Effectiveness of integrated echinococcosis control programmes and control strategies for echinococcosis in Ningxia

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2026.03.004

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of integrated echinococcosis control programmes in Ningxia, so as to provide insights into formulation of echinococcosis control measures. Methods Village-wide screening of human echinococcosis was performed in human screening points with a previous report of echinococcosis cases or positive Echinococcus coproantigens in domestic dogs from 19 cystic echinococcosis-endemic counties (cities, districts) in Ningxia from 2016 to 2025, and permanent residents at ages of 3 years and older received abdominal ultrasound scans for screening of echinococcosis. Fifty domestic dogs were sampled in each village (community), and the prevalence of Echinococcus coproantigens was detected using ELISA. One thousand sheep or 500 cattle at ages of one year and older from slaughterhouses were sampled for detection of Echinococcus infections in the visceras and the prevalence of Echinococcus infection was calculated in cattle and sheep. Four hundred mouse traps were deployed around three alveolar echinococcosis-endemic areas, and the prevalence of Echinococcus infection in the visceras was calculated in small rodents. Medical records were established for echinococcosis patients, and the efficacy of chemotherapeutic and surgical treatments was assessed. In addition, the awareness of human echinococcosis control knowledge was surveyed. Results The detection rate of cystic echinococcosis reduced from 1.60‰ (133/83 240) in 2016 to 0.36‰ (35/98 263) in 2025 (χ²_trend = 265.704, P < 0.05), and the detection rate of alveolar echinococcosis decreased from 0.20‰ (17/83 240) in 2016 to 0.01‰ (1/98 263) (χ²_trend = 45.581, P < 0.05). The overall prevalence of Echinococcus coproantigens decreased from 3.47% (547/15 776) in 2016 to 0.35% (50/14 290) in 2025 in domestic dogs (χ²_trend = 1 119.418, P < 0.05); however, there was a mild rebound in the prevalence in 2022 (0.75%, 106/14 173) and 2023 (0.76%, 167/21 916). The prevalence of Echinococcus infections appeared an overall tendency towards a decline in cattle (χ²_trend = 44.725, P < 0.05) and sheep (χ²_trend = 392.069, P < 0.05), with no infections detected in cattle in 2019, 2024 or 2025, and a reduction in the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in sheep by 1% in 2025 (1.07%, 78/7 291) relative to in 2016 (0.07%, 6/9 218). The prevalence of E. multilocularis infection was 0.19% (29/15 125) in rodents, with no infection detected in mice in 2020, 2021 or 2025; however, the prevalence rebounded from 2022 to 2024 (χ²_trend = 20.880, P < 0.05). The proportion of humans that were unwilling to receive treatments reduced by 4.77% in 2025 relative to in 2016, and the percentage of cure and improvements by chemical treatment increased by 15.42% in 2025 as compared by in 2016, while the recurrence rate of echinococcosis following surgical treatments reduced by 12.82% during the 10-year period. In addition, the awareness of human echinococcosis control knowledge increased from 56.04% (5 506/9 825) in 2016 to 86.49% (5 642/6 523) in 2025. Conclusion The integrated echinococcosis control programmes had achieved remarkable effectiveness in Ningxia from 2016 to 2025; however, the transmission cycle remains, and the cure rate of echinococcosis patients remains low. Future control efforts should focus on effective interruption of the transmission chain and precise medical cure of echinococcosis patients.

Key words: Echinococcosis, Integrated control, Control measures, Ningxia

CLC Number:

R532.32

WU Xianglin, DUAN Hongju, QI Rongting, LIU Xuan, YAN Fang, MA Xueping. Effectiveness of integrated echinococcosis control programmes and control strategies for echinococcosis in Ningxia[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES, 2026, 44(3): 336-342.

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年份 Year	检查人数 No. examined	多房棘球蚴病 Alveolar echinococcosis		细粒棘球蚴病 Cystic echinococcosis		合计 Total
年份 Year	检查人数 No. examined	患病人数 No. patients	检出率/‰ Prevalence/‰	患病人数 No. patients	检出率/‰ Prevalence/‰	患病人数 No. patients	检出率/‰ Prevalence/‰
2016	83 240	17	0.20	133	1.60	150	1.80
2017	116 292	14	0.12	160	1.38	174	1.50
2018	111 217	15	0.13	152	1.37	167	1.50
2019	116 400	11	0.09	107	0.92	118	1.01
2020	139 003	7	0.05	91	0.65	98	0.71
2021	100 276	4	0.04	60	0.60	64	0.64
2022	108 244	1	0.01	31	0.29	32	0.30
2023	80 273	3	0.04	29	0.36	32	0.40
2024	90 937	4	0.04	38	0.42	42	0.46
2025	98 263	1	0.01	35	0.36	36	0.37
合计 Total	1 044 145	77	0.07	836	0.80	913	0.87

年份 Year	牛 Cattle		羊 Sheep		啮齿类动物 Rodents
年份 Year	检查数 No. check	感染头数（率/%） No. infection (rate/%)	检查数 No. check	感染只数（率/%） No. infection (rate/%)	调查数 No. investigation	感染只数（率/%） No. infection (rate/%)
2016	908	7（0.77）	7 291	78（1.07）	1 519	4（0.26）
2017	571	5（0.88）	10 921	69（0.63）	1 523	5（0.33）
2018	1 453	4（0.28）	9 089	61（0.67）	1 483	3（0.20）
2019	2 135	0（0）	13 355	46（0.34）	1 521	6（0.39）
2020	1 532	5（0.33）	8 432	25（0.30）	1 497	0（0）
2021	2 010	3（0.15）	11 560	19（0.16）	1 509	0（0）
2022	2 310	2（0.09）	12 298	43（0.35）	1 510	3（0.20）
2023	1 725	1（0.06）	11 668	41（0.35）	1 519	7（0.46）
2024	1 022	0（0）	8 760	9（0.10）	1 523	1（0.07）
2025	1 003	0（0）	9 218	6（0.07）	1 521	0（0）
合计 Total	14 669	27（0.18）	102 592	397（0.39）	15 125	29（0.19）

年份 Year	管理病例数 No. managed	不愿接受治疗人数（率/%） No. refused treatment (rate/%)	药物治疗 Drug treatment		手术治疗 Surgical treatment
年份 Year	管理病例数 No. managed	不愿接受治疗人数（率/%） No. refused treatment (rate/%)	治疗人数 No. treatment	治愈及好转人数（率/%） No. cure and improvement (rate/%)	治疗人数 No. treatment	复发人数（率/%) No. recurrence (rate/%)
2016	1 109	61（5.50）	922	442（47.94）	126	21（16.67）
2017	1 132	57（5.04）	976	498（51.02）	99	12（12.12）
2018	1 091	48（4.40）	953	508（53.31）	90	9（10.00）
2019	775	24（3.10）	656	345（52.59）	95	9（9.47）
2020	835	21（2.51）	739	416（56.29）	75	7（9.33）
2021	762	18（2.36）	674	418（62.02）	70	6（8.57）
2022	734	15（2.04）	658	358（54.41）	61	6（9.84）
2023	729	11（1.51）	674	356（52.82）	44	4（9.09）
2024	718	7（0.97）	665	404（60.75）	46	3（6.52）
2025	682	5（0.73）	625	396（63.36）	52	2（3.85）
合计 Total	8 567	267（3.12）	7 542	4 141（54.91）	758	79（10.42）

年份 Year	调查人数 No. investigated	知晓人数 No. knowing	知晓率/% Awareness rate/%
2016	9 825	5 506	56.04
2017	8 202	5 194	63.33
2018	8 829	6 378	72.24
2019	7 236	5 693	78.68
2020	7 062	5 107	72.32
2021	6 639	4 781	72.01
2022	6 478	4 641	71.64
2023	6 402	4 709	73.56
2024	6 358	5 421	85.26
2025	6 523	5 642	86.49
合计 Total	73 554	53 072	72.15