Progress of echinococcosis control in China, 2024

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2025.06.001

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the progress of nationwide echinococcosis control program in China in 2024, and to summarize the experiences and challenges, so as to provide insights into optimization of echinococcosis control strategies and measures. Methdos Data pertaining to national echinococcosis control programs in endemic areas of China in 2024 were collected from the Information Management System for Parasitic Disease Control operated by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention to create a database. A descriptive analysis was performed to understand human echinococcosis tests and treatments, prevalence of infections in infectious sources, and prevalence of echinococcosis in intermediate hosts, and compare them with the data from 2020 to 2023. Intergroup comparisons were performed using Pearson’s chi-square test and Cochran-Armitage trend test. Results A total of 23 622 prevalent echinococcosis cases were found in 370 endemic counties across China by the end of 2024, with a prevalence rate of 53.73/10⁵ (23 622/43 963 728), appearing a 15.40% decrease relative to 2020 (63.51/10⁵). A total of 2 159 incident echinococcosis cases were reported in China in 2024, showing a 13.63% increase relative to 2020 (1 900 cases), and 10.79% (233/2 159) of cases were detected among individuals at ages of under 12 years. Abdominal ultrasound scans were performed for human echinococcosis screening in China at 5.640 4 million person-times in 2024, and suspected cases positive for ultrasound scans were subjected to serological tests at 12 479 person-times. A total of 16 717 individuals received chemotherapy against echinococcosis and 2 061 individuals received surgical treatments for echinococcosis in 2024, including 69.29% of cystic echinococcosis patients (1 428/2 061) and 24.55% of alveolar echinococcosis patients (506/2 061). The 2024 follow-up outcomes revealed that there were 2 499 cases with cure, 18 294 cases with responses to treatments, 4 511 cases with failure in treatments, 371 deaths (the causes of the deaths were not echinococcosis), 483 cases excluded from the study, 231 cases lost to follow-up, 169 cases with incompletion of the follow-up, and 88 cases migrating to other places. In 2024, there were 2 073 297 dogs in echinococcosis-endemic townships in China, including 1 960 195 dogs registered for management. Deworming was conducted in dogs in 35 146 villages, including domestic dog deworming at 20 989 364 times, and wild canines deworming with 347 167 doses. The prevalence of positive Echinococcus coproantigen results was 0.51% (2 109/411 144) in domestic dogs, appearing a tendency towards a rise since 2021 (Z = 3.66, P < 0.05), and was 3.33% (2 437/73 088) in wild canines, showing a tendency towards a rise since 2021 (Z = 31.37, P < 0.05). In 2024, the prevalence of echinococcosis was 0.92% (1 273/138 373) in livestock, appearing a tendency towards a rise since 2021 (Z = 10.20, P < 0.05), and was 0.57% (282/49 780) in field rodents, appearing a tendency towards a decline since 2021 (Z = -11.31, P < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of echinococcosis had been basically controlled in China in 2024; however, the rebound of incident cases and an increase in the prevalence of echinococcosis in infectious sources indicate a risk of resurgence. Future echinococcosis control efforts should continue to strengthen integrated control and cross-sectoral collaboration, and focus on precise management of infectious sources in the context of the One Health concept, improved grassroots capacity, and increased investment in scientific research to overcome key technical bottlenecks, so as to improve echinococcosis control capabilities in China.

Key words: Echinococcosis, Progress of control, China

CLC Number:

R532.32

LIU Baixue, KUI Yan, XUE Chuizhao, WANG Xu, WANG Ying, WANG Liying, YANG Shijie, HAN Shuai, LI Shizhu. Progress of echinococcosis control in China, 2024[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES, 2025, 43(6): 739-748.

Figures/Tables 7

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References 22

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省（自治区） Province（Autonomous region）	流行县（市、区、旗）数 No. endemic county (city, district, banner)	常住人口数 No. resident	患病人数/例 No. patient/case					新发现病例数/例 No. newly diagnosed/case
			细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病 Alveolar echinococcosis	混合型 Mixed infection	未分型 Pending	合计 Total	< 12岁 Age < 12					≥ 12岁 Age ≥ 12
			细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病 Alveolar echinococcosis	混合型 Mixed infection	未分型 Pending	合计 Total	细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病 Alveolar echinococcosis	混合型 Mixed infection	未分型 Pending	合计 Total	细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病 Alveolar echinococcosis	混合型 Mixed infection	未分型 Pending	合计 Total
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	26	1 831 286	62	1	0	1	64	0	0	0	0	0	15	1	0	1	17
四川 Sichuan	35	1 718 869	4 099	4 733	69	34	8 935	3	1	0	1	5	39	54	0	13	106
云南 Yunnan	24	2 466 553	72	0	0	0	72	1	0	0	0	1	14	0	0	0	14
西藏 Xizang	74	3 210 581	4 006	215	56	709	4 986	33	0	0	1	34	388	42	0	96	526
陕西 Shaanxi	2	374 011	1	0	0	24	25	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	4	4
甘肃 Gansu	57	10 453 329	1 102	37	0	17	1 156	2	0	0	0	2	119	2	0	8	129
青海 Qinghai	39	4 335 100	2 489	1 979	40	270	4 778	3	1	0	0	4	102	41	0	9	152
宁夏 Ningxia	19	2 484 059	693	57	1	0	751	1	0	0	0	1	44	6	0	0	50
新疆^a Xinjiang^a	94	17 089 940	2 486	51	12	306	2 855	171	0	3	12	186	810	14	5	99	928
合计 Total	370	43 963 728	15 010	7 073	178	1 361	23 622	214	2	3	14	233	1 531	160	5	230	1 926

省（自治区）Province（Autonomous region）	药物治疗/例 Drug treatment/case					手术治疗/例 Surgical treatment/case					随访情况/例 Follow-up of patients/case
省（自治区）Province（Autonomous region）	细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病 Alveolar echinococcosis	混合型 Mixed infection	未分型 Pending	合计 Total	细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis	多房棘球蚴病 Alveolar echinococcosis	混合型 Mixed infection	未分型 Pending	合计 Total	治愈 Cured	有效 Effective treatment	无效 Ineffective treatment	死亡 Died	排除 Excluded	失访 Loss to follow-up	未访 Unvisited	外迁 Moved out
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	17	0	0	0	17	11	1	0	1	13	2	55	7	2	0	2	0	0
四川 Sichuan	3 855	4 838	74	25	8 792	112	320	1	5	438	668	6 017	2 772	51	266	9	146	5
云南 Yunnan	72	0	0	0	72	9	0	0	0	9	34	36	1	1	0	0	0	0
西藏 Xizang	2 487	146	53	357	3 043	274	60	2	0	336	979	3 601	1 024	72	122	66	5	9
陕西 Shaanxi	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2	5	1	19	0	0	0	0	0
甘肃 Gansu	773	32	0	8	813	84	2	0	1	87	136	905	196	27	5	30	9	12
青海 Qinghai	891	1 226	21	34	2 172	100	104	0	42	246	368	4 161	469	177	78	109	1	38
宁夏 Ningxia	525	57	1	0	583	65	4	0	0	69	113	689	13	18	8	9	0	17
新疆^a Xinjiang^a	1 108	28	6	83	1 225	773	15	6	67	861	194	2 829	10	23	4	6	8	7
合计 Total	9 728	6 327	155	507	16 717	1 428	506	9	118	2 061	2 499	18 294	4 511	371	483	231	169	88

省（自治区）Province（Autonomous region）	犬只管理 Dog management				驱虫 Deworming treatment						粪样检测 Fecal sample tested
省（自治区）Province（Autonomous region）	犬只总数 Total no. dogs		登记管理犬数 No. dog under management		驱虫村数 No. village deworming		驱虫犬数 No. deworming		野外犬科动物驱虫投药数 No. deworming treatment for wild canines		家犬 Domestic dog		阳性数 No. positive			阳性检出率/% Positive rate /%		野外犬科动物 Wild canine		粪样阳性数（份） No. positive		阳性检出率/% Positive rate /%
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	190 244		189 378		1 634		275 352		80		18 280		22			0.12		600		0		0
四川 Sichuan	145 382		144 846		3 828		143 176		9 600		36 592		71			0.19		11 602		76		0.66
云南 Yunnan	130 734		97 403		192		10 714		1 864		6 360		52			0.82		2 010		43		2.14
西藏 Xizang	132 312		122 730		5 376		128 709		10 646		48 211		442			0.92		14 939		207		1.39
陕西 Shaanxi	9 039		8 846		205		9 039		0		1 250		0			0		0		0		-
甘肃 Gansu	679 291		627 712		8 085		627 910		23 440		90 792		485			0.53		9 210		45		0.49
青海 Qinghai		284 297		275 127		4 039		275 127		276 473		64 090		351	0.55		20 110		2 028		10.08
宁夏 Ningxia		194 644		193 727		1 886		193 529		4 745		21 903		86	0.39		5 645		13		0.23
新疆^a Xinjiang^a		307 354		300 426		9 901		367 419		20 319		123 666		600	0.49		8 972		25		0.28
合计 Total		2 073 297		1 960 195		35 146		2 030 975		347 167		411 144		2 109	0.51		73 088		2 437		3.33

省（自治区） Province（Autonomous region）	屠宰的家畜 Livestock slaughtered			野外啮齿目动物^a Wild rodent^a
省（自治区） Province（Autonomous region）	检查数 No. exam’d	患病数 No. diseased	患病率/% Prevalence/%	检查数 No. exam’d	患病数 No. diseased	患病率/% Prevalence/%
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia	14 108	7	0.05	-	-	-
四川 Sichuan	8 866	120	1.35	10 256	175	1.71
云南 Yunnan	5 371	2	0.04	-	-	-
西藏 Xizang	8 402	257	3.06	10 875	20	0.18
陕西 Shaanxi	1 631	0	0	-	-	-
甘肃 Gansu	21 895	118	0.54	4 072	3	0.07
青海 Qinghai	26 804	216	0.81	7 816	13	0.17
宁夏 Ningxia	8 760	9	0.10	1 520	6	0.39
新疆 Xinjiang	37 857	544	1.44	15 191	65	0.43
新疆生产建设兵团 Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps	4 679	0	0	50	0	0
合计 Total	138 373	1 273	0.92	49 780	282	0.57