Prevalence and influencing factors of Enterobius vermicularis infection among kindergarten children in Jiangsu Province from 2019 to 2022

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2023.06.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the current status, trend of changes and influencing factors of Enterobius vermicularis infection in kindergarten children in Jiangsu Province, in order to provide the scientific basis for adjustment and improvement of enterobiasis control strategy. Methods From 2019 to 2022, at least one county (city, district) was selected from the southern, central and northern parts of the Province as survey sites, from each of which two kindergartens (one rural type and one urban type) with a size over 200 children each were selected for cluster sampling the participants. In each kindergarten, no less than 200 chidren separately from senior, middle, and junior classes participated in the suvey. Anal swab method was used to detect E. vermicularis eggs by microscopy. Children’s parents underwent questionnaire survey on basic information of children, hygienic habits related to E. vermicularis infection, family background, and knowledge awareness of enterobiasis. Results A total of 15 669 children were examined in 21 counties (districts, cities), and the overall prevalence rate of pinworm infection was 0.7% in Jiangsu Province from 2019 to 2022. The annual prevalence was 1.2% (44/3 678), 0.5% (13/2 568), 0.7% (27/3 802) and 0.4% (22/5 621), with a significant decrease detected among the years (χ² = 14.46，P < 0.05). The annual prevalence of rural kindergarten was 2.1% (41/1 981), 0.2% (2/833), 1.0% (8/824) and 0.6% (19/3 271), with a significant decrease detected among the years (χ² = 17.34，P < 0.05). The annual prevalence of urban kindergarten was 0.2% (4/1 697), 0.6% (10/1 635), 0.7% (20/2 987) and 0.2% (6/2 650), with no significant difference detected among years (χ² = 0.04, P > 0.05). The overall prevalence of South Jiangsu, Central Jiangsu, and North Jiangsu from 2019 to 2022 was 1.0% (56/5 698), 0.5% (32/6 135), and 0.5% (22/4 136). The prevalence among children of the senior class was 1.8% (23/1 266), 0.8% (8/998), 1.4% (16/1 167), and 0.6% (10/1 796) from 2019 to 2022, respectively, with a significant decrease detected among years (χ² = 8.01, P < 0.05), which were higher than that among children of the middle and junior class. The prevalence among children of middle class was 1.0% (13/1 325), 0.5% (4/871), 0.5% (9/1 687), and 0.5% (10/2 063) from 2019 to 2022, respectively. The prevalence among children of junior class was 0.8% (9/1 087), 0 (0/699), 0.3% (3/948), and 0.3% (5/1 762) from 2019 to 2022, respectively. The sucking-finger habit accounted for 20.8%, 17.4%, 20.5%, and 19.4% from 2019 to 2022, respectively. The habit of sucking toys/pens accounted for 12.5%, 9.3%, 10.1%, and 12.6% from 2019 to 2022, respectively. A total of 61.9%, 76.0%, 78.5%, and 70.3% (from 2019 to 2022, respectively) parents reported that they knew enterobiasis, with a significant increase detected among the years (χ² = 202.86, P < 0.05). Being older (OR = 1.447, 95% CI = 1.186-1.764, P < 0.05), a low frequency of laundry (OR = 1.121, 95% CI = 1.002-1.225, P < 0.05), and rural precshool (OR = 0.509, 95% CI = 0.333-0.776, P < 0.05) were risk factors for pinworm infection. Conclusion The prevalence of E. vermicularis infection remained comparatively low in kindergarten children in Jiangsu Province from 2019 to 2022, with a prevalence decreasing trend. However, there exist inadequate hygienic habits in children, and parents showed low knowledge awarness rate on enterobiasis. It is suggested that the factors influencing pinworm infection in kindergarten may include children age, the frequency of washing and sunshining exposure of beddings, and the type of kindergartens.

Key words: Enterobius vermicularis infection, Risk factor, Preschool, Children, Jiangsu Province

CLC Number:

R383.12

MAO Fanzhen, LI Xuecheng, XU Xiangzhen, DAI Yang, LIU Yaobao, CAO Jun. Prevalence and influencing factors of Enterobius vermicularis infection among kindergarten children in Jiangsu Province from 2019 to 2022[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES, 2023, 41(6): 708-717.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1

Table 2

Enterobius vermicularis infections among kindergarten children in Jiangsu Province from 2019 to 2022

特征 Feature	2019			2020			2021			2022
特征 Feature	调查人数（占比/%） No. investigations (Proportion/%)	感染率/% Infection rate/%	χ²	调查人数（占比/%） No. investigations (Proportion/%)	感染率/% Infection rate/%	χ²	调查人数（占比/%） No. investigations (Proportion/%)	感染率/% Infection rate/%	χ²	调查人数（占比/%） No. investigations (Proportion/%)	感染率/% Infection rate/%	χ²
地区 Area			25.44^a			2.02			0.79			5.39^a
农村 Rural area	1 982(53.9)	2.1		933(36.6)	0.2		824(21.7)	1.0		2 972(52.9)	0.6
城区 Urban area	1 697(46.1)	0.2		1 635(63.7)	0.6		2 978(78.3)	0.7		2 649(47.1)	0.2
性别 Gender			0.02			4.60^a			0.04			0.05
男 Male	2 000(54.4)	1.2		1 348(52.5)	0.7		1 973(51.9)	0.7		2 817(50.1)	0.4
女 Female	1 678(45.6)	1.3		1 220(47.5)	0.2		1 829(48.1)	0.8		2 804(49.9)	0.5
年龄/岁 Age/Year			17.66^a			7.45			6.27			5.23
2	15(0.4)	0		6(0.2)	0		2(0.1)	0		11(0.2)	0
3	763(20.7)	1.2		296(11.6)	0		702(18.5)	0.4		1 264(22.5)	0.3
4	1 142(31.1)	0.3		635(24.7)	0.3		1 313(34.5)	0.5		1 648(29.3)	0.2
5	1 243(33.8)	1.6		827(32.2)	0.2		1 300(34.1)	0.9		1 793(31.9)	0.7
6	515(14.0)	2.5		804(31.3)	1.0		485(12.8)	1.4		905(16.1)	0.4
班级 Class			5.74			5.68			9.67^a			1.62
大班 Senior	1 266(34.4)	1.8		998(38.9)	0.8		1 167(30.7)	1.4		1 796(32.0)	0.6
中班 Middle	1 325(36.0)	1.0		871(33.9)	0.5		1 687(44.4)	0.5		2 063(36.7)	0.5
小班 Junior	1 087(29.6)	0.8		699(27.2)	0		948(24.9)	0.3		1 762(31.3)	0.3
父亲受教育程度 Father’s education level			4.90			1.40			2.62			2.28
小学及以下 Primaryschool&below	106(2.9)	1.9		93(3.6)	0		60(1.6)	1.7		227(4.0)	0.4
中学或大专 Highschool	2 973(80.8)	1.4		2 000(77.9)	0.5		2 911(76.5)	0.8		3 992(71.1)	0.5
大学及以上 College&above	599(16.3)	0.3		475(18.5)	0.2		831(21.9)	0.4		1 402(24.9)	0.2
母亲受教育程度 Mother’s education level			7.28^a			2.05			2.48			4.03
小学及以下 Primaryschool&below	134(3.7)	2.2		116(4.5)	0		101(2.7)	2.0		274(4.9)	0
中学或大专 Highschool	2 828(76.9)	1.4		1 897(73.9)	0.6		2 669(70.2)	0.7		3 948(70.2)	0.6
大学及以上 College&above	716(19.4)	0.3		555(21.6)	0.2		1 032(27.1)	0.6		1 399(24.9)	0.2
家中地面材料 Flooring material			20.21^a			4.12			1.82			0.05
砖地或木地面 Brick/Wood	3 092(84.1)	0.9		2 134(83.1)	0.5		3 448(90.7)	0.8		4 997(88.9)	0.4
水泥地 Cement	549(14.9)	2.6		398(15.5)	0.5		337(8.9)	0.3		572(10.2)	0.9
土地面 Soil	37(1.0)	5.4		36(1.4)	0		17(0.4)	0		52(0.9)	1.9
家庭收入水平 Family income			5.85^a			0.83			4.78			1.32
低 Low	785(21.3)	2.8		597(23.2)	0.7		786(20.7)	0.6		1 202(21.4)	0.6
中 Medium	2 861(77.8)	0.8		1 945(75.8)	0.4		2 974(78.2)	0.8		4 344(77.3)	0.4
高 High	32(0.9)	3.1		26(1.0)	0		42(1.1)	0		75(1.3)	1.3
合计 Total	3 678	1.2		2 568	0.5		3 802	0.7		5 621	0.4	—

Table 2

Table 3

Enterobius vermicularis infections among kindergarten children in different areas of Jiangsu Province from 2019 to 2022

地区分类 Area	调查点 Study site	感染率/%（感染人数/调查人数） Infection rate/% (No. infections/no. investigations)
地区分类 Area	调查点 Study site	2019	2020	2021	2022
苏南 Southern Jiangsu
南京市鼓楼区 Gulou District, Nanjing Municipal		4.1（25/607）	1.1（7/612）	1.2（5/419）	1.0（4/402）
无锡市锡山区 Xishan District, Wuxi Municipal		-	-	1.8（7/400）	0.3（1/400）
常州市钟楼区 Zhonglou District, Changzhou Municipal		-	-	0.4（2/443）	0.5（2/405）
常州市武进区 Wujin District, Changzhou Municipal		-	-	-	0.5（2/401）
常州市经开区 Jingkai District, Changzhou Municipal		-	-	-	0 （0/404）
苏州市相城区 Xiangcheng District, Suzhou Municipal		-	-	0 （0/400）	-
镇江市润州区 Runzhou District, Zhenjiang Municipal		-	-	0.2（1/413）	-
镇江市丹徒区 Dantu District, Zhenjiang Municipal		-	-	-	0 （0/392）
小计 Total		4.1（25/607）	1.1（7/612）	0.7（15/2 075）	0.4（9/2404）
苏中Central Jiangsu
南通市海门区 Haimen District, Nantong Municipal		1.1（7/661）	0.4（2/441）	-	-
南通市港闸区 Gangzha District, Nantong Municipal		1.7（10/600）	0.2（1/400）	0.2（1/420）	-
泰州市海陵区 Hailing District, Taizhou Municipal		-	-	0.9（4/424）	-
泰州市高港区 Gaogang District, Taizhou Municipal		-	-	-	0.4（3/729）
扬州市广陵区 Guangling District, Yangzhou Municipal		0.2（1/493）	0（0/420）	-	0.3（2/611）
扬州市仪征市 Yizheng City, Yangzhou Municipal		0.2（1/636）	-	-	-
小计 Total		0.8（19/2390）	0.2（3/1261）	0.6（5/844）	0.3（5/1340）
苏北Northern Jiangsu
徐州市云龙区 Yunlong District, Xuzhou Municipal		-	-	-	0.2（1/500）
连云港市海州区 Haizhou District, Lianyungang Municipal		-	-	0.9（4/443）	-
淮安市淮安区 Huaian District, Huaian Municipal		-	0.4（3/695）	-	0.4（2/500）
盐城市盐都区 Yandu District, Yancheng Municipal		0.1（1/681）	-	-	-
盐城市响水县 Xiangshui County, Yancheng Municipal		-	-	-	1.1（5/450）
宿迁市宿城区 Sucheng District, Suqian Municipal		-	-	0.9（4/440）	-
宿迁市泗阳县 Siyang County, Suqian Municipal		-	-	-	0.7（3/427）
小计 Total		0.1（1/681）	0.4（3/695）	0.9（8/883）	0.6（11/1877）

Table 3

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 4

References 34

[1]	Zhu XP, Su C. Human parasitology[M]. 9th ed. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2018: 166-167. (in Chinese)
	(诸欣平, 苏川. 人体寄生虫学[M]. 9版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2018: 166-167.)
[2]	Fry GF, Moore JG. Enterobius vermicularis: 10 000-year-old human infection[J]. Science, 1969, 166(3913): 1620.
[3]	An YW, Pang XL, Liu JB. Advances in research on harm and control of Enterobius vermicularis infection in children[J]. Chin J Schistos Control, 2012, 24(5): 598-600. (in Chinese)
	(安耀武, 庞新莉, 刘杰兵. 儿童蛲虫感染的危害与防治研究[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2012, 24(5): 598-600.)
[4]	Zhou CH, Zhu HH, Zang W, et al. Monitoring of Enterobius vermicularis infection among children from 2006 to 2010 and SWOT analysis[J]. Chin J Schisto Control, 2014, 26(4): 370-375, 386. (in Chinese)
	(周长海, 朱慧慧, 臧炜, 等. 2006—2010年我国儿童蛲虫感染监测及SWOT分析[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2014, 26(4): 370-375, 386.)
[5]	Hooshyar H, Jannati Dastgerdi M, Kazemi E. Acute appendicitis: a case report of hyperinfection with Enterobius vermicularis[J]. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench, 2021, 14(3): 286-289.
[6]	Wen LY. Pediatric parasitology[M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2010: 34-39. (in Chinese)
	(闻礼永. 儿童寄生虫病学[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2010: 34-39.)
[7]	Zhu ZH, Yu JW, Xu ZQ. Analysis of Enterobius vermicularis infection in children in Ninghai County[J]. Chin J School Heath, 2010, 31(4): 481. (in Chinese)
	(朱志航, 余佳薇, 徐志强. 宁海县儿童蛲虫感染情况分析[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2010, 31(4): 481.)
[8]	Huang JL, Zhang MZ, Zhu HH, et al. National surveillance on Enterobius vermicularis infections among children at ages of 3 to 9 years in China from 2016 to 2018[J]. Chin J Schisto Control, 2020, 32(1): 54-59. (in Chinese)
	(黄继磊, 张米禛, 朱慧慧, 等. 2016—2018年全国3-9岁儿童蛲虫感染监测[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2020, 32(1): 54-59.)
[9]	Chen DR, Wen JZ, Zheng JQ, et al. Investigation on the prevalence of hookworm disease and pinworm disease in Sanming City, Fujian Province[J]. Chin J Prev Med, 1986, 20(6): 389. (in Chinese)
	(陈德仁, 温金枝, 郑剑锵, 等. 福建省三明市钩虫病与蛲虫病流行情况调查[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 1986, 20(6): 389.)
[10]	Zha JL, Ke SF, Wu DL. Observation on control of pinworm disease in kindergarten with albendazole[J]. Chin J Prev Med, 1989, 23(5): 316. (in Chinese)
	(查鉴良, 柯士钫, 吴德莲. 丙硫咪唑控制幼儿园蛲虫病的观察[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 1989, 23(5): 316.)
[11]	Xu LQ, Yu SH, Xu SH. Distribution and pathogenic impact of human parasites in China[M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2000. (in Chinese)
	(许隆祺, 余森海, 徐淑惠. 中国人体寄生虫分布与危害[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2000.)
[12]	Wang LD. Investigation on the status of important human Parasitic disease in china[M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2008: 50-53. (in Chinese)
	(王陇德. 全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2008: 50-53.)
[13]	National institute of parasitic diseases, Chinese center for disease control and prevention. Report on the national survey of important human parasitic diseases in China (2015)[M]. Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2018: 64-69. (in Chinese)
	(中国疾病预防控制中心寄生虫病预防控制所. 2015年全国人体重点寄生虫病现状调查报告[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2018: 64-69.)
[14]	Luan GG. The Evolution of the names of three major regions in Jiangsu Province[J]. Chin Admin Div Place Names, 2004(4): 22-23. (in Chinese)
	(栾广高. 江苏三大地域名称的演变[J]. 中国方域: 行政区划与地名, 2004, (4): 22-23.)
[15]	Lan WM, Liu HY, Gao ZL, et al. Investigation of Enterobius vermicularis infection in children in Jiangxi Province in 2014[J]. Chin J Schisto Control, 2018, 30(4): 449-451. (in Chinese)
	(兰炜明, 刘红云, 高祖禄, 等. 2014年江西省儿童蛲虫感染情况调查分析[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2018, 30(4): 449-451.)
[16]	Khayyat R, Belkebir S, Abuseir S, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for Enterobius vermicularis infestation in preschool children, West Bank, Palestine, 2015[J]. Al Majallah Al Sihhiyah Li Sharq Al Mutawassit, 2021, 27(11): 1052-1060.
[17]	Wang XL, Zhou Q, Shi A, et al. A survey on Enterobius vermicularis infection among pre-school children in Guoyang County of Anhui Province[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2018, 36(2): 139-143. (in Chinese)
	(王小莉, 周琦, 石傲, 等. 安徽省涡阳县幼儿园儿童蛲虫感染现状调查[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2018, 36(2): 139-143.)
[18]	Xie XL, Xie HG, Jiang DW, et al. The third survey on Enterobius vermicularis infection in children in Fujian Province[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2020, 38(5): 607-610. (in Chinese)
	(谢贤良, 谢汉国, 江典伟, 等. 福建省第三次儿童蛲虫感染调查分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2020, 38(5): 607-610.)
[19]	Zhang YL, Jiang TT, Meng SS, et al. Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis of kindergarten children in Kaifeng City of Henan Province in 2017 and 2019[J]. Mod Prev Med, 2022, 49(8): 1396-1400, 1407. (in Chinese)
	(张雅兰, 蒋甜甜, 孟沙沙, 等. 2017和2019年河南省开封市幼儿园儿童蛲虫感染情况调查[J]. 现代预防医学, 2022, 49(8): 1396-1400, 1407.)
[20]	Liu YH, He XZ, Shi YH. Observation on the effect of health education in the prevention and treatment of pinworm disease in children[J]. Chin J Public Heath Eng, 2017, 16(6): 760-762. (in Chinese)
	(刘燕欢, 何秀贞, 施玉华. 健康教育在儿童蛲虫病防治中的效果观察[J]. 中国卫生工程学, 2017, 16(6): 760-762.)
[21]	Mao FZ, Yang YG, Zhang Q, et al. Knowledge and practice of pinworm infection in preschool children, Jiangsu Province, China, 2019—2020[J]. Am J Public Health, 2022, 112(12): 1716-1720.
[22]	Lu LD, Xie S, Tang LN, et al. Investigation on pinworm infection status and infection factors in urban and rural children in certain areas of Guizhou Province[J]. Parasit Infect Dis, 2016, 14(1): 42-45. (in Chinese)
	(卢丽丹, 谢珊, 唐莉娜, 等. 贵州省部分地区城乡儿童蛲虫感染状况及感染因素调查[J]. 寄生虫病与感染性疾病, 2016, 14(1): 42-45.)
[23]	Wu CG, Luo XJ, Xie J, et al. Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection of children and its influencing factors in Chongqing City[J]. Chin J Schisto Control, 2012, 24(6): 703-706. (in Chinese)
	(吴成果, 罗兴建, 谢君, 等. 重庆市儿童蛲虫感染现状及影响因素分析[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2012, 24(6): 703-706.)
[24]	Chen JX, Cai YC, Ai L, et al. Current situation and challenges of prevention and control of important human parasitic disease in China[J]. Lab Med, 2021, 36(10): 993-1000. (in Chinese)
	(陈家旭, 蔡玉春, 艾琳, 等. 我国重要人体寄生虫病防控现状与挑战[J]. 检验医学, 2021, 36(10): 993-1000.)
[25]	Yi J, Zhang HX, Xia J, et al. Surveillance on Enterobius vermicularis infection among children in Hubei Province from 2018 to 2020[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2021, 39(5): 606-610, 616. (in Chinese)
	(易佳, 张华勋, 夏菁, 等. 2018—2020年湖北省儿童蛲虫感染监测结果分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2021, 39(5): 606-610, 616.)
[26]	Bu XQ, Zhao CL, Yan G, et al. Analysis of monitoring results of pinworm infection among children in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020[J]. Chin J Schisto Control, 2021, 33(4): 401-405. (in Chinese)
	(卜秀芹, 赵长磊, 闫歌, 等. 2016—2020年山东省儿童蛲虫感染监测结果分析[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2021, 33(4): 401-405.)
[27]	Chen Z, Jiang WS, Ge J, et al. Analysis on the results of surveillance of Enterobius vermicularis infection among children in rural areas in Jiangxi Province during 2016—2019[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2020, 38(5): 542-547. (in Chinese)
	(陈喆, 姜唯声, 葛军, 等. 2016—2019年江西省农村地区儿童蛲虫监测结果分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2020, 38(5): 542-547.)
[28]	Cao HJ, Jin XL, Xu XZ, et al. Epidemic situation and control of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in Jiangsu Province[J]. Chin J Schisto Control, 2011, 23(1): 95-98. (in Chinese)
	(曹汉钧, 金小林, 徐祥珍. 江苏省土源性线虫病流行与控制[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2011, 23(1): 95-98.)
[29]	Ni BX, Shen MX, Xu XZ, et al. Analysis of monitoring results of soil-borne nematodiasis in Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2015[J]. J Pathog Biol, 2017, 12(12): 1197-1202. (in Chinese)
	(倪碧娴, 沈明学, 徐祥珍, 等. 2006—2015年江苏省土源性线虫病监测结果分析[J]. 中国病原生物学杂志, 2017, 12(12): 1197-1202.)
[30]	Mao FZ, Xu XZ, Jin XL, et al. Epidemic trend and control course of soil-borne nematodiasis in Jiangsu Province[J]. Chin J Schisto Control, 2020, 32(5): 453-458. (in Chinese)
	(茅范贞, 徐祥珍, 金小林, 等. 江苏省土源性线虫病流行趋势和防治历程[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 2020, 32(5): 453-458.)
[31]	Ni BX, Xu XZ, Jin XL, et al. Analysis of surveillance on soil-transmitted nematode infections in Jiangsu Province from 2017 to 2021[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2022, 40(6): 730-736. (in Chinese)
	(倪碧娴, 徐祥珍, 金小林, 等. 2017—2021年江苏省土源性线虫感染情况监测分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2022, 40(6): 730-736.)
[32]	Wen LY, Yan XL, Guan YY, et al. Interpretation of WS469-2015 “diagnosis of enterobiasis”[J]. Int J Epidemiol Infect Dis, 2015, 42(3): 149-150. (in Chinese)
	闻礼永, 严晓岚, 官亚宜, 等. 《蛲虫病的诊断(WS469-2015)》标准解读[J]. 国际流行病学传染病学杂志, 2015, 42(3): 149-150.)
[33]	Chu TB, Liao CW, Nara T, et al. Enterobius vermicularis infection is well controlled among preschool children in nurseries of Taipei City, Taiwan[J]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, 2012, 45(5): 646-648.
[34]	Chen MJ, Zhang XK, Liu DF, et al. Observation on the relationship between the detection rate and the number of examinations of pinworm infection among children[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 1993, 11(2): 123. (in Chinese)
	(陈荫居, 张锡坤, 刘德芬, 等. 儿童蛲虫感染检出率与检查次数关系的观察[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 1993, 11(2): 123.)

变量Variable	赋值Assignment
性别 Gender	0 = 男 Male，1 = 女 Female
年龄 Age	实际年龄 Actual age
洗手行为 Hand washing	主成分分析标准化得分 Standardized score of principal component analysis
吸咬行为 Sucking	主成分分析标准化得分 Standardized score of principal component analysis
洗晒频率 Washing & Sunning	主成分分析标准化得分 Standardized score of principal component analysis
幼儿园性质 Type of preschool	0 = 农村幼儿园 Rural preschool， 1 = 城区幼儿园 Urban preschool
家庭居住地 Residence	1 = 城镇 Urban，2 = 农村 Rural
家中地面材料 Flooring material	1 = 地砖等其他 Floor tiles and other，2 = 水泥地 Cement，3 = 土地 Soil
家庭收入水平 Family income	1 = 低收入 Low income，2 = 中等收入 Moderate income，3 = 高收入 High income
母亲受教育程度 Mother’s education level	0 = 小学及以下 Primary school & below，1 = 中学或大专 High school，2 = 大学及以上 College & above

特征 Feature	OR	95% CI	P值 P value
男性 Male	1.109	0.760~1.619	> 0.05
年龄 Age	1.447	1.186~1.764	< 0.05
洗手行为 Hand washing	0.918	0.780~1.080	> 0.05
吸咬行为 Sucking	1.048	0.882~1.245	> 0.05
洗晒频率 Washing & Sunning	1.121	1.002~1.225	< 0.05
城区幼儿园 Urban preschool	0.509	0.333~0.776	< 0.05
家庭居住地（农村为对照） Residence(Ref=Rural)
城镇Urban	1.11	0.731~1.687	> 0.05
家中地面材料（土地为对照） Flooring material(Ref=Soil)
地砖等其他 Brick/Wood	0.494	0.148~1.647	> 0.05
水泥地 Cement	0.635	0.184~2.190	> 0.05
家庭收入水平 Family income	0.711	0.472~1.071	> 0.05
母亲受教育程度 Mother’s education level	0.906	0.769~1.067	> 0.05
家长的主观知晓情况 Subjective awareness rate of parents	1.361	0.921~2.011	> 0.05