寄生虫细胞外囊泡的研究现状及展望

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

细胞外囊泡（extracellular vesicles,EVs）是细胞旁分泌释放到细胞外的膜性小囊泡,几乎所有类型的细胞均可以产生并释放细胞外囊泡,外泌体（exosomes,Exo）、微囊泡（microvesicles,MVs）等均在其范畴,作为细胞间信号传导的重要方式,其功能已成为当前生命科学研究中的热点。研究表明,细胞外囊泡在多种寄生虫中均能分泌,且广泛参与虫体感染宿主及致病的生理过程,有望成为相关疾病诊断的生物标志物、治疗靶点或工具,具有广阔的应用前景。本文重点对主要的致病寄生虫分泌的细胞外囊泡及其生理功能进行综述。

关键词: 细胞外囊泡, 外泌体, 微囊泡, 寄生虫

Abstract:

Extracellular vesicles(EVs) are vesicles released by cells. Almost all types of cells can produce and release EVs. Exosomes (Exo) and microvesicles (MVs) are two types of EVs. As an important approach for cell-cell signaling through fusion with target cells, the EVs have received much attention in recent years. Secretion of EVs has been identified in a wide range of parasites, and participates in parasitic infections. EVs may serve as a biomarker for disease diagnosis, and therapeutic targets or tools. In this review, we provide an overview on the parasite-associated EVs and their physiological functions.

Key words: Extracellular vesicle, Exosome, Microvesicle, Parasite

中图分类号:

沈辉, 刘春英, 赵玉敏. 寄生虫细胞外囊泡的研究现状及展望[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2018, 36(4): 413-417.

Hui SHEN, Chun-ying LIU, Yu-min ZHAO. Extracellular vesicles of parasites: research development and prospect[J]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, 2018, 36(4): 413-417.

图/表 1

表1

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类别	发育阶段	大小/nm	囊内成分	功能研究	参考文献
原虫
恶性疟原虫 Plasmodium falciparum	红细胞内期	100~400 70~120	蛋白,核酸、脂类	免疫调控虫体间传导	Mantel et al^[4] Gulati et al^[5] Regev-Rudzki et al^[6]
伯氏疟原虫P. berghei	红细胞内期	150~250	-	免疫调控	Couper et al^[7]
约氏疟原虫P. yoelii	红细胞内期	40~80	蛋白	免疫保护	Martin-Jaular et al^[8]
硕大利什曼原虫 Leishmania major	前鞭毛体	50~100	蛋白	免疫调控	Silverman et al^[9]
杜氏利什曼原虫L. donovani	前鞭毛体	30~70	蛋白	免疫调控	Silverman et al^[10]
阴道毛滴虫 Trichomonas vaginalis	成虫	50~150	蛋白,RNA	增强黏附能力	Twu et al^[11]
布氏锥虫 Trypanosoma brucei	前循环形式(昆虫肠道)	80~150	蛋白	传播毒力因子、参与感染及营养摄取	Atyame Nten et al^[12] Geiger et al^[13] Szempruch et al^[14]
克氏锥虫T. cruzi	上鞭毛体和锥鞭毛体	100~200	蛋白	融合到宿主细胞传递信息物质	Bayer-Santos et al^[15]
蠕虫
麝猫后睾吸虫 Opisthorchis viverrini	成虫	40~100	蛋白	参与胆管病理过程及癌变过程	Chaiyadet et al^[16]
肝片吸虫Fasciola hepatica	成虫	30~100 50~200	蛋白	免疫调控	Cwiklinski et al^[17]
日本血吸虫 Schistosoma japonicum	成虫、卵	30~100	-	免疫调控	Wang et al^[18]
曼氏血吸虫S. mansoni	成虫	30~100	蛋白,非编码RNA	免疫调控	Nowacki et al^[19]
棘口吸虫Echinostoma caproni	成虫	30~100	蛋白	-	Marcilla et al^[20]
支双腔吸虫 Dicrocoelium dendriticum	成虫	30~100	蛋白,miRNA	-	Bernal et al^[21]
多形螺旋线虫 Heligmosomoids polygyrus	成虫	50~100	总RNA蛋白	抑制宿主固有免疫反应	Buck et al^[22]
猪鞭虫Trichuris suis	L1期幼虫	70~140	miRNA	参与免疫逃逸	Hansen et al^[23]