Analysis on Taenia infection and serum cysticercus antibody in population and their risk factors in Dali, Yunnan Province

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2024.05.008

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics and influencing factors of Taenia infection and cysticercus antibody in the residents of Dali, Yunnan, to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of taeniasis and cysticercosis. Methods From October to November 2023, a survey was conducted in Dabaguan Village, Huoshan Village, Jingang Village and Qingshuigou Village in the historical endemic area of taeniasis and cysticercosis in Dali Prefecture. Permanent residents aged over 3 years were enrolled in the survey using the method of cluster random sampling. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect information including whether there was a history of proglottid excreted, subcutaneous nodules, symptoms of epilepsy and severe headache, as well as the dietary habits, hygiene behaviors and living environment. Fecal samples were collected, and examined by the modified Kato-Katz method (two slide-reading for each sample). For residents with positive fecal test results or with a history of excreting proglottids in the past year, pharmacological diagnostic deworming was conducted using the areca-pumpkin seed method. Those positives in fecal examination and found expelled worms were considered as the infected persons and used to calculate the infection rate. Serum cysticercus specific antibodies were detected using cysticercus (Taenia solium) IgG antibody detection kit. The chi-square test, Fisher’s exact probability method and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of Taenia infection and serum cysticercus antibody positivity in the population. Results A total of 1 842 people from the 4 villages participated in the questionnaire survey, and 39 people (2.1%) had excreted proglottids in the past year. Fecal examination was performed on 1 533 people, and 25 people (1.6%) were found positive. A total of 39 people received diagnostic deworming, and 33 people expelled complete worms (1 person positive in fecal examination did not expel the parasite), and the infection rate was 1.8% (34/1 842). The infection rates in the Jingang, Huoshan, Dabaguan and Qingshuigou villages were 2.1% (10/475), 1.3% (6/450), 2.7% (12/450) and 1.3% (6/467), respectively, with no significant difference (χ² = 3.31, P > 0.05). The infection rate was 2.6% (22/848) in males and 1.2% (12/994) in females (χ² = 4.90, P < 0.05). The infection rates of the 30-59 age group (2.8%, 24/862), Miao (1/2), and farmers and herdsmen (3.0%, 28/944) were the highest in each group (χ² = 10.10, P < 0.01; Fisher = 26.04, P < 0.01; χ² = 13.47, P < 0.01). The positive rate of serum cysticercus antibody was 9.2% (82/887). Positive rates of serum antibodies in Qingshuigou, Dabaguan, Huoshan and Jingang villages were 12.7% (20/157), 4.7% (11/236), 10.4% (26/251) and 10.3% (25/243), respectively, with significant differences (χ² = 8.88, P < 0.05). The positive rates in males were 9.2% (36/393) and 9.3% (46/494) in females (χ² = 0.01, P > 0.05). The serum antibody positive rates in the groups aged 60 years and above (2.8%, 24/862), farmers and herdsmen (11.2%, 61/546) and illiterate people (15.0%, 35/234) were the highest in each group (χ² = 8.66, 12.37, 6.47, P < 0.05 or 0.01). The results of univariate analysis showed that gender, age, nationality, occupation and consuming raw pork products (raw pig skin, pork and liver) were the influencing factors of Taenia infection (χ² = 4.86, 10.10, 26.04, 13.48, 5.72, all P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the frequency of consuming raw pork products per month and Taenia infection rate[OR = 1.135, 95% CI: (1.023, 1.259)]. The age, education level, occupation, use of tap water and consuming raw pork products were influencing factors for the positive rate of serum cysticercus antibody (χ² = 8.66, 12.37, 6.47, 3.58, 2.20, all P < 0.05). The results of multivariate analysis showed that males [OR = 2.047, 95% CI: (1.001, 4.189) ] and eating raw pork products [OR = 4.986, 95% CI: (1.166, 21.321) ] were the risk factors for Taenia infection. The low education level [OR = 2.051, 95% CI: (1.183, 3.557)] was a risk factor for positive serum cysticercus antibody, while using tap water [OR = 0.320, 95% CI: (0.124, 0.824) ] was a protective factor for positive serum cysticercus antibody. Conclusion Considerably high Taenia infection rate and positive rate of serum cysticercus antibody are observed in the residents of Dali, Yunnan. Eating raw pork products and male gender are the risk factors for Taenia infection; using tap water and high education level are the protective factors for positive serum cysticercus antibody.

Key words: Taeniasis, Cysticercosis, Infection rate, Epidemiological investigation, Risk factor

CLC Number:

R383.3

WANG Wenya, LIU Jianfeng, ZHANG Mizhen, QIAN Peijun, LIU Liu, ZHAO Luyuan, LI Kerong, ZHANG Dongqi, LIU Yuhua, LIU Hongkun, CHEN Shaorong, ZHOU Changhai, QIAN Menbao, LI Shizhu. Analysis on Taenia infection and serum cysticercus antibody in population and their risk factors in Dali, Yunnan Province[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES, 2024, 42(5): 615-622.

Figures/Tables 3

Table 1

Univariate analysis of risk factors on Taenia infection and serum cysticercus antibody positivity among residents in Dali, Yunnan

影响因素 Risk factor		带绦虫病 Taeniasis								ELISA检测 ELISA test
影响因素 Risk factor		检查数 No. investigated		感染数（感染率/%） No. infected (Infection rate/%)		χ²值 χ²value		P值 P value		检查数 No. investigated		阳性数（阳性率/%） No. positive (Positive rate/%)		χ²值 χ²value		P值 P value
性别 Gender						4.86		< 0.05						0.01		> 0.05
男 Male		848		22（2.6）						393		36（9.2）
女 Female		994		12（1.2）						494		46（9.3）
年龄/岁 Age/Year						10.1		< 0.01						8.66		< 0.05
< 30		595		3（0.5）						267		14（5.2）
30~59		862		24（2.8）						375		37（9.9）
> 59		385		7（1.8）						245		31（12.7）
民族 Nationality						26.04		< 0.01^a						4.59		> 0.05^a
汉族 Han		16		0（0）						6		0（0）
苗族 Miao		2		1（1/2）						2		0（0）
彝族 Yi		942		16（1.7）						404		46（11.4）
白族 Bai		882		17（1.9）						475		36（7.6）
文化程度 Education level						2.77		> 0.05						12.37		< 0.01
文盲 Illiteracy		503		5（1.0）						234		35（15.0）
中小学 Primary, middle and high school		1 292		28（2.2）						626		45（7.2）
大专及以上 Junior college and above		47		1（2.1）						27		2（7.4）
职业 Occupation						13.48		< 0.01						6.47		< 0.05
学生 Student		524		3（0.6）						244		14（5.7）
农牧民 Farmer and herder		944		28（3.0）						546		61（11.2）
其他 Others		374		3（0.8）						97		7（7.2）
ELISA检测 ELISA test						28.96		< 0.01^a						-		-
阳性 Positive		82		9（11.0）						-		-
阴性 Negative		805		12（1.5）						-		-
排节片史 Excretion history of proglottids excreted						537.47		< 0.01^a						6.81		< 0.05^a
是 Yes		39		20（51.3）						31		7（22.6）
否 No		1 803		14（0.8）						856		75（8.8）
食用生猪制品 Eat raw pork products						8.92		< 0.01						2.20		< 0.05^a
是 Yes		1 310		32（2.4）						653		66（10.1）
否 No		532		2（0.4）						234		16（6.8）
每月吃生猪制品次数 No. eating raw pork products per month		1 842		34（1.8）		5.72^b		< 0.05^b		887		82（9.2）		0.47^b		> 0.05^b
是否接触感染者 Whether to contact with infected person						0.02		> 0.05^a						0.05		> 0.05^a
是 Yes		47		1（2.1）						25		2（8.0）
否 No		1 795		33（1.8）						862		80（9.3）
是否使用卫生厕所 Whether to use sanitary toilet						0.31		> 0.05^a						1.02		> 0.05^a
是 Yes		1 504		29（1.9）						668		58（8.7）
否 No		338		5（1.5）						219		24（11.0）
是否使用自来水 Whether to use tap water						0.5		> 0.05^a						3.58		< 0.05^a
是 Yes		1 775		32（1.8）						855		76（8.9）
否 No		67		2（3.0）						32		6（18.8）
饭前洗手 Washing hands before meals						0.61^b		> 0.05^b						1.52^b		> 0.05^b
每次 Every time		545		11（2.0）						313		29（9.3）
经常 Frequently		767		12（1.6）						323		38（11.8）
偶尔 Occasionally		444		9（2.0）						215		12（5.6）
从不 Never		86		2（2.3）						36		3（8.3）
便后洗手 Wash hands after defecation					1.94^b		> 0.05^b						1.25^b		> 0.05^b
每次 Every time	627		10（1.6）						359		32（8.9）
经常 Frequently	831		15（1.8）						361		35（9.7）
偶尔 Occasionally	340		7（2.1）						152		13（8.6）
从不 Never	44		2（4.6）						15		2（2/15）
是否使用砧板 Whether to use a cutting board					0.01		> 0.05^a						0.02		> 0.05
是 Yes	283		5（1.8）						123		11（8.9）
否 No	1 559		29（1.9）						764		71（9.3）
是否养猪 Whether to keep pigs					0.50		> 0.05^a						3.29		> 0.05
是 Yes	549		12（2.2）						342		24（7.0）
否 No	1 293		22（1.7）						545		58（10.6）

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

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变量 Variable	回归系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	Wald χ²	P值 P value	OR（95% CI）
性别 Gender
男/女 Male/Female	0.717	0.365	3.848	< 0.05	2.047（1.001，4.189）
年龄/岁 Age/Year			2.920	> 0.05
< 30/30~60	2.229	1.727	1.665	> 0.05	9.286（0.315，274.031）
> 60/30~60	0.509	0.440	1.335	> 0.05	1.663（0.702，3.941）
民族 Nationality
少数民族/汉族 Ethnic minority/Han	-12.478	966.600	0.000	> 0.05	< 0.001（< 0.001，> 999.99）
职业 Occupation			5.895	> 0.05
农牧民/学生 Farmer and herder/Student	0.616	1.735	0.126	> 0.05	1.425（0.049，41.456）
其他/学生 Others/Student	2.080	1.805	1.328	> 0.05	7.887（0.238，261.051）
是否食用生猪制品 Whether to eat raw pork products
是/否 Yes/No	1.607	0.741	4.697	< 0.05	4.986（1.166，21.321）

变量 Variable	回归系数 Coefficient	标准误 Standard error	Wald χ²	P值 P value	OR（95% CI）
年龄/岁 Age/Year			2.431	> 0.05
< 30/30~60	1.553	1.038	2.238	> 0.05	4.725（0.618，36.129）
> 60/30~60	-0.109	0.283	0.149	> 0.05	0.897（0.515，1.560）
文化程度 Education level			6.543	< 0.05
大专及以上/中小学 Junior college and above/Primary, middle and high school	0.148	0.804	0.034	> 0.05	1.159（0.240，5.606）
文盲/中小学 Illiteracy/Primary and high school	0.718	0.281	6.538	< 0.05	2.051（1.183，3.557）
职业 Occupation			1.849	> 0.05
学生/农牧民 Student/Farmer and herder	-1.162	1.049	1.227	> 0.05	0.313（0.040，2.445）
其他/农牧民 Others/Farmer and herder	0.317	0.447	0.505	> 0.05	1.373（0.572，3.297）
是否食用生猪制品 Whether to eat raw pork products
是/否 Yes/No	-0.503	0.298	2.840	> 0.05	0.605（0.337，1.085）
是否使用自来水 Whether to use tap water
是/否 Yes/No	-1.139	0.482	5.579	< 0.05	0.320（0.124，0.824）