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    30 August 2007, Volume 25 Issue 4
    特约综述
    Historical Review on the Development of Medical Parasitology in China During the Years of 1871-2006
    QUFeng-yi
    2007, 25(4):  1-273. 
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    【Abstract】 The present review deals with the representative research papers on human parasites and parasitic diseases in China over the past hundred years (1871-2006). As the views focused on the development of the medical parasitology,the historical background and progressive characters in the period of fermentation,origination,and expansion have been discussed. The check list of the first cases of human parasitic diseases reported in China during 1871-2006 contained 128 species of parasitic pathogens,and among them 38 species were the newly revisional records. The citation from Faust’s paper(1923) proved that previous record of “the first case of Eurytrema pancreaticum from Hongkong” was an absurdly mistake. The human infections of Diphyllobothrium latum,Toxocara canis,and Triodontophorus minor discovered by Lin(1924) from Beijing were the first records in the country. A doubtful malaria case reported from Chongqing by Hung(1944) should be revised as the first case of babesiosis in China. The above-presented examples suggest that the truthful record of parasitic pathogens is an important base for the discovery history of parasitic diseases. With comments on the research progress of human parasitic diseases in different historical stages,it seems that the trends of medical parasitology development in China have been synchronous with the research activities in the area.
    论著
    Preparation of Five Ginkgolic Acid Monomers and Their Molluscicidal Effects Against Oncomelania hupensis
    MAOZuo-hua;YUPei-zhong;SUNKai;PANXiao-hai;JIANGQing-wu;PANJia-hu
    2007, 25(4):  2-278. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the molluscicidal activities of the ginkgolic acid(GA) monomers isolated and purified from GAs. Methods Five monomers of GAs from the sarcotesta of Ginkgo biloba. were extracted by petrol ether, separated by silica gel column chromatography, purified by semi-prepared reversed-phased HPLC, and identified by LC-MS analysis. The molluscicidal activities of GAs and their monomers against Oncomelania hupensis were determined as referring to the WHO guidelines for laboratory molluscicidal test. Results The five purified ginkgolic acid monomers were GA13︰0, GA 15︰0, GA 15︰1 , GA 17︰1 and GA 17︰2 , with a side chain of 13, 15, 17 alkyl or ethylenic radicals respectively on their benzene loop. The five monomer proportions to the total GAs were 17.6%, 3.2%, 52.3%, 23.3% and 3.6% respectively. The order of molluscicidal activities for the five monomers was as follows: GA 13︰0>GA 15︰1>GA 15︰0>GA 17︰1>GA 17︰2 , and their LC50 for snails was 20.79 mg/L, 22.28 mg/L, 33.76 mg/L, 51.89 mg/L, and 59.10 mg/L respectively after immersion for 24 hours. Two monomers, GA 13︰0 and GA15︰1 inhibited the snails' climbing up significantly. Conclusion The molluscicidal activities of GAs may be dependent on the monomer's structure with different number of carbon molecules and double-bonds on the side carbon-chain. The two monomers, GA 13︰0 and GA 15︰1 , are mainly responsible for the molluscicidal activities of GAs and both effectively inhibit snails' climbing up as well. GA 15︰0 also shows certain molluscicidal activity.
    The Cleavage Activity of GCV Transfer Vector-mediated Hammerhead Ribozyme for KRR1 in vitro Transcript
    CHENLi-feng;;LIJian-hua;ZOUYa-xue;ZHAOYue-ping;CAOLi-li;ZHANGXi-chen
    2007, 25(4):  3-284. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To detect the cleavage activity of Giardia canis virus (GCV) transfer vector-mediated hammerhead ribozyme for KRR1 in vitro transcript. Methods Giardia, a most primitive eukaryote, has KRR1 protein responsible for ribosome biosythesis. cDNA encoding hammerhead ribozyme flanked with various lengths of antisense RNA was cloned into a viral vector pGCV634/GFP/GCV2174 derived from the genome of GCV, KRzS flanked with 21 nt KRR1 antisense RNA on each arm, or KRzL flanked with 288 nt and 507 nt KRR1 antisense RNA. At the same time, two control groups were established: PKR without the inserted ribozyme, and TRzL flanked with 324 nt and 380 nt triosephosphate isomerase(Tim) antisense RNA. The cleavage activity of GCV transfer vector-mediated hammerhead ribozyme for KRR1 in vitro transcript was then analyzed by absolute real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Results The in vitro cleavage activities on KRR1 mRNA of the two ribozyme KRzS or KRzL were 74.0% and 81.1% respectively by the absolute real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The two control groups, PKR or TRzL, showed no effect on KRR1 mRNA in vitro. Conclusion The GCV transfer vector-mediated hammerhead ribozyme shows a high cleavage activity for KRR1 in vitro transcript, which demonstrates the feasibility of using a viral vector to express a ribozyme targeted at a specific mRNA in Giardia to reduce the expression of a specific gene.
    Development and Identification of the Multiple B Cell Epitope Antigens of Schistosoma japonicum
    ZHANGHui;ZHUYin-chang;SIJin;ZHAOSong;WANGXiao-ting;YINXu-ren;CAOLi-min;CAOGuo-qun;HUAWan-quan;XUMing;LIANGYou-sheng
    2007, 25(4):  4-289. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To develop multiple B cell epitope antigens of Schistosoma japonicum and evaluate their antigenicity. Methods Bioinformatics software BioSun was used to predict B cell epitopes from Sj22.6, Sj14-3-3 and Sj26. The predicted epitopes P2, P6 and P7 were ligated to construct P2-P6-P7 and P6-P2-P7 multiepitope in random order, a 6 amino acid linker inserted between epitopes. Recombinant plasmids containing the two multiepitopes identified by enzyme digestion and sequencing were transformed into E.coli BL21. The expressed recombinant fusion proteins of E.coli BL21 induced with IPTG were purified with Ni2+ chelating HiTrap HP column. Their antigenicity was evaluated with Western-blotting. Result The two multiple B cell epitopes P2-P6-P7 and P6-P2-P7 were successfully cloned into pET-32c(+) plasmid and fusion proteins were expressed. SDS-PAGE showed a single band and both of the recombinant fusion proteins were with Mr 20 400. The two proteins reacted with the sera of schistosomiasis patients but not with that of healthy people. Conclusion Two multiple B cell epitope antigens were developed with potential diagnosis value.
    Intranasal Immunization with Mucosal Complex Vaccine Protects Mice Against Toxoplasma gondii
    YINGuo-rong;MENGXiao-li;MAGuang-yuan;MAXiao-ming
    2007, 25(4):  5-294. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To study the mucosal and systemic immune response after intranasal immunization with mucosal complex vaccine for Toxoplasma gondii, and to observe the protective effect on mice. Methods The mucosal complex vaccine was made of soluble tachyzoite antigen (STAg) and cholera toxin (CT), which were mixed and dissolved in PBS (1 ml PBS containing 1 mg STAg and 50 μg CT). Fifty-two BALB/c mice were randomly divided into two groups: immunized group and control. Mice were intranasally immunized with 20 μl mucosal complex vaccine (20 μg STAg and 1 μg CT) per mouse twice at an interval of two weeks, while the control mice were given PBS solution instead. Six mice of each group were killed by dislocation of cervical vertebra on day 14 after the last immunization. The specific IgG antibodies in serum and IgA in feces were detected by ELISA. Lymphocytes in spleen, Peyer's patches (PP) and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte(IEL) were isolated and counted. Percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was determined by immunocytochemistry. Other mice were challenged intragastrically each with 4×104 tachyzoites of RH strain Toxoplasma gondii on day 14 after the last immunization. Their health condition was observed and the number of tachyzoites in liver and brain was determined microscopically on the 30 th day after challenge. Results IgG antibodies in serum and IgA antibodies in feces of immunized mice were higher than the control (P<0.05). Lymphocytes in spleen, PP and IEL significantly increased after immunization (P<0.01). The CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were both higher than that of the control (P<0.05) in spleen and PP. The number of CD8+ T cells in IEL increased significantly (P<0.01), and the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was reversed with significance (P<0.05). On the day 30 after challenge, the survival rate of immunized mice was higher than that of control (P<0.05), while the tachyzoite load in liver and brain was significantly smaller (P<0.05), which corresponds to 86.3%, 86.7% protection, respectively. Conclusion Intranasal inoculation with mucosal complex vaccine effectively induces the mucosal and systemic immune response, and protects mice against Toxoplasma gondii.
    Cloning and Expression of a Bradyzoite-Specific Gene of Toxoplasma gondii and Immunoreactive Analysis on the Recombinant Antigen
    WANGQiong;WUKun;CHENXiao-guang;HAOLi;CHENGlu
    2007, 25(4):  6-299. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To clone and express bradyzoite antigen 1(BAG1) gene of T. gondii,and analyze the immunoreactivity of the recombinant product. Methods The differentiation of T. gondii RH strain tachyzoites into bradyzoites was induced in vitro,and the coding sequence of BAG1 was amplified from bradyzoites by RT-PCR. The PCR product was analyzed by sequencing. The BAG1 coding sequence was further subcloned into the plasmid pET32a(+). The plasmid pET32a(+)-BAG1 was then transformed into BL21(DE3) to express after IPTG induction. The expression product was purified with Ni-NTA agarose and the purified BAG1 was further analyzed by Western blotting and ELISA. Results BAG1 cDNA was amplified from bradyzoites. After IPTG induction,BAG1 was expressed in a fusional form in E. coli. Western blotting showed that the purified recombinant protein could be specifically recognized by sera from mice chronically infected by T. gondii B36 strain. ELISA showed that the positive rate of T. gondii IgG antibodies of 350 human sera detected by the recombinant BAG1(17.4%) was higher than by recombinant SAG1 (12.6%)(P<0.05). Conclusion  The expressed recombinant BAG1 shows a specific immunoreactivity.
    Enzyme Change in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Pneumocystis Pneumonia Rats and the Effect of Garlicin Treatment
    LUZhi-min;ZHANGYou-cheng;ZHANGJin-shun;SHIBao-lin;JIATian-jun;TANGHong-wei;LIUJin-hua
    2007, 25(4):  7-303. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To study the change of enzymes and effect of garlicin treatment on the change in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) of rats with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Methods Wistar rats were injected intramuscularly continually with dexamethasone to establish the rat model of PCP. The experimental rats (group A) were injected intramuscularly with garlicin at a dose of 10 mg/(kg·d) for 5 days in the 3rd, 6 th and 9th week respectively, and SMZ/TMP therapy group (B), PCP infected group (C) and normal group (D) were established as controls. Three days after the last treatment, the rats of all groups were killed and BALF was collected without contamination and enzymes AST, ALF, CHE, ALP, LDH, CK, CKMB, HBDH, AFU, 5′NT, ADA were examined. Results The ALP level in group C [(573.41 ± 350.63)U/L] was significantly higher than that in group D [(210.56 ± 114.41)U/L] (q=4.682, P<0.01), group A [(392.07 ± 217.57)U/L] (q=3.851, P<0.05), and group B [(325.21 ± 180.65)U/L] (q=4.380, P<0.01); the level of CK, CKMB and 5′NT in group C [948.94 ± 403.43、 489.47 ± 254.46 and (6.76 ± 3.11)U/L respectively] was higher than those in group D [426.22 ± 319.00, 213.33 ± 144.54 and (3.22 ± 1.20)U/L] (q=4.696, 3.784, 3.812, P<0.05); there was no significant difference in the level of AST, ALT, CHE, LDH, HBDH, AFU and ADA among the four groups(F=1.852, 0.958, 2.470, 1.423, 1.178, 1.342, 0.611, P>0.05). Conclusions The level of ALP, CK, CKMB and 5′NT increases evidently in BALF of PCP infected rats, but the ALP level decreases distinctly after the garlicin treatment.
    Retrieving Eco-environment Factors Relevant to Oncomelania Snail Distribution Based on QuickBird Image
    HUANGQing-ni;;TANGLing-li;JIANGXiao-guang;CHENZhao;ZHOUXiao-nong
    2007, 25(4):  8-309. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To estimate snail distribution by using high spatial resolution QuickBird image on the basis of retrieving the eco-environment factors relevant to snail distribution. Methods Combined with the well-positioned ground data of Oncomelania snails,the meter-level high spatial resolution QuickBird image was used to retrieve the eco-environment factors related to snail distribution in Jiangxin village of Dangtu county, Anhui Province. The factors included vegetation (vegetation index and vegetation cover ratio) and soil (soil texture, soil cover type and humidity). A qualitative analysis was made by using principle component analysis, K-T transformation and supervision classification methods to retrieve the eco-environment factors. The vegetation index NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and MSAVI (Modified Soil Adjustment Vegetation Index) were calculated, and LAI (Leaf area index) and F (vegetation cover ratio) were retrieved. Information from QuickBird data and corresponding ground data were then used to analyze the relationship between snail distribution and environmental factors by using ArcGIS and statistical software. Results Snail data were received from 153 ground distribution spots and a GIS database on spacial distribution of snails was established. This database covered snail density,NDVI, MSAVI, LAINDVI, LAIMSAVI, FNDVI, FMSAVI, PCA-1, PCA-2, PCA-3, KT-1, KT-2 and KT-3. Statistical analysis showed that the snail density could be estimated by LAINDVI and FMSAVI quantitatively based on the following regression model:Y=-3.919+1.22 LAIMSAVI+16.076 FMSAVI. Decision index of the regression model was 0.2. Conclusions A quantitative regression model between Oncomelania snail distribution and environmental variables retrieved from QuickBird images has been established, which may have a wide application prospect.
    现场研究
    Investigation of Mosquito Abundance and Composition around the Rare Birds National Nature Reserve of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province
    WUZheng-ming;ZHUHuai-min;CHANGTang-xi;LVShi-cheng
    2007, 25(4):  9-313. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the mosquito abundance and their relative species composition within and outside the Rare Birds National Nature Reserve of Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. Methods Sampling was carried out between May and Oct. 2004 at two weeks interval in two foci (the Reserve and nearby residential district) in Sheyang County. Mosquitoes were collected with the modified CDC light trap. Density was calculated, and species were identified. Environmental temperatures, rainfall and relative humidity were monitored during the study. Results A total of 40 912 mosquitoes were captured in the two foci. The sampled mosquitoes were identified as 4 species belonging to three genera (Anopheles sinensis, Culex pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and Armigeres subalbatus). The most abundant mosquito species was An. sinensis and Cx. pipiens pallens, which accounted for 97.7% of the whole number. 92% and 8% of the total amount of mosquitoes were collected from the nature reserve and residential district respectively. The most abundant species in the nature reserve and residential district was An. sinensis(60.6%) and Cx. pipiens pallens(76%), respectively. Within the nature reserve, there were two peaks occurred in adult abundance, in mid- and late July and mid-Sept. The abundance of mosquitoes in the area was positively correlated to the temperature (r=0.765, P=0.005). Conclusion The wetland is an ideal breeding place for An. sinensis and Cx. pipiens pallens. The peaks of mosquito abundance are in mid- and late July and mid-Sept. It is of importance to carry out surveillance on mosquito vectors with pathogen-transmitting potential.
    实验研究
    Cloning and Optimized Prokaryotic Expression of a pbmag-1 cDNA Fragment from Plasmodium berghei ANKA
    GAOYu-hui;WANGHeng
    2007, 25(4):  10-319. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To clone and express a novel gene cDNA fragment, pbmag-1, from Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. Methods The cDNA sequence of pbmag-1 was obtained from the GenBank of P.berghei ANKA genomic databases, with which a pair of primers was designed and RT-PCR was used to get a cDNA fragment of the gene from the parasite. The expanded cDNA 3′ fragment of the gene was obtained by 3′-RACE using the oligo dT primer and a set of specific primers. The intact cDNA 3′ fragment was cloned into a prokaryotic expressional vector and transformed into the BL21-(DE3)-RIL strain of Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein of PbMAg-1 was expressed with an optimized strategy and used to immunize mice. Results The pbmag-1 cDNA fragment obtained was 1 341 bp in length, A/T rich (73%) and with a correct 3′ end sequence. By Western blot, the anti-serum of mice immunized with the recombinant protein of PbMAg-1/GST, which was expressed as inclusion bodies, specifically recognized a band with Mr 64 000 molecule from the protein extracts of P. berghei-infected mouse erythrocytes. Conclusion The pbmag-1 cDNA sequence with intact 3′ has been obtained, which will be used for further study on its role in the immune response of P. berghei infection.
    Construction of the Recombinant Secretion Type BCG-Eg95 Vaccine of Echinococcus granulosus
    HELi-li;;JINGTao;;ZHUBing-dong;;JIAWan-zhong
    2007, 25(4):  11-324. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To construct the recombinant secretion type BCG-Eg95 vaccine of Echinococcus granulosus (rsBCG-Eg95). Methods BCG-Ag85B signal sequence with 117 bp and Eg95 gene with 471 bp were amplified from the genome of BCG and pGEX-4T-Eg95 by PCR, respectively. BCG-Ag85B signal coding gene and Eg95 gene were cloned into E. coli-BCG shuttle-vector pMV261 to get the recombinant plasmid pSMEg95, which was confirmed by restriction endonuclease digestion, PCR amplification and gene sequencing. These recombinant plasmids were introduced into BCG by electroporation for the construction of rsBCG-Eg95 vaccine. The rsBCG-Eg95 positive clones were screened by Kan+ and identified by PCR amplification. Results BCG-Ag85B signal sequence coding gene and Eg95 coding gene were successfully cloned into pMV261, which was confirmed by restriction endonuclease digestion, PCR amplification and sequencing of the plasmid pSMEg95. The plasmids were introduced into BCG and confirmed as the recombinant secreting BCG-Eg95 vaccine of E. granulosus (rsBCG-Eg95). Conclusion The recombinant secretion type BCG?鄄Eg95 vaccine (rsBCG-Eg95) of E. granulosus with BCG-Ag85B signal sequence and Eg95 gene has been constructed.
    Detection of Mite Allergens in the Dust of Filter-Net and Air of Air-Conditioned Room
    LIANYu-yin;;LIUZhi-gang;WANGHong-yu;CHAICheng-yu;LIUXiao-yu
    2007, 25(4):  12-327. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To detect mite allergens in the dust of air conditioner filter?鄄net and floating air in room. Methods Samples were collected from rooms of asthma patient and normal families with or without air conditioner. Der p 1, Der f 1 and Der 2 were determined by two monoclonal antibody-based ELISA. Results In asthma patient families, the concentration of airborne Der p 1, Der f 1 and Der 2 was (0.23 ± 0.13), (2.62 ± 1.08), (0.93 ± 0.41) ng/m3, and (0.56 ± 0.25), (4.74 ± 1.22), (2.33 ± 0.64) ng/m3 respectively before and after the air conditioner switched on, all showing a significant difference (P<0.05). In families without asthma patient, the concentration of Der p 1、 Der f 1 and Der 2 was (0.33 ± 0.11), (11.50 ± 3.08) and (2.10 ± 0.80) ng/m3, and (0.63 ± 0.23), (19.80 ± 4.30) and (3.60 ± 1.00) ng/m3 respectively before and after the air conditioner switched on, also showing a significant difference (P<0.05). From the filter-net dust of air conditioner in family with allergic asthma patient, the concentration of Der p 1, Der f 1 and Der 2 was (0.52 ± 0.19), (3.34 ± 0.63), (2.53 ± 0.65) μg/g dust, while that of normal families was (1.30 ± 0.35), (5.16 ± 0.92), (3.47 ± 1.13) μg/g dust respectively. The concentration of Der f 1 and Der 2 at both asthma families and normal families was higher than 2 μg/g, an allergen concentration threshold. Conclusion Mite allergens exist in the filter-net dust of air conditioner, which may be an important source of indoor allergens and a cause of the increasing prevalence of allergic asthma.
    Construction and Expression of Prokaryotic Expression Plasmids of Pneumocystis carinii p55 Antigen Gene Fragment
    WANGJian-xin;;DUANYi-nong;CHENJin-ling;DONGYong-sheng
    2007, 25(4):  13-332. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To construct prokaryotic recombinant expression plasmid carrying Pneumocystis carinii Mr 55 000 antigen(p55) gene fragment and express the recombinant protein. Methods P. carinii pneumonia(PcP) rat models were established by subcutaneous injection of dexamethasone for 14 weeks. Total RNA was extracted from lung of P. carinii rat and p55 antigen gene fragment was cloned by RT-PCR, which was identified by sequencing. The 690 bp fragment was cloned to pGEX-4T-1,the recombinant plasmid was screened and identified by restriction analysis and PCR. The recombinant plasmid was finally induced with IPTG to express a new fusion protein,and the products were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Results A fragment of 690 bp was obtained by RT-PCR. The recombinant pGEX-4T-1/690 was constructed. SDS-PAGE revealed that the molecular weight of the recombinant protein was approximately Mr 62 000,the maximum amount of the fusion protein produced was 11.6% of the total protein. The recombinant protein can be recognized by GST antibody and by the sera from P. carinii infected rats using Western blotting. Conclusion Prokaryotic expression plasmid pGEX-4T-1/690 has been constructed and the recombinant fusion protein shows antigenicity.
    临床研究
    Clinical Observation on 25 Cases of Severe Angiostrongyliasis Cantonensis
    WANGJing;ZHENGXiao-yan;YINCheng-hong;QIHai-yu;LIXiao-li;DIAOZong-li;WANGFei;JIAi-ping;FENGman-ling;GUOZeng-zhu
    2007, 25(4):  14-336. 
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    【Abstract】 Objective To summarize the clinical features of severe angiostrongyliasis cantonensis (AC) patients. Methods Clinical data on symptoms,physical signs,auxiliary examination and prognosis of 25 severe AC patients hospitalized in June-Sept 2006 were analyzed. Results Epidemiologically,all cases had eaten uncooked fresh water snails. One of the early symptoms was fever (16 cases,64.0%),including 8 cases with low-grade fever,7 cases with mid-range fever,and 1 case high fever. Nervous system manifestation:① All cases had headache,entire headache (56.0%)or partial(44.0%),especially in occipitalis. ② Patients had distinct degree neck rigidity,with negative pathologic reflex;12 cases had nausea and vomiting(48.0%). ③ 20 cases(80.0%) had skin paresthesia,5 had severe pain and hyperalgia on skin;3 cases with skin numbness,and 2 with thermohypesthesia. ④ 11 cases(44.0%)appear distinct degree depraved vision;3 cases had photophobia,5 with blur vision,1 each with diplopia,defect of field vision or bug sign,respectively. ⑤ Nasolabial groove became shallow and distortion of commissure in 4 cases (16.0%),and 2 cases(8.0%)couldn’t close up eyelid. ⑥ 4 cases had sustained or durative tinnitus. Laboratory examination showed that eosinophilic granulocytes increased in both peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Skull MRI for 14 cases revealed linear enhancement in local meninx or abnormal enhancement in cerebral parenchyma. Chest CT examination in 7 cases showed nodule shadow and spot flaky ground-glass shadow in lungs. One and 3 months after being discharged from hospital,12 patients(48.0%) still had sequelaes——7 cases had tingling sensation on skin,1 case had temperature sensation dysfunction on the skin of chest and abdomen,3 cases had headache occasionally,and 1 case still had defect of field vision. Conclusion Central nervous system has been impaired in the angiostrongyliasis cantonensis patients who may need a longer convalescent period.
    综述
    Regulation Mechanism of Variation in Plasmodium falciparum Var Gene Family
    ZHANGQing-feng;PANWei-qing
    2007, 25(4):  15-341. 
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    【Abstract】 This is a review on the new progress in the study of regulation mechanism of Plasmodium falciparum Var gene family. The mutually exclusive expression system caused expression only one in 60 var genes while others were silenced. It was regulated on the transcriptional level mainly through three pathways:non-coding DNA elements,chromatin structure and perinuclear localization.
    Research and Perspectives in Parasitology
    CHENQi-jun;YINJi-gang
    2007, 25(4):  16-348. 
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    【Abstract】 This article reviews the recent achievements in parasitology including new diagnostic techniques,molecular mechanism of parasitic pathogenesis,drug resistance,antigenic variation,parasite genomics and proteomics. The perspective development in the area is also discussed.
    研究简报
    Ultrasonic Diagnosis of Clonorchiasis sinensis
    LUBing-bing;SUHai-qing
    2007, 25(4):  17-349. 
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    【Abstract】 This is to retrospectively review and summarize the ultrasonic images of 214 patients who were diagnosed as clonorchiasis and received treatment. The major changes in ultrasonography were found in gallbladder and hepatic bile duct. Flocculent echos in the gallbladder were the characteristic feature, which disappeared after chemotherapy. The wall of hepatic bile duct became thicker and shaggy in most patients. These changes improved quite slowly after treatment. Ultrasonography is of value in the diagnosis of clonorchiasis sinensis.
    现场研究
    Epidemiological Survey on Echinococcus Infection in Animals in Qinghai Province
    ZHANGJing-xiao;WANGHu
    2007, 25(4):  18-352. 
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    【Abstract】 Parasitological and dissection methods were used to confirm Echinococcus infection and echinococcosis in animals, and to understand the epidemiological situation in final and intermediate animal hosts in Qinghai Province. Three Echinococcus species were found in the Province including E. granulosus, E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus. The prevalence of hydatid disease showed a tendency of increase with an average rate of over 50% in yaks and sheep. Higher prevalence in wild animals as intermediate host was found in the southern plateau, while that in final hosts such as dogs and wolves, the prevalence was higher in the area of Qilian mountain. There is a complex chain of life cycle of the parasites among animals, which poses a threat to the health of human population. Effective measures to control the disease in animals are urgently needed.
    研究简报
    Cloning and Construction of Nucleic Acid Vaccine of FABP Gene cDNA from Echinococcus granulosus
    HAOHui-fang;WANGZhi-gang;LIZhi-wei
    2007, 25(4):  19-354. 
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    【Abstract】 Specific primers were designed according to published nucleotide sequence of FABP (fatty acid binding protein) gene in the GenBank database. The kozak sequence (CCACC) was introduced at the upstream of initiator. The total RNA was extracted from protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus (Inner Mongol isolate). The FABP gene cDNA fragment was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into pMD19-T vector for sequencing and analyzing. The cloned FABP gene cDNA was with 402bp. The ORF encoded 133 amino acids. The amplified cDNA fragment was subcloned into pCDNA3.1(+)vector. The results showed that the nucleic acid vaccine candidate pcDNA-FABP-NM has been constructed.
    Determination of Trace Elements in Hair of Mice Infected with Trichinella spiralis
    LIUXiang-dong;YINWei-dong;ZHANGJin-shun;TANGHong-wei;DENGXiu-li;ZHANGWei-zhen
    2007, 25(4):  20-357. 
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    Determination of Trace Elements in Hair of Mice Infected with Trichinella spiralis
    Solid Medium-Filter Paper Cultivation of Ancylostoma caninum Larvae
    XUZheng-min;LIZhi-shan;SUNLi;WUXiao-ying;TAOYong-ping;LIMing-hua
    2007, 25(4):  21-封三. 
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    【Abstract】 Consisted of beef extract(3 grams),peptone(10 grams),sodium chloride(5 grams),agar(20 grams) and distilled water,the solid medium was used with filter paper for cultivation of the larvae of Ancylostoma caninum. The method shows higher detection rate and simpler operation than the traditional test tube-filter paper culture technique.