. IFN alpha-2a protects mice against a helminth infection of the liver and modulates immune responses[J]. Gastroenterology, 2003, 124(5): 1441-1450. pmid: 12730883
[30]	Zhang SB,, Zhou YS,, Su LF, et al. In vivo evaluation of the efficacy of combined albedazole-IFN-α treatment for cystic echinococcosis in mice[J]. Parasitol Res, 2017, 116(2): 735-742. doi: 10.1007/s00436-016-5339-0
[31]	Ingle AP,, Duran N,, Rai M. Bioactivity, mechanism of action, and cytotoxicity of copper-based nanoparticles: a review[J]. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2014, 98(3): 1001-1009. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5422-8 pmid: 24305741
[32]	Scheiber I,, Dringen R,, Mercer JFB. Copper: effects of deficiency and overload[J]. Met Ions Life Sci, 2013, 13: 359-387. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_11 pmid: 24470097
[33]	Ingle AP,, Duran N,, Rai M. Bioactivity, mechanism of action, and cytotoxicity of copper-based nanoparticles: a review[J]. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2014, 98(3): 1001-1009. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5422-8 pmid: 24305741
[34]	Ezzatkhah F,, Khalaf AK,, Mahmoudvand H. Copper nanoparticles: Biosynthesis, characterization, and protoscolicidal effects alone and combined with albendazole against hydatid cyst protoscoleces[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2021, 136: 111257. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111257 pmid: 33450495
[35]	Cen YY,, Zhao YO,, Li P, et al. Research progress on pharmacokinetics and pharmacological activities of artesunate[J]. Chin J Chin Mater Med, 2018, 43(19): 3970-3978. (in Chinese)
	( 岑彦艳,, 赵祎博,, 李攀, 等. 青蒿琥酯的药代动力学以及相关药理作用研究进展[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2018, 43(19): 3970-3978.)
[36]	Li XW. Study on killing effect of artesunate on protocercariae of echinococcus multilocularis in vitro[D]. Xining: Qinghai University, 2019: 8-24. (in Chinese)
	( 李小雯. 青蒿琥酯对多房棘球蚴头节体外杀伤效果研究[D]. 西宁: 青海大学, 2019: 8-24.)
[37]	Zhang HW,, Peng XY,, Zhang SJ, et al. Albendazole in combination with artesunate to prevent the recurrence of cystic echinococcosis in mice[J]. J Pathog Biol, 2010, 5(5): 368-372, 406. (in Chinese)
	( 张宏伟,, 彭心宇,, 张示杰, 等. 青蒿琥酯联合阿苯达唑预防小鼠囊型包虫病术后复发的研究[J]. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2010, 5(5): 368-372, 406.)
[38]	Spicher M,, Roethlisberger C,, Lany C, et al. In vitro and in vivo treatments of echinococcus protoscoleces and metacestodes with artemisinin and artemisinin derivatives[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2008, 52(9), 3447-3450. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00553-08 pmid: 18625777
[39]	Hamsa T,, Kuttan G. Studies on anti-metastatic and anti-invasive effects of harmine using highly metastatic murine B16F-10 melanoma cells[J]. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 2011, 30(2): 123-137. doi: 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.v30.i2.40
[40]	Li LH,, Zhao J,, Ma YF, et al. Experimental study of harmine and albendazole on Echinococcosis infection in mice[J]. J Pathog Biol, 2016, 11(9): 815-820. (in Chinese)
	( 李丽华,, 赵军,, 马运芳, 等. 去氢骆驼蓬碱和阿苯达唑联合治疗小鼠腹腔细粒棘球蚴病的实验研究[J]. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2016, 11(9): 815-820.)
[41]	Roy M,, Liang L,, Xiao XJ, et al. Lycorine: a prospective natural lead for anticancer drug discovery[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2018, 107: 615-624. doi: S0753-3322(18)33763-6 pmid: 30114645
[42]	Amara MO,, Franetich JF,, Bouladoux N, et al. In vitro activity of antimitotic compounds against the microsporidium Encephalitozoon intestinalis[J]. J Eukaryotic Microbiol, 2001, 48 (Suppl.1): 99S-100S.
[43]	Giordani RB,, de Brum Vieira P,, Weizenmann M, et al. Lycorine induces cell death in the amitochondriate parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis, via an alternative non-apoptotic death pathway[J]. Phytochemistry, 2011, 72(7): 645-650. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.023 pmid: 21324496
[44]	Yang LZ. Study on lycorine and lycorine combined with albendazole against Echinococcus Granulosus protoscoleces in vitro[D]. Shihezi: Shihezi University, 2020: 5-13. (in Chinese)
	( 杨凌志. 石蒜碱及联合阿苯达唑体外抗细粒棘球蚴原头节的作用研究[D]. 石河子: 石河子大学, 2020: 5-13.)
[45]	Giordani RB,, Junior CO,, de Andrade JP, et al. Lycorine derivatives against Trichomonas vaginalis[J]. Chem Biol Drug Des, 2012, 80(1): 129-133. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2012.01333.x pmid: 22260620
[46]	Qavami N,, Naghdi Badi H,, Labbafi M, et al. A review on pharmacological, cultivation and biotechnology aspects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.)[J]. J Med Plants, 2013, 12(47): 38-47.
[47]	Yang J,, Liu YM,, Liu YZ. Advances in the pharmaceutical research on silymarin[J]. Nat Prod Res Dev, 2004, 16 (2): 185-187. (in Chinese)
	( 杨晋,, 刘雅敏,, 刘延泽. 水飞蓟素药学研究进展[J]. 天然产物研究与开发, 2004, 16(2): 185-187.)
[48]	Taghipour A,, Ghaffarifar F,, Horton J, et al. Silybum marianum ethanolic extract: in vitro effects on protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus G1 strain with emphasis on other Iranian medicinal plants[J]. Trop Med Heal, 2021, 49(1): 71.
[49]	Zhu K. Design, synthesis of, and antitumor activity of atorovaquone analogues[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University. 2011: 12-21. (in Chinese)
	( 朱侃. 阿托伐醌类似物的设计、合成及其抗肿瘤活性研究[D]. 南京: 南京师范大学, 2011: 12-21.)
[50]	Enkai S,, Kouguchi H,, Inaoka DK, et al. In vivo efficacy of combination therapy with albendazole and atovaquone against primary hydatid cysts in mice[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2021, 40(9): 1815-1820. doi: 10.1007/s10096-021-04230-5
[51]	Sharifi-Rad M,, Varoni EM,, Iriti M, et al. Carvacrol and human health: a comprehensive review[J]. Phytother Res, 2018, 32(9): 1675-1687. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6103 pmid: 29744941
[52]	Fabbri J,, Maggiore MA,, Pensel PE, et al. Could beta-myrcene be an alternative to albendazole for the treatment of experimental cystic echinococcosis?[J]. Acta Trop, 2018, 187: 5-12. doi: S0001-706X(18)30306-1 pmid: 30040945
[53]	Lopez LM,, Pensel PE,, Fabbri J, et al. The combination of carvacrol and albendazole enhanced the efficacy of monotherapy in experimental alveolar echinococcosis[J]. Acta Trop, 2022, 225: 106198. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106198
[54]	Wang HG. New progress in the application of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases[J]. Tianjin pharmacy, 2019(6): 64-68. (in Chinese)
	( 王慧钢. 姜黄素在寄生虫病防治中的应用新进展[J]. 天津药学, 2019(6): 64-68.)
[55]	Rasmussen HB,, Christensen SB,, Kvist LP, et al. A simple and efficient separation of the curcumins, the antiprotozoal constituents of Curcuma longa[J]. Planta Med, 2000, 66(4): 396-398. pmid: 10865470
[56]	Koide T,, Nose M,, Ogihara Y, et al. Leishmanicidal effect of curcumin in vitro[J]. Biol Pharm Bull, 2002, 25(1): 131-133. doi: 10.1248/bpb.25.131
[57]	El-Ansary AK,, Ahmed SA,, Aly SA. Antischistosomal and liver protective effects of Curcuma longa extract in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice[J]. Indian J Exp Biol, 2007, 45(9): 791-801. pmid: 17907745
[58]	Suarez CE,, Alzan HF,, Silva MG, et al. Unravelling the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of bovine babesiosis: is the sky the limit?[J]. Int J Parasitol, 2019, 49(2): 183-197. doi: S0020-7519(18)30304-7 pmid: 30690089
[59]	Shih PC,, Lee HH,, Lai SC, et al. Efficacy of curcumin therapy against Angiostrongylus cantonensis-induced eosinophilic meningitis[J]. J Helminthol, 2007, 81(1): 1-5. pmid: 17381860
[60]	Yang L,, Wang QK,, Chu X, et al. Effect of curcumin on TNF-α and TNF-β in mouse hepatic vesicular bulb[J]. Med info, 2015, 28(49): 105-106. (in Chinese)
	( 杨林,, 王其昆,, 楚啸, 等. 姜黄素在小鼠肝泡状棘球蚴中对TNF-α和TNF-β的影响[J]. 医学信息, 2015, 28(49): 105-106.)
[61]	Ou MH. Pharmacological and clinical research progress of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate[J]. Chin Hosp Manag, 2010, 19(15): 83-85. (in Chinese)
	( 欧明洪. 异甘草酸镁药理与临床研究进展[J]. 中国药业, 2010, 19(15): 83-85.)
[62]	Ming LJ,, Yin AC. Therapeutic effects of glycyrrhizic acid[J]. Nat Prod Commun, 2013, 8(3): 415-418. pmid: 23678825
[63]	Dou MR. Treatment of echinococcosis in mice with magnesium isoglycyrrhizate and albendazole[D]. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia medical University, 2020: 5-11. (in Chinese)
	( 窦明睿. 异甘草酸镁联合阿苯达唑治疗小鼠泡球蚴病的研究[D]. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古医科大学, 2020: 5-11.)
[64]	Wan M. On the Protection of Tibetan Pharmaceutical Plant Resources in Qinghai[J]. J Clin Med Lit (Electronic Edition), 2017, 4(A2): 20186-20187. (in Chinese)
	( 完玛仁青. 浅谈青海藏药药用植物资源保护[J]. 临床医药文献电子杂志, 2017, 4(A2): 20186-20187.)
[65]	Dai XD,, Ren YX,, Liu X, et al. Transmission electron microscope investigation of Trichomonas vaginalis treated with Mosla chinensis Maxim[J]. J Trop Med, 2011, 11(12): 1379-1382. (in Chinese)
	( 戴晓冬,, 任一鑫,, 刘欣, 等. 香薷体外抗阴道毛滴虫的透射电镜观察[J]. 热带医学杂志, 2011, 11(12): 1379-1382.)
[66]	Zhu JH,, Cao DP,, Qie Y, et al. Effect of Elsholtzia eriostachya in combination with albendazole in treatment of secondary Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode infection in rats[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2020, 38(6): 688-694. (in Chinese)
	( 朱吉海,, 曹得萍,, 切羊让中, 等. 藏药黄花香薷联合阿苯达唑治疗大鼠继发性多房棘球蚴感染的疗效研究[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2020, 38(6): 688-694.)
[67]	María AC,, Celina EM. Efficacy of albendazole in combination with thymol against Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces and metacestodes[J]. Acta Trop, 2014, 140: 61-67. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.08.007
[68]	Albani CM,, Pensel PE,, Elissondo N, et al. In vivo activity of albendazole in combination with thymol against Echinococcus multilocularis[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2015, 212(3/4): 193-199. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.06.030
[69]	Gong HL,, Li WM,, Yin LM. Effect of Liujunzi soup combined with albendazole in hydatidiasis[J]. Heal Vocat Educ, 2014, 32(5): 139-140. (in Chinese)
	( 龚惠玲,, 李文梅,, 尹丽梅. 六君子汤联合阿苯达唑治疗包虫病疗效观察[J]. 卫生职业教育, 2014, 32(5): 139-140.)
[70]	Niu JR,, Zhang JY,, Zhou XZ, et al. Research progress of pharmacology on matrine alkaloids from Sophora moorcroftiana[J]. J Tradit Chin Vet Med, 2017, 36(5): 84-87. (in Chinese)
	( 牛建荣,, 张继瑜,, 周绪正, 等. 西藏砂生槐主要成分苦参碱类药理学研究进展[J]. 中兽医医药杂志, 2017, 36(5): 84-87.)
[71]	Cheng SL. The effect of the total alkaloids contents in Tibetan medicine Sophora moorcroftiana on the immunological indexes of the hepatic alveolar echinococcosis animal model[D]. Xining: Qinghai University, 2017: 5-15. (in Chinese)
	( 程时磊. 藏药砂生槐总生物碱对肝泡型包虫病模型免疫指标的影响[D]. 西宁: 青海大学, 2017: 5-15.)
[72]	Ma XM,, Li HY,, Yin SF, et al. The study on killing protoscolex activity and anti-inflammatory of alkaloids extracted from Sophora moorcroftiana seeds[J]. J Pathog Biol, 2004, 17(4): 217-219. (in Chinese)
	( 马兴铭,, 李红玉,, 尹少甫, 等. 砂生槐子生物碱杀灭原头蚴及抗炎作用[J]. 中国寄生虫病防治杂志, 2004, 17(4): 217-219.)
[73]	Pan RZ,, Zhang FB,, Cheng SL, et al. A study on treatment of secondary hepatic hydatid disease in mice with alkaloids extracted from Sophora moorcroftiana seeds[J]. J Pathog Biol, 2018, 13(3): 254-258. (in Chinese)
	( 潘汝翀,, 张发斌,, 程时磊, 等. 砂生槐生物碱治疗继发性小鼠肝包虫病的实验研究[J]. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2018, 13(3): 254-258.)
[74]	Gao P,, Pan RC,, Zhang FB, et al. Therapeutic effects of bioadhesive tablets of total alkaloids from Sophora moorcroftiana and albendazole on secondary alveolar echinococcosis in mice[J]. Chin High Alt Med Biol, 2021, 42(1): 47-52. (in Chinese)
	( 高攀,, 潘汝翀,, 张发斌, 等. 砂生槐子总生物碱生物粘附片与阿苯达唑联合用药治疗继发性小鼠泡球蚴病的疗效[J]. 中国高原医学与生物学杂志, 2021, 42(1): 47-52.)
[75]	Wen H,, Vuitton L,, Tuxun T, et al. Echinococcosis: advances in the 21st Century[J]. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2019, 32(2): e00075-18.
[76]	Huang Y,, Yu WJ,, Shang JY, et al. Efficacy of alternative and combined use of albendazole plus praziquantel in the treatment of echinococcosis for Tibetan herdsmen[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2021, 39(2): 171-177. (in Chinese)
	( 黄燕,, 喻文杰,, 尚婧晔, 等. 阿苯达唑和吡喹酮交替联合用药治疗藏族牧民棘球蚴病的效果观察[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2021, 39(2): 171-177.)
[77]	Wang LY,, Qin M,, Liu ZH, et al. Prevalence and spatial distribution characteristics of human echinococcosis in China[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2021, 15(12): e0009996. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009996

药物	虫种	剂量	给药方式	作用时间	实验结果^a	参考文献
大蒜甲醇提取物	细粒棘球绦虫	10 ml/L大蒜甲醇提取物 + 50 mg/kg阿苯达唑	腹腔注射	30 d	有效	[20]
细胞因子（IL-12和IFN-γ）	细粒棘球绦虫	10 μg/kg IL-12 + 25 μg/kg IFN-γ + 50 mg/kg阿苯达唑	腹腔注射	90 d	有效	[27]
IFN-α	细粒棘球绦虫	10 000 IU/50μl IFN-α + 5 mg/kg阿苯达唑	肌肉注射+灌胃	60 d	有效	[30]
青蒿琥酯	细粒棘球绦虫	100 mg/(kg·d)青蒿琥酯 + 75 mg/(kg·d)阿苯达唑	灌胃	90 d	有效	[37]
青蒿琥酯	细粒棘球绦虫	200 mg/(kg·bw)青蒿琥酯 + 50 mg/(kg·bw)阿苯达唑	灌胃	6周	无效	[38]
去氢骆驼蓬碱	细粒棘球绦虫	10 mg/kg去氢骆驼蓬碱 + 50 mg/kg阿苯达唑	腹腔注射	14 d	有效	[40]
砂生槐	细粒棘球绦虫	8 mg/(kg·d)砂生槐 + 10 mg/(kg·d)阿苯达唑	灌胃	90 d	无效	[73]
阿托伐酮	多房棘球绦虫	133 mg/100g阿托伐酮 + 125 mg/100g阿苯达唑	口服	8周	有效	[50]
香芹酚	多房棘球绦虫	40 mg/kg香芹酚 + 25 mg/kg阿苯达唑	灌胃	30 d	有效	[53]
姜黄素	多房棘球绦虫	1.25 mg/d姜黄素 + 1.25 mg/d阿苯达唑	灌胃	60 d	无效	[60]
异甘草酸镁	多房棘球绦虫	45 mg/(kg·d)异甘草酸镁 + 50 mg/(kg·d)阿苯达唑	腹腔注射	60 d	有效	[63]
黄花香薷	多房棘球绦虫	25 mg/(kg·d)黄花香薷 + 25 mg/(kg·d)阿苯达唑	灌胃	56 d	有效	[66]
砂生槐	多房棘球绦虫	砂生槐子生物缓释粘附片1片 + 50 mg/(kg·d)阿苯达唑	灌胃	30 d	有效	[74]

药物	虫种	浓度	作用时间	死亡率/%	参考文献
亚砷酸钠	细粒棘球绦虫	20 μmol/l亚砷酸钠 + 80 μmol/l阿苯达唑	4 d	100	[24]
铜纳米颗粒	细粒棘球绦虫	750 mg/ml铜纳米颗粒 + 200 mg/ml阿苯达唑	10 min	100	[34]
百里酚	多房棘球绦虫	10 μg/ml百里酚 + 10 μg/ml阿苯达唑	25 d	50	[67]
石蒜碱	细粒棘球绦虫	100 μmol/l石蒜碱 + 50 μmol/l阿苯达唑	9 d	49.8	[44]
水飞蓟乙醇提取物	多房棘球绦虫	500 μg/ml水飞蓟乙醇提取物 + 500 μg/ml阿苯达唑	60 min	100	[48]
香芹酚	多房棘球绦虫	10 μg/ml香芹酚 + 1 μg/ml阿苯达唑	5 d	54.23	[46]