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Table of Content

    30 June 1997, Volume 15 Issue 3
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    述评
    MALARIA SITUATION IN THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN 1996
    AdvisoryCommitteeonMalaria;MOPH
    1997, 15(3):  1-132. 
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    论著
    THE PREVENTIVE EFFECT OF ARTEMETHER IN PROTECTION OF PEOPLE FROM SCHISTOSOME INFECTION DURING FIGHTING AGAINST FLOOD
    SongYu;XiaoShuhua;WuWei;ZhangShaoji;XieHuiqun;XuXueping;HuXinyong;CuiQing;ChenMinggang;ZhenJiang
    1997, 15(3):  2-137. 
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    AIM: To study the preventive effect of artemether in protection of the people from schistosome infection during fighting against flood in schistosomiasis endemic area of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province. METHODS: From the second ten-day period of July to the same period of August, the water level in Poyang Lake raised up due to the torrential rain and 2 embankments, i. e., Zhedi and Jiangtongdi appeared in dangerous situation were selected as the pilots. Sera from the individuals who arrived in the pilot to fight against flood with in 48 h were examined by indirect hemagglutination test (IHA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and McAb-ELISA. The individuals who showed negative in the 3 tests were then selected as the study subjects and allocated randomly to the artemether and the control groups. The first dose of artemether given to the individuals contacted with the infested water with in 11-15 days was 6 mg/kg. If the individual continually contacted with the infested water, the same dose of the drug was given once every 15 days. After the individuals withdrew from the pilot, one more dose of artemether was administered 7-15 days later. Placebo (starch) was given to the individuals in the control group at the same period as in the artemether group. Stool examination was made in the individuals of the 2 groups 40-50 days after last medication for evaluation of the preventive effect of artemether. RESULTS: In Zhedi pilot, the individuals fought against flood for about 1 month. In the artemether group, 99 individuals received 3 doses of the drug were completed the stool examination with egg-positive rate of 4% and no case of acute schistosomiasis was seen. In the control group, 110 people were completed the observation, and 44 of them showed egg-positive with an infection rate of 40%. Meantime, 29 cases were identified as acute schistosomiasis. In Jiangtongdi, the individuals contacted with the infested water for only about 4 h. But in the control group 4 out of 102 individuals showed egg-positive, while in the artemether group 103 people received 2 doses of the drug resulted in none of schistosome infection. No apparent side effect was seen in the people treated with artemether. CONCLUSION: In schistosomiasis endemic area of Poyang Lake, oral artemether given to the people who went to fight against flood showed a promising effect in controlling the acute schistosomiasis and reducing the infection rate.
    EFFECT OF ORAL ARTEMETHER IN CONTROLLING SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN YUNNAN MOUNTAINOUS ENDEMIC AREA
    WangJialong;XiaoShuhua;YangZhong;WangMinkao;YangHui;LiuYuhua;ZhouGengshen;ZhenJiang;ChenMinggang
    1997, 15(3):  3-142. 
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    AIM: To study the effect of oral artemether (Art) in controlling schistosomiasis in endemic area of mountainous type. METHODS: Eight natural villages in Yanghe District, Yongsheng County, Yunnan Province were selected as the pilots. In the pilot, the infection rate of snails and the mean infected snail density were 0.38% and 0.0086/0.11 m2, respectively, while the schistosome infection rate of the residents was 18.2%. The 8 natural villages were divided randomly into Art group and the control group by paired method. The residents aged 3-60 who contacted with infested water frequently were selected as the study objects and the residents were treated orally with praziquantel after stool examination. A single dose of 50 mg/kg was given to the egg-positive residents and 40 mg/kg was given to those with egg-negative. In the last ten-day period of May, i. e., 15 days after the residents contacted with the infested water, the first dosing of Art and the placebo (starch) was given at a single dose of 6 mg/kg to the residents in Art group and the control group, respectively, according to double-blind method. Afterwards, the same dose of the 2 drugs was given once every 15 days for 10 times. Stool examination was made in the residents of the 2 groups one month after the last medication for evaluation of the prophylactic efficacy. RESULTS: In Art group, the egg-positive rate was 2.9% (23/789), while in the control group it was 12.1% (87/717). The difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant. Besides, 1 case of acute schistosomiasis was seen in the control group, but no infected case was found in the Art group. CONCLUSION: In heavily schistosomiasis endemic area of mountain-ous type, oral Art given to the residents once every 15 days throughout the whole transmission season resulted in an apparently decrease in reinfection with schistosomiasis and effective control of schistosomiasis.
    STUDY ON THE LIFE TABLE OF ANOPHELES SINENSIS NATURAL POPULATION OF ZHENGZHOU
    QuChuanzhi;YangLiuping;LiSuozhu;ShiChongmin;WangMeiying;WangZhongwen;SuShouzhi
    1997, 15(3):  5-147. 
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    AIM: To observe the dynamic changes of Anopheles sinensis under natural condition. METHODS: By means of the life table, the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th generation of the Anopheles sinensis natural population in Zhengzhou reion was studied from 1994 to 1995. RESULTS: According to the life tables established we can see that during rainy seasons, K5 was the highest among all of the K- values, followed by K9. Key factor analysis was conducted by using Varley’s diagram and Podoler’s regression method, respectively. The survival curves of 5- 8 generations were plotted in terms of the life table data in 1995. The population tendency indices (I) of all life tables were greater than 1 and the I- value of the 5th generation was the highest. CONCLU-SION: The first key factor of the natural population of An. sinensis was the death of the 1- 2 instar larvae caused by the heavy storm and the second was the predatory death of the 3- 4 instar larvae. The highest mortality occurred at the stage of 1- 2 instar larvae. The type of survival curves belonged to Slobodkin IV. The results showed that the number of the natural population of An. sinensis in Zhengzhou region increased during the June, July and August, the increase in the number of the 5th generation (I =34.4584) being the highest.
    THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF ANTI-MAC-1 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ON THE INVASION OF LEISHMANIA DONOVANL
    XueChanggui;YangLiuping;CuiJing
    1997, 15(3):  7-151. 
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    AIM: To study the effect of anti Mac-1monoclonal antibodies (McAbs), M1/17 and M18/2, on the invasion of Leishmania donovani to macrophages. METHODS: The susceptibility of the macrophages treated with M1/70 and M18/2, toward Leishmania donovani promastigotes was investigated by determining the percentage of infected macrophages and the number of parasites in infected macrophages. RESULTS: The percentage of invasive macrophages and the number of invasive parasites were significantly decreased after the macrophages were treated with the McAbs. The invasion process of parasites into the macrophages was found decelerated as well. When macrophages were treated with both M1/70 and M18/2, the invasion of parasites into the macrophages was more distinctly inhibited than those treated with either of the two McAbs, the infection rate being 13.8% and only 1- 2 parasites could be found in each infected macrophage. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory effect of McAbs M1/70 and M18/2 on the invasion of Leishmania donovani to macrophages was achieved by blocking separately the specific binding sites of the macrophage surface molecules, Mac-1 receptor.
    ANALYSIS OF PARTIAL SEQUENCE OF CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN OF PLASMODIUM VIVAX ISOLATES IN HUBEI PROVINCE
    YanJizhou;HuLequn;ZhangShaoqing;XuBozhao;DavidCWarhurst
    1997, 15(3):  9-155. 
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    AIM: To identify circumsporozoite protein (CSP) genes of Plasmodium vivax in Hubei endemic areas and explore the biological features of CSP polymorphism. METHODS: Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) gene of P. vivax in Hubei was firstly sequenced by using routine cloning and Sanger Chain Terminal method. RESULTS: The N- and C- terminus sequences flanking the central tandem repeat, including post-repeat variable region of CSP gene of HB2 isolate were identical to those of North Korean (NK) isolate and Southern China isolates (CH2-7) , while the central tandem repeat region existed extensive poly-morphism. Compared with the other CSP gene sequences published so far, the repeat form GNGAGGQP/AA and the post-repeat variable region had obvious geographical characteristics. Incidentally, one CSP gene PCR product of HB2 isolate produced two clones containing 0.75 kb and 1.1 kb DNA fragment, respectively. Their nucleotide sequences were almost the same except for three silent changes and one nonsilent change and the difference in the repeat number as well. CONCLUSION: The variation of CSP gene sequence, especially in the repeat and the post-repeat variable region, possibly involve the changes of latent period of P. vivax.
    STUDIES ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SPECIES OF PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI IN PINGXIANG, GUANGXI
    HuangYaming;FuWeizhong;WangHuaifang;WeiHaiyan;LiYuying;TangJinhong
    1997, 15(3):  10-160. 
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    AIM: To observe the biological characteristics of a species of Plasmodium cynomolgi isolated from a wild-caught, naturally infected monkey Macaca irus (M4) at Pingxiang, Guangxi near the border between China and Vietnam in October 1991. METHODS: An uninfected splenectomized monkey (Macaca assamensis) M6 was inoculated iv with blood from M4. Nine days later, when M6 was found harboring gametocytes at a concentration of 64 per 100 leucocytes, M6 was exposed to the bite of uninfected Anopheles dirus. On day 14 after the level of sporozoites in the salivary gland of An. dirus reached a high peak, the infected An. dirus was allowed to bite M5, a healthy, uninfected monkey (Macaca assamensis). On day 8 following infection, blood was taken from M5 twice a day and examined for malaria parasites. RESULTS: In terms of the appearance of a few rings in blood, the incubation period is 8 days. At a temperature of about 26 ℃ and a relative humidity of 75%, oocysts reached maturity on day 11, and the sporogony was 11 days. The young trophozoites of Plasmodium cynomolgi were indistinguishable from those of Plasmodium vivax. The typical parasites were similar to other simian parasites of Plasmodium cynomolgi. There w re Schüffner’s dots in infected erythrocytes. The schizogony occurred every 48 hours. The mature schizonts had a large number of merozoites, the number being 10- 15. CONCLUSION: The malaria parasite described in the present paper was designated Plasmodium cynomolgi CVH (China, Vietnam and Huang) strain.
    CELLULAR IMMUNE REACTIONS IN THE SKIN OF MICE VACCINATED WITH UV-ATTENUATED CERCARIAE OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM
    LvFangli;LiYonglong;LiuGuoyuan;HanJiajun;ShiYouen
    1997, 15(3):  12-165. 
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    AIM: To explore the role of the skin tissue from the host immunized with UV-attenuated schistosome cercariae against the challenge infection. METHODS: Eighty-eight mice were divided into four groups. Group 1 mice were challenged with 1 000±100 cercariae 5 wk after immunizing with 50±3 ultraviolet(UV)-attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum. Group 2 mice were challenged with 1 000±100 cercariae 5 wk after infecting with 50±3 cercariae. Group 3 mice were immunized alone with 1 000±100 cercariae. Local skin samples from mice of each group were taken at some certain time points from 6-120 h after infection or immunization for pathological observat ion. RESULTS: In Group 1, the cellular reactions against schistosomula in skin tissue were the most evident and persistant, in which the percent of eosinophils (EOS) was also the highest. Similar reactions were observed in Group 2 but not so intense as in Group 1. A large number of attenuated schistosomula prolonging their persistence in the subcutanous tissue until 120 h were observed in Group 3, but the number of schistosomula in the skin of Group 4 mice reduced evidently from 72 h, with slight cellular response. Ultrastructure studies revealed that most schistosomula in Group 1 were completely disintegrated around which were numerous EOS, lymphocytes and occasional degranulated mast cells. CONCLUSION: Cellular immune response in the skin of the mice immunized with UV-attenuated cercariae might play an important role in the protective immunity against challenge infection.
    PRELIMINARY STUDY ON CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LEISHMANLA DONOVANI GENE ENCODING 39k Da ANTIGEN
    JingBaoqian;HuXiaosu;LiuHongbin;ChengJianpin
    1997, 15(3):  13-169. 
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    AIM: To characterize the L. donovani gene encoding 39 kDa antigen. METHODS: The recombinant phage DNA fragment expressing 39 kDa antigen of L. donovani was subcloned in to pUC18 vector and further analyzed by restriction endonuclease digestion. RESULTS: The size of the inserted fragment was nearly 1.3 kb with a single site recognized by Kpn I, Xba I, HincⅡ and Pst I respectively at the 3’-end of the fragment. CONCLUSION: The inserted fragment might be a single copy containing only one reading frame and one non-encoding region.
    实验报道
    EFFECT OF SEED OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS ON THE HEPATOPANCREASAND GENITAL SYSTEM OF ONCOMELANIA HUPENSIS
    SongGengming;WangGenfa;MaJiqing;YangJingying
    1997, 15(3):  14-173. 
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    AIM: To observe the lesions of Oncomelania hupensis after treatment with the seed of camellia sinensis (SCS). METHODS: The tissue of the hepatopancreas and genital system in normal and SCS-treated Oncomelania hupensis were observed by transmission electron microscopy TEM. RESULTS: Aften the Oncomelania hupensis snails were treated with SCS (8 μg/ml) for 24 h, cloudy swelling and coagulating necrosis of parenchyma cells of the hepatopancreas, coagulating and dissolving changes in spermatogonia, cloudy swelling of the spermid membrane with isolating internal substance, aggregation of mitochondria, cloudy swelling of ova, deformity of ovum membrane and rupture of follicles were observed by TEM. CONCLUSION: SCS could damage the hepatopancreas and genital system of Oncomelania hupensis.
    OBSERVATION ON THE IN VITRO EFFECT OF PRAZIQUANTEL ON CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSAE
    SuLianjie;ZhangGuijun;FuQifeng;XuGuilan
    1997, 15(3):  16-176. 
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    AIM: To observe the effect of praziquantel on Cysticercus cellulosae in vitro. METHODS: After the Cysticercus cellulosae were incubated with praziquantel for 2, 4 and 6 h, the in vitro effects were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: The structural and celullar changes of Cysticercus cellulosae under the action of praziquantel included the convulsion and deformity of the cyst body, corrosion of the body surface. Necrosis of the tegument and subtegument, and dissolution of the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosome. CONCLUSION: Praziquantel exerts strong action against Cysticercus cellulosae.
    流行病学调查
    SURVEY OF CONTAMINATION OF VEGETABLESAND SHOE-SOLE SOIL WITH ASCARIS AND OTHER SOIL-TRANSM ITTED HELMINTHS
    XuLongqi;ZhuXianzu;JiangZexiao;FengZheng;ZhouChanghai;NorijiSuzuki;WangShunong;ChenWeizu;XiaoHuadong;YiYanzhi;TaoTaishun
    1997, 15(3):  18-180. 
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    AIM: To understand the transmission route of soil-transmitted helminth in the villages of Fujian and Jiangsu Provinces. METHODS: Soil samples were washed with water and the sedimented larvae were examined by direct smear method. Eggs were examined after separated from soil by floating with saturated sodium nitrate solution. RESULTS: Out of 16 kinds of vegatables collected from 18 households in 3 villages in Shaowu County, Fujian Province, 7 kinds were found to have the eggs and/or larvae of Ascaris and other soil-transmitted helminths. 19 samples from 47 samples were positive, the positive rate being 40.4%. Among them, garlic, onion, cabbage and water spinach were found to have higher detection rate. Of 17 kinds of vegetables collected from 20 households in 2 villages in Jiangning County, Jiangsu Province, 11 kinds were found to have eggs of Asca ris and Rhabditis larvae. 21 samples from 79 samples were egg positive, the positive rate being 26.6%. Green vegetable, water spinach and three-coloured amaranth had a higher positive rate. 4 kinds of vegetables (onion, pakchoi, coriander and cucumber) among 7 kinds bought from the market in Shaowu County, were egg positive. In Jiangning County, 4 kinds (radish, onion, tomato and yam bean) from 9 kinds were positive (Al and/or S.). The egg positive rate of the shoe-sole soil samples in Shaowu County, Fujian Province (55.6% ) was higher than that in Jiangning County, Jiangsu Province (15.0%). Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichostrongylus and Toxocara canis were found in both places. CONCLUSION: The vegetables shoe-sole soil contaminated with helminth eggs and larvae played a role in the dissemination of soil-transmitted helminths.