CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES

Enhancing Protective Immunity Effects of TPI DNA Vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum through Codon Optimization

LUFei;ZHUYin-chang*;DAIYang;WANGXiao-ting;TANGJian-xia;ZHANGChun

2009, 27(3): 1-194.

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Objective To study the protective effect of codon optimized TPI DNA vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum infection. Methods Sixty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups. The mice were injected through musculus quadriceps fexoris with 100 μg pcDNA 3.1 control（Group A），pcDNA3.1-TPI（Group B），pcDNA 3.1-TPI-mHSP70（Group C），pcDNA3.1-TPI.opt（Group D），and pcDNA3.1-TPI.opt-mHSP70（Group E）respectively. All mice were immunized for three times with an interval of two weeks. The mice were challenged with（40±1） cercariae of S. japonicum per mouse by abdominal skin penetration 4 weeks after the last immunization，and sacrificed at 42 days post-challenge，the number of worms or hepatic eggs was counted. Blood was taken for the detection of IgG，IgG₁，and IgG_2a 2 days before immunization and before challenge，respectively. Spleen cells of 2 mice from each group were cultured and stimulated with ConA and rSjCTPI peptide，and the supernatant was collected for detection of IL-2，IL-4，IL-5，IFN-γ，and TNF by flow cytometry. Results ELISA showed that the mice in groups B，C，D，and E produced specific IgG and IgG₁，IgG_2a antibody isotypes，and the ratio of IgG_2a/IgG₁ was 1.73，2.06，2.44，and 3.09，respectively. The levels of IL-2，IFN-γ and TNF in groups D and E were higher than that of groups B and C. The worm reduction rate and hepatic egg reduction rate in groups D（36.03%，41.7%） and E（39.03%，46.85%）were higher than those of groups B（26.28%，28.35%） and C（28.38%，31.39%）（P＜0.01）. Conclusions The codon optimized TPI DNA vaccine induces higher level of protective effect and Th1-biased cellular immune response than those of non-optimized TPI DNA vaccine.

Cloning，Expression and Immunogenicity Analysis of Cathepsin L-like Protease of Fasciola hepatica

LIXiao-juan;WENXiao-bo;RANXu-hua*;LIShu-dong;WANGChun-ren;PIAOFan-ze

2009, 27(3): 2-199.

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Objective To clone and express the cathepsin L-like protease gene of Fasciola hepatica（FhCL）and investigate the immunogenicity of the recombinant FhCL protein. Methods Specific primers were designed according to the reported FhCL gene in GenBank. Using total RNA from adult worms of F. hepatica，FhCL gene was amplified by RT-PCR. The PCR product was cloned into pMD18-T vector and then subcloned into pET30a（+） vector. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21（DE3） and followed by expression of the protein induced by IPTG. The expression situation of recombinant FhCL was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Its immunoresponse to the sera of infected goat and the antisera of SD rats against FhCL was examined by Western blotting analysis. Results PCR and double enzyme digestion showed that the FhCL gene fragment was about 1 000 bp in length. The constructed recombinant plasmid pET30a（+）-FhCL was identified by sequencing. The recombinant protein（Mr 42 000）was expressed in the form of inclusion body. The protein was recognized respectively by the sera of infected goat and the sera from rat immunized with FhCL. Conclusion The recombinant plasmid pET30a（+）-FhCL has been constructed，which shows high antigenicity.

In vitro Influence of Multi-frequency Focused Ultrasound on the Ultrastructure of Echinococcus granulosus Hydatid Cysts

LIUJing;WANGWei;;JINGTao;*;BAOGen-shu;WANGXin

2009, 27(3): 3-205.

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Objective To investigate the change of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts in vitro treated with single-frequency and multi-frequency focused ultrasound. Methods Mice were inoculated with echinococcus protoscolices from infected sheep, and sacrificed after one year. Forty cysts （about 2 cm in diameter）were taken from infected mice, and randomly divided into four groups. Cysts in the control group were immediately opened, fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde solution, and frozen. Cysts in groups A, B and C were treated with transducer No. 2（4 W）, transducer No.2（4 W）+No. 3（5 W）, and transducer No.1（4 W）+No. 2（4 W）+No. 3（5 W）, respectively. After irradiated for 1 minute, the cysts were all fixed and refrigerated, then observed by naked eyes, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results The wall of hydatid cyst in the experimental groups became thicker and less transparent. Images from the transmission electron microscopy showed more serious damage of cyst wall with the increase in ultrasonic power and irradiation time. The fiber of the laminated layer became thicker and disordered, the nucleus in germinal layer became swollen and broken, the mitochondria were destroyed remarkably and the microvillus got shorter, fractured or even disappeared. In some occasions, only cell debris and broken nucleolus left. Scanning electron microscopy also demonstrated that with the increase in ultrasound power and irradiation time, the damage of the cyst wall became more serious even the normal structure was completely destroyed. Conclusion Multi-frequency focused ultrasound causes significant damage of the Echinococcus granulosus hydatid in vitro, and the damage level is related to the ultrasound power and irradiation time.

Transcription Profile of PfRON4 Gene in Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocytic Stage

CAOJun;;OsamuKANEKO;GAOQi*;ZHOUHua-yun;XIACao-ming;ZHUGEHong-xiang;Takafumi

2009, 27(3): 4-209.

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Objective To reveal the transcription profile of PfRON4 gene in Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic stage. Methods P. falciparum schizonts were purified by differential centrifugation on a Percoll-sorbitol gradient, after which the released merozoites were allowed to invade uninfected erythrocytes for 4 hours before the clearance of all remaining schizonts using 5% D-sorbitol. The cultured synchronous parasites were harvested for RNA assay immediately, 24 hours later, and then at every 6th hour. PfRON4 and related genes (PfAMA1 and PfRhopH2) were amplified by real-time PCR for establishing standard curves to evaluate the copy number of genes. Results P. falciparum parasites were well sychronized. Those quantative analyses were reliable because the R value of standard curves were more than 0.98 and the melting curve showed a single peak. When parasites were in the schizont stage, PfRON4 gene transcription reached a peak in 36-40 hours after invasion. Conclusion The transcription of PfRON4 peaks at mature schizont stage, suggesting that the PfRON4 gene may involve in erythrocyte-invasion of P. falciparum.

Construction and Immunoscreening of cDNA Library of Babesia orientalis

LIUQin;;ZHOUDan-na;ZHOUYan-qin;ZHANGYing;HELan;YAOBao-an;ZHAOJun-long;*

2009, 27(3): 5-214.

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Objective To construct a cDNA library for Babesia orientalis and screen immunologically positive clones. Methods Total RNA of B. orientalis in red blood cells from an infected calf was isolated. cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcriptase, amplified by PCR and ligated into λTriplEx2 vector. The recombined vectors were packaged and the unamplified cDNA library was constructed. The cDNA library was then amplified and immunologically screened with rabbit anti-B. orientalis serum. The recombinant λTriplEx2 of positive clones were converted to the corresponding recom-binant pTriplEx2. The inserted fragments were identified by PCR amplification. The plasmids were sequenced and compared against GenBank database by Blast. Results The titer of the unamplified library was 2.0×10⁶ pfu/ml. The inserted fragment length of the library ranged from 500 to 3 000 bp, and the recombination efficiency accounted for 98.8%. The titer of the amplified library was 5.8×10⁸ pfu/ml. Three positive clones were selected by serum immunological screening and named B04, B05, and B41, respectively. The inserted fragments of the B04, B05 and B41 were about 1 300 bp, 1 000 bp, and 2 400 bp, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed that the 3 clones contained open reading frames. Blast results showed that they were highly homologous to the nuclear movement protein gene, the hypothetical protein gene and the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of B04, B05 and B41 contained 310, 192 and 647 amino acid residues, with Mr of 34 000, 21 000, and 70 700, respectively. Conclusion A qualified cDNA library of B. orientalis has been constructed and three positive clones of B. orientalis discovered.

Therapeutic Effect of Tribendimidine, Artesunate and Praziquantel Administered to Hamsters Infected with Clonorchis sinensis

XUEJian;XULi-li;QIANGHui-qin;ZHANGYong-nian;XIAOShu-hua*

2009, 27(3): 6-218.

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Objective To observe the effect of tribendimidine, artesunate and praziquanel in treatment of hamsters（Mesocricetus auratus）infected with Clonorchis sinensis. Methods A total of 93 hamsters, each infected with 30 C. sinensis metacercariae, were treated intragastrically with above-mentioned drugs at a single dose. ① In order to observe the effect of the drugs against juvenile C. sinensis, 20 out of 31 infected hamsters were randomly divided into 4 groups（5 hamsters per group）14 d post-infection：artesuante 300 mg/kg, tribendimidine 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg, and praziquantel 200 mg/kg. Other 6 hamsters were divided equally into 2 groups 24 d post-infection and treated with tribendimidine 200 mg/kg and artesunate 300 mg/kg, respectively. The remained 5 untreated hamsters served as control. ② Twenty-two hamsters were randomly divided into 5 groups（4-5 hamsters per group）28 d post-infection and treated with tribendimidine 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg, artesunate 25 mg/kg and praziquantel 50 mg/kg, respectively. Other untreated hamsters served as control. ③ Forty hamsters 28 d after infection were randomly divided into 8 groups （4-6 hamsters per group）and treated with tribendimidine 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg, artesunate 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg, praziquantel 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg, respectively. The remained hamsters served as control. All hamsters were sacrificed 14 d post-treatment and worms were recovered from the bile duct and liver tissue. The mean worm burden and its reduction were calculated. The differences of mean worm burden between each treated group and the corresponding control were analyzed statistically. Results In hamsters infected with 14-d-old C. sinensis and treated orally with tribendimidine at a single dose of 100 or 200 mg/kg, the mean worm burdens were significantly lower than that of the control（P<0.01）with a worm reduction of 90.6% and 85.9% respectively. The mean worm burden obtained from the infected hamsters treated with praziquanel at a single dose of 200 mg/kg was also significantly lower than that of the control（P<0.05）with a worm reduction of 71.9%. However, the difference of mean worm burden between artesunate and control groups was not statistically significant. The juvenile parasites developed into adult worms 24 d after infection. By administering tribendimidine 200 mg/kg to the adult C. sinensis-infected hamsters, the mean worm burden was significantly lower than that of the control（P<0.01）with a worm reduction of 89.8%. Whilst the administration of artesunate at a higher dose of 300 mg/kg, all hamsters were cured. Further tests indicated that tribendimidine in a lower dose of 25 mg/kg to the hamsters 28 d after infection resulted in a significantly lower mean worm burden compared to the control（P<0.05）with a worm reduction of 71.8%. With an increased dose of tribendimidine 100 mg/kg, all hamsters were cured. The worm reduction was only 20.0% and 56.4% when 25 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of artesunate were admini-stered. With 200 mg/kg artesunate, the worm reduction reached as high as 98.5% and the mean worm burden was significantly lower than that of the control（P<0.01）. Furthermore, administration of praziquantel at a dose of 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg at 28 d post-infection resulted in a significantly lower mean worm burden than that of the control（P<0.05）with a worm reduction of 78.9% and 83.5% respectively. Conclusion In hamster model, tribendimidine and praziquantel exhibit promising effect against both juvenile and adult C. sinensis,
while artesunate is only efficacious against adult worms.

In vitro Cultivation Model of Cryptosporidium parvum in MDCK Cells and its Development

CHENFu;;HUANGKe-he*

2009, 27(3): 7-222.

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Objective To develop an in vitro culture system for Cryptosporidium parvum in Madin-Darby canine kidney （MDCK） cell and observe its life cycle （from desquamate to oocyst）. Methods Oocysts of C. parvum were co-cultured with MDCK cells in vitro. Culture condition was optimized and the life cycle of

C. parvum investigated. Results The optimal culture conditions for C. parvum in MDCK cells were 2.0×10⁵ cells cultured for 12 h, and infected by 1.0×10⁵ oocysts in the Dulbecco′s Modified Eagle Medium with 5% FBS. Following ７2 h co-culture, desquamate, sporozoites, trophozoites, meronts, microgametocytes, macrogametocytes, zygote, thin-wall oocyst, and thick-wall oocyst appeared orderly. Between the 60th and 72th hour, many oocysts emerged. Inoculated by the C. parvum-infected cell culture supernatant at the 48th hour, the immunosuppressed mice became infected. Conclusion The culture system provides a model for propagation of the parasites and demonstrates a complete in vitro life cycle of C. parvum.

Application of Magnetic Particle Antibody Immunoassay in Detection of Anti-Schistosoma japonicum Egg Antibody

HUANGJin;LIUZhen-shi;;YAOLan;DONGSu-juan;HEQi-lin;XIONGTao;WEILan-ying;EANGZheng-ming;JIANGChang-fu*

2009, 27(3): 8-226.

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Objective To establish a magnetic particle antibody immunoassay （MPAIA） for the detection of sp-ecific antibody in sera of schistosomiasis patients. Methods Fluorescein isothiocyanate （FITC） was used to label Sch-istosoma japonicum soluble egg antigen （Sj-SEA）. Anti-human IgG coated with alkaline phosphatase （ALP） as enzyme-labeled second antibody, and magnetic beads were coupled with sheep anti-FITC antibody as solid phase. Phenolphthale in monophosphate was used as substrate to set up MPAIA for the detection. Serum samples from cases with schistosomiasis or other helminth infections were tested. Results The positive rate of MPAIA was 96.7% （116/120） with the sera of S. japonicum-infected cases. No cross reaction was observed with sera of trichinellosis, paragonimiasis or cysticercosis cases. The positive titer with reference sample was 1 ∶ 1 600. The precision was lower than 10%. The MPAIA tips can be stored at 4 ℃ for 12 months. Conclusion MPAIA shows a high sensitivity, proper specificity and long-term validity for schistosomiasis detection.

In vitro Culture of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites in HFF and Hela Cells

WULiang;ZHANGQiu-xia;LITing-ting;CHENSheng-xia*;CAOJian-ping

2009, 27(3): 9-231.

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Objective To study the proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain tachyzoites in human foreskin fibroblast （HFF） cells and HeLa cells. Methods HFF cells and HeLa cells were cultured in 35 mm cell culture dishes with glass cover slip. Confluent cells were co-cultured with tachyzoites which purified by 3 μm filter membrane. At 0.5, 1 , 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h after co-culture, the invasion of tachyzoites into the cells and proliferation in cells were observed with Giemsa staining. Results In 4 h after co-culture, there were dozens of T.gondii tachyzoites in the HFF cells. At 24 h many pseudocysts emerged. At 72 h most of the cells were destroyed by tachyzoites. While cultured in HeLa cells for 8 h, there were only 3-5 tachyzoites in one cell, and pseudocysts emerged at 48 h. At 96 h after co-culture, most cells were destroyed. Conclusion T. gondii tachyzoites can be cultured in HFF cells and HeLa cells. The proliferation of tachyzoites in HFF cells was quicker than that in HeLa cells.

Comparative Study on Morphology and Development of Two Species of Raillietina from Chicken

MULi;LIHai-yun*;YANBao-zuo

2009, 27(3): 10-236.

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Objective To compare the morphological features and the development of Raillietina echinobothrida and R. tetragona from chicken. Methods The parasites were collected from chicken digestive tract, and 3-5 fresh scolex fragments were separated. After being washed, fixed, dried, glided by ion sputter, the specimens were observed and photographed under scanning electron microscope. The cestodes were immersed in tap water for natural stretch and proglottids of different development stages were used for serial paraffin sections by conventional method, stained with HE and mounted in gum. Morphological observation was carried out by optical microscopy. The naturally stretched worms were pressed between two glass, stained, dehydrated, cleared, mounted, and observed under optical microscope. Results The body of the two species consists of scolex, neck and strobilae. Each mature proglottid showed a set of male and female reproductive system and genital openings on one side. Testes located on both sides of the ovary and behind vitellarium. A complete worm of R. echinobothrida was shorter than R. tetragona, with a round scolex and suckers and short neck. The ovary looked like leaf and vitellarium was in kidney-shape. There were many acid particles and calcareous corpuscles in gravid proglottids. Egg capsule showed no clear boundary and contained only one egg. However, the scolex and suckers of R. tetragona were oval in shape, and the neck was long and thin. The ovary was flower-like. Each egg capsule contained 4-12 eggs and many calcareous corpuscles, each of which was surrounded by a membrane. The male reproductive system matures first in both species. As the two reproductive systems matured, the proglottids became gravid after fertilization. The formation of egg capsule in the two species was similar. Conclusion There are no significant morphological and development differences between the two species of Raillietina.

An Epidemiological Survey of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Hamangou Coal Mine Area of Korla City, Xinjiang

YisilayinOSMAN;GUDeng-an;ZUOXin-ping;LANQin-xian;ZHOUXiao-jun;TONGSu-xiang;LIXiong;ZHANGYi;RuziguliJUMAHUN;CHENWei;ZHAOWei-qing;LIJian-fa;YINYan-ju

2009, 27(3): 11-240.

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Objective To investigate the epidemiological status of visceral leishmaniasis in Hamangou coal mine area of Korla City of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Methods Based on a hint of possible existence of patients, a retrospective survey was carried out house by house to find cases with suspected signs/symptoms of the disease. Meanwhile, a survey on current status was conducted, including physical examination (liver and spleen palpation) to those less than 15 years-old, leishmanin skin test and rk39 immunochromatographic strip test for part of the residents. Bone marrow smears were examined for the cases with clinical signs/symptoms and positive rk39 strip test. Sandflies were collected using routine methods in and around the area, identified, and dissected to find infection of promastigotes. Results Leishmanin skin test was performed in 185 people with a positive rate of 21.1%(39/185), 39 out of 140 local residents who have lived there for more than 6 years showed positive(27.9%), while all residents who have lived less than 6 years and children under 5 years old were negative. Of the 81 children under 15 years old with a negative skin test, one showed positive for rk39 strip test, and leishmania body was found in the bone marrow smear of this case, so confirmed as visceral leishmaniasis. 12 sandfies were identified as Phlebotomus alexandri, and natural infection with promastigotes was found in one sandly. Conclusion The investigation confirms that visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in the Hamangou coal mine area.

Diversity of Ectoparasites on Niviventer confucianus in the Surrounding Areas of Erhai Lake

DONGWen-ge;GUOXian-guo*;MENXing-yuan;QIANTi-jun;WUDian

2009, 27(3): 12-244.

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Objective To understand the species diversity of ectoparasites on Niviventer confucianus in the surrounding areas of Erhai Lake. Methods Small mammals were randomly captured in 12 investigated sites surrounding Erhai Lake with baited mouse cages. The cage-traps were examined and re-baited each morning. Trapped small mammals were brought to the laboratory for identification according to color, body length, ear length, hind foot length. All ectoparasites on the surface of the hosts were collected and identified. The constituent ratio（C）, prevalence（P）and average ectoparasite abundance（A）were used to evaluate the prevalence and density of ectoparasites. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to test differences in the abundance and richness of ectoparasites between female and male hosts. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between ectoparasites and the body parameters of hosts. Results Eighty-nine individuals of N. confucianus were captured, of which 79% were found infested with 51 species of ectoparasites, including 31 species of chigger mites, 13 species of mesostigmatid（gamasid）mites, 4 species of fleas and 3 species of sucking lice. Walchia ewingi Fuller（66.2%）, Laelaps turkestanicus Lange（38.5%）, Paradoxopsyllus custodies Jordan（42.9%）and Hoplopleura pacifica（80.1%）were the most predominant species of chigger mites, gamasid mites, fleas, and sucking lice, respectively. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test showed that there was no significant difference between male and female hosts on the species richness and abundance of total ectoparasites, chigger mites, sucking lice, fleas or gamasid mites. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the abundance and species of total ectoparasites, chigger mites, sucking lice, fleas or gamasid mites were not correlated with the body weight of hosts. Conclusion There is a high speices diversity of ectoparasites on N. confucianus. Sucking lice, fleas, chiggers and gamasid mites are the main ectoparasites.

Clinical Analysis of 78 Cases of Parasitic Encephalopathy

WANGShu-mei;;YANGFei-fei;HUANGYu-xian*;SHIGuang-fen;WENGXin-hua

2009, 27(3): 13-248.

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Objective To investigate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, therapeutic approaches and outcomes of parasitic encephalopathy. Methods A retrospective study was carried out to analyze 78 cases of parasitic encephalopathy in Huashan Hospital between June 2003 and June 2008. Results There were 52 male and 26 female patients with a mean age of （34.5±11.4）years. Among these patients, 32.1%（25/78）had a history of eating raw, neurocysticercosis accounted for 78.2%（61/78）, cerebral sparganosis 15.4%（12/78）, cerebral paragonimiasis 3.8%（3/78）, and cerebral toxoplasmosis 2.6%（2/78）. The common clinical features were epilepsy, headache, nausea, vomiting, vision and hearing loss, facial paralysis and mental retardation. Internal medical therapy resulted in an improvement in 69.2% of the patients. 7 out of 9 patients got improved or cured by combined surgical and internal medical treatment. 42 cases were diagnosed as parasitic encephalopathy while 36 cases（46.1%）were once misdiagnosed as other disorders. Conclusion Parasitic encephalopathy is associated with a history of eating raw, with a high rate of misdiagnosis. Internal medicine combined with surgery is an effective way for the therapy.

Human Plerocercoidosis and Sparganosis：Ⅱ. A Historical Review on Pathology, Clinics, Epidemiology and Control

QIUMing-hua*;QIUMing-de;

2009, 27(3): 14-260.

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This article is the second part of the previous review and summarizes the research advances on pathology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis,

treatment, epidemiology, and control of human plerocercoidosis and sparganosis.

Application of Molecular Marker Techniques in Taxonomic Identification of Parasites

ZHANGChen-hao;YANGYi-mei*

2009, 27(3): 15-266.

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Different subspecies or strains of the same species produce varied clinical manifestations. The clarifica-tion of parasite taxonomy is useful for the researches of their biology, epidemiology and control. DNA molecular markers have the advantages of high polymorphism, non-pleiotropy, and clear identifying alleles, etc. This paper summarizes the first generation （restriction fragment length polymorphism, random amplified polymorphic DNA）, second generation （simple sequence repeat-anchored PCR, inter-simple sequence repeat） and third generation （single nucleotide polymorphism） molecular marker techniques, and their application in taxonomic identification of parasites.

Impact of Climate Warming on Schistosomiasis Transmission and Application of Relative Research Techniques

CHUXiu-juan;GUOJia-gang*

2009, 27(3): 16-271.

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Oncomelania hupensis is the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, and its distribution is consistent with that of schistosomiasis. Temperature is an essential environmental factor for the survival of snails. Therefore, it is important to study the impact of climate warming on snail-breeding and schistosomiasis transmission. This paper reviews the importance of climate warming to snail breeding and the spreading of the disease, and the application of relative research techniques.

Are Parasitic Infections Advantageous to Humans?

YINWei-dong;YANGYi-qing;ZHANGJin-shun*

2009, 27(3): 17-279.

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Humans are negatively affected by parasitic infection. However, recent researches

revealed that to some extent, parasitic infections are advantageous to humans. Parasitic infections

are found to benefit patients of inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune

disease and allergic disorder. Furthermore, they promoted studies on pathogenesis of these

diseases, and therefore on safe and effective therapeutic strategy.

In addition, by taking the Caenorhabditis elegans as model organism,

researchers have made a breakthrough in the area of life science, including signal transduction, functional genomics and drug screening.

Transmission Dynamic Model for Echinococcosis granulosus：Establishment and Application

YANGShi-jie;WUWei-ping

2009, 27(3): 18-285.

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A dynamic model of disease can be used to quantitatively describe the pattern and characteristics of disease transmission, predict the disease status and evaluate the efficacy of control strategy. This review summarizes the basic transmission dynamic models of echinococcosis granulosus and their application.

Bibliometric Analysis of the Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases in 2006-2008

YANGPin;DAIJing;GAOShi;SHENGHui-feng*

2009, 27(3): 19-290.

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The published articles and citation of the Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases in 2006-2008 were statistically analyzed. Among 431 papers published in the three years, original articles and experimental researches occupied 31.8% and 17.6%, respectively. Authors were mainly from colleges/universities（53.8%）and institutions for disease control（34.1%）. 71.5% of the articles received financial supports from research funds/foundations. Reference citation was mostly from periodicals. The average Price index was 46.5%. This Journal possesses a group of stable and qualified authors, covers substantial content with relatively broad citation, and is an important source of information in parasitological research.

Cloning, Sequencing of G3PD Gene from Brugia malayi and Prediction of B cell Epitopes in its Amino Acid Sequence

XIEDong-fang;FANGZheng*;TONGHai-yan;XUBang-sheng;HUANGWei-qun;FANGHao;SHENQin

2009, 27(3): 20-228.

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Specific primers were designed and synthesized based on the

reported glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase（BmG3PD） gene of Brugia malayi（GenBank Accession No. U18137）. Total RNA was extracted from

Brugia malayi and its BmG3PD gene was amplified

by reverse transcription-polymerase chain raction（RT-PCR）. The PCR product was purified and cloned into plasmid pGEM-T, then transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α. The recombinant

plasmids were screened and identified by digestion

with restriction enzyme and PCR amplification. The positive recombinant plasmid pGEM-T-BmG3PD was confirmed by sequencing and homology comparison. Five parameters and

methods were used to predict B-cell epitopes in amino acid sequence of BmG3PD. The amplified DNA fragment（1 020 bp） had a high identity of 99% with the BmG3PD gene sequence of

Brugia malayi. B-cell epitopes of BmG3PD were probably at or adjacent to 22-36, 242-255, 303-318 and 326-336 in its amino acid sequence.

Expressed Sequence Tags （ESTs） Analysis of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

XUShi-san;NIFang;LUODa-min*

2009, 27(3): 21-250.

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A total of 1 277 ESTs of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were downloaded from GenBank and analyzed with BlastX. SignalP V3.0 analysis was applied to predict potential putative antigen or allergen relative proteins with N-terminal secreted signal peptides or signal anchors. BlastX analysis showed that there were 614 ESTs scored more than 100, of which 14 were identical with A. cantonensis, 60 ESTs did not match any proteins in the databases. The identified 614 ESTs could be grouped into 10 categories, 80 ESTs expressed 22 antigen or allergen relative proteins, in which 12 had N-terminal secreted signal peptides and 3 had signal anchors.

Facial Demodex Infection among College Students in Tangshan

CAOYong-sheng;YOUQin-xiu;WANGLin;LANHai-bo;XUJie;ZHANGXing-hua;YANGHuan;XIONGYan-jie;TIANXi-feng*

2009, 27(3): 22-273.

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A survey indicated that the prevalence of Demodex infection among 512 college students in Tangshan was 36.3%（186/512）, that of males and females was 39.3%（81/206）and 34.3%（105/306）respectively（P＞0.05）. The infection of Demodex folliculorum accounted for 82.3%（153/186）, followed by D. brevis(7.5%, 14/186）and mixed infection（10.2%, 19/186）. The prevalence was 47.0%（93/198）in subjects with oily skin, 26.6%（37/139）in those with dry skin, and 33.9%（56/165）in mixed-type skin （P＜0.05）. Subjects with facial diseases（62.0%, 75/121）, such as rosacea and acne, were more likely to be infected with Demodex than those with healthy skin （27.6%, 80/290）（P＜0.05）. Prevalence in those lived in humid environment（67.9%, 95/140）was higher than those lived in the desiccating environment （24.5%, 91/372）（P＜0.05）.

Investigation on the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Pet Hamsters

LVChao-chao;FENGChao;QIMeng;YANGHong-yu;JIANFu-chun;NINGChang-shen;ZHANGLong-xian*

2009, 27(3): 23-280.

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One hundred and fifty-three fecal samples of pet hamsters（Mesocricetus auratus, Phodopus sungorus, P. campbelli and P. roborovskii） were collected from a pet-market in Zhengzhou, and examined by Sheather?蒺s sugar flotation, modified acid-fast staining and Lugol?蒺s iodine-solution staining. The prevalence of parasites was 70.7%（41/58）, 96.7%（59/61）, 83.9%（26/31）, and 100%（3/3）respectively, with an overall prevalence of 84.3%. Eggs, cysts or oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp.（15.0%）, Giardia sp.（22.2%）, coccidian（2.0%）, Hymenolepis nana（31.4%）, Hymenolepis diminuta（25.5%）, Syphacia spp.（41.8％）, Aspiculuris tetraptera（7.2%） and undetermined Trichurata nematode（18.3%） were found from the samples. The results suggest that pet hamsters may be infected and transmit several zoonotic parasites.

Molluscicidal Effect and Toxicity of META-Li on Oncomelania Snails in the Mountain Area

WUYue-ying;NINGAn*;ZHOUXiao-hong;XUJing;LIJian-ren;ZHENGShui-fang;CHENGXiao-bo

2009, 27(3): 24-287.

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The molluscicidal effect and toxicity of META-Li were evaluated and compared with niclosamide in Yushan county of Jiangxi Province in August 2008. There are four groups named as META-Li ridge group（1 g/m²）, META-Li field group（1 g/m²）, niclosamide group（2 g/m²） and control group. At 3 d, 7 d, 15 d and 2 months after drugs sprayed, the corrected mortalities of snails in the 3 groups were considerably

higher than those of control （P<0.05）. The corrected mortalities in META-Li field group were significantly lower than those of META-Li ridge group and niclosamide group（P<0.05）. No adverse effect was observed to non-target organisms in META-Li groups, while fishes, snails and frogs all died at the first day after treated with niclosamide.

An imported case of falciparum malaria in Cixi City

LUOYang-nu

2009, 27(3): 25-194.

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Two cases of trichinellosis in Nyingchi Perfecture of Tibet

Ciren*;Chagu;Danzhenxiluo;etal.

2009, 27(3): 26-200.

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