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Table of Content

    30 April 2010, Volume 28 Issue 2
    论著
    Protective Immunity Induced in Mice by Multiantigenic DNA Vaccine with Genes Encoding SAG1 and MIC8 of Toxoplasma gondii
    YAOYuan;HEShen-yi*;WANGHua-xin;ZHOUHuai-yu;ZHAOHong;LITing;XUEMing-fu;ZHUXing-quan
    2010, 28(2):  1-88. 
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    Objective To observe the immunoprotection induced by multiantigenic SAG1-MIC8 DNA vaccine of Toxoplasma gondii in C57BL/6J mice. Methods The sequences of genes encoding SAG1 and MIC8 protein were inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1 and the multiantigenic recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1-SAG1-MIC8 was constructed. Then the recombinant plasmid was transfected into Hela cells to test its expression and the recombinant protein characterized by Western blotting. 70 mice were divided into 5 groups randomly: PBS, pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.1-SAG1, pcDNA3.1-MIC8 and pcDNA3.1-SAG1-MIC8. Each mouse was injected intramuscularly by 100 μg recombinant plasmid for 3 times every two weeks. Mice were bled on day 0, 13, 27, 41, and 55. Four weeks after the final inoculation (on day 56), spleens from seven immunized mice per group were collected. Another seven immunized mice per group were intraperitoneally challenged with 1×104 tachyzoites of RH T. gondii and the survival time was observed. Serum IgG antibody and cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4 were demonstrated by ELISA and the T lymphocyte proliferation assay were carried out with 3H-TdR incorporation. Results Western blotting showed that the mature protein extracts in Hela cells upon transfection with pcDNA3.1-SAG1 (Mr 34 000), pcDNA3.1-MIC8 (Mr 74 000) and pcDNA3.1-SAG1-MIC8 (Mr 109 000) were effectively expressed in cells. The results of IgG antibodies (on day 41 and 55), IgG2b, IgG2c, IFN-γ (on day 55) and T lymphocyte proliferation assay (on day 56) were more obvious in mice immunized with pcDNA3.1-SAG1-MIC8 multiantigenic DNA vaccine than those in mice with single-gene plasmids (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in IgG1 and IL-4 levels between vaccinated and control mice after the final inoculation (on day 55) (P>0.05). The median survival time was 3, 4, 7, 7, and 10 d, respectively, with considerable difference among the groups(P<0.01). Conclusion The multiantigenic DNA vaccine elicits a stronger immuno-protection in mice than the monovalent DNA vaccine.
    Gene Synthesis,Expression and Characterization of Egg Protein IPSE of Schistosoma mansoni
    XIEShu-ying;CHENHong-gen;YUChuan-xin*;YINXu-ren;HUAWan-quan;ZENGXiao-jun;LIANGYou-sheng;GAOQi
    2010, 28(2):  2-93. 
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    Objective To synthesize and express the gene of egg protein IPSE(IL-4-inducing principle of Schistosoma mansoni eggs) and evaluate its immunologic characteristics. Methods The IPSE gene of S. mansoni was synthesized by overlapping PCR, and confirmed by DNA sequencing. The recombinant plasmid IPSE-pET32a(+) was constructed by inserting the gene of IPSE into expression vector pET32a(+) at the downstream of thioredoxin(Trx) coding sequence. The recombinant plasmid IPSE-pET32a(+) was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) and followed by expression of the protein induced by IPTG. Large-scale fusion protein was prepared and purified with Ni affinity chromatography gel under denaturing conditions. A small amount of soluble Trx-IPSE was obtained by dialyzing the fusion protein in a large volume of PBS. Western blotting was used to detect if the recombinant IPSE was recognized by the IgG antibody in the pooled patient sera of schistosomiasis japonica and its binding capacity to the non-specific IgE antibody in the sera of healthy persons. Results DNA sequencing confirmed that the nucleotide sequence of synthesized IPSE gene was completely identical to the native one. SDS-PAGE showed that the recombinant plasmid IPSE/pET32a(+) expressed a fusion protein with an Mr 35 700 after being induced by IPTG. The pure fusion protein Trx-IPSE reacted positively with the pooled sera of schistosomiasis patients under either denaturing or renaturing conditions. The protein Trx-IPSE also reacted with the non-specific IgE in the sera of healthy persons. Conclusion The IPSE gene of Schistosoma mansoni has been synthesized, and the recombinant can react with natural antibody IgG against S. japonicum and non-specifically bind to IgE antibody.
    Changes of Cytokine Secretion in Mice by Immunization with Leaf Protein Extracted from Echinococcus granulosus Eg95-EgA31 Transgenic Alfalfa
    YEYan-ju;LIWen-gui
    2010, 28(2):  3-97. 
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    Objective To investigate the weight reduction of hydatid cyst and the changes of cytokine secretion in mice immunized by leaf protein extracted from Echinococcus granulosus (Eg) Eg95-EgA31 transgenic alfalfa and challenged by Eg protoscoleces. Methods Leaf protein was extracted from E. granulosus Eg95-EgA31 transgenic alfalfa by heat coagulation method. Meanwhile, leaf protein extracted from transgenic alfalfa containing pBI121 and normal alfalfa served as control. 32 female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 4 groups. Groups A and B were immunized intragastrically (100 µl) and intranasally (10 µl) respectively by leaf protein containing Eg95-EgA31 fusion antigen, group C was vaccinated intranasally by 10 µl leaf protein with pBI121, group D was given intragastrically 100 µl normal leaf protein. All mice were immunized once per 3 days for 2 months. Mice in all groups were challenged with 50 Eg protoscoleces on the 8th week after vaccination and sacrificed on the 24th week after infection. The weight of hydatid cysts was measured and weight-reduction rate was calculated. Spleens were collected to prepare splenocytes which were cultured under stimulation with EgAg, concanavalin A (ConA) or lipopolysaccharide(LPS). The supernatant was collected to measure the level of IL-12, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α by ELISA. Results The average weight of hydatid cysts in groups A, B, C, and D was (28.0±36.0), (41.0±33.0), (72.0±36.0) and (78.0±57.0) mg, respectively, the cyst weight of group A was lower than that of group D (P<0.05), decreased by 64.1%. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-12 and TNF-α in group A [(925.0±88.6), (22.5±2.7) and (82.5±11.7) pg/ml] were higher than those of group D (P<0.01), while the IL-10 level in group A [(125.0±26.7)pg/ml] was significantly lower than that of group D (P<0.01). The level of IFN-γ[(750.0±100.0) pg/ml] and TNF-α [(80.0±13.1) pg/ml] in group B was significantly higher than those of group D (P<0.01); but there was no significant difference in the level of IL-12 and IL-10 between the two groups (P>0.05). No considerable difference in the cytokines was found between group C and group D(P>0.05). The levels of the 4 cytokines in groups stimulated by EgAg, ConA or LPS were higher than those without stimulation(P<0.05 or <0.01), and those in groups stimulated by ConA or LPS were higher than groups stimulated by EgAg(P<0.05 or <0.01). Conclusion Th1 response may be induced in mice by immunization with the leaf protein extracted from Echinococcus granulosus Eg95-EgA31 transgenic alfalfa to resist the challenge of Eg protoscoleces.
    Construction of GCV-Specific Hammerhead Ribozyme Recombinant Vector of Pyruvate Kinase in Giardia lamblia
    CAOLi-jing;FENGXian-min;WEIChao-jun;WANGFeng-yun;ZANGXi-chen;LUSi-qi*
    2010, 28(2):  4-102. 
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    Objective To construct a recombinant vector of Giardia canis virus (GCV)-specific hammerhead ribozyme of pyruvate kinase (PK) in Giardia lamblia. Methods Using RNA draw software, the secondary structure of PK gene in Giardia was predicted and the cleavage site of ribozyme was selected. The antisense-specific hammerhead ribozyme (PKH) targeting this site was designed. The DNA encoding the ribozyme was synthesized and the recombinant vector pGCV-PKH was constructed. The extracellular and intracellular cleavage of PK mRNA was carried out with the linear recombinant vector. Trophozoites in each group were observed with fluorescent microscopy at 24th hour after transfection. Real-time PCR was used for relative quantitative analysis of cleavage products. Results The recombinant vector of GCV-specific hammerhead ribozyme of pyruvate kinase in Giardia lamblia (pGCV-PKH) was constructed. Intracellular cleavage assays showed that the green fluorescence could only be seen in pGCV-GFP transfected trophozoites. The relative content of PK mRNA in pGCV-PKH transfected group was 33.14% of that in normal control group. It could cleave PK mRNA extracellularly and the efficiency was 58.5%. Conclusion The recombinant vector can transfect Giardia trophozoites, and cleave mRNA of PK intracellularly and extracellularly.
    Comparative Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Gene and LDH Epitopes of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum
    JIANGLi;WANGZhen-yu;MAXiao-jiang;ZHANGXiao-ping;CAILi
    2010, 28(2):  5-107. 
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    Objective To analyze the difference of nucleotide sequences of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) gene and LDH epitopes of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum. Methods Specific primers were designed to amplify the full-length LDH gene sequence of P. vivax and P. falciparum(GenBank accession number: DQ198262 and DQ060151 respectively). The PCR products were sequenced and compared. The epitopes of objective LDH antigens were predicted by SYFPEITHI software. Pv-LDH and Pf-LDH genes were cloned into prokaryotic plasmid pET28a, then expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) with isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction. The immunogenicity of the recombinants Pv-LDH and Pf-LDH was analyzed by Western blotting and neutralization ELISA assays. Results Pf-LDH gene was same to reference sequences(DQ198262), while there is a single nucleotide difference at the position 666 between Pv-LDH gene and reference sequences (DQ060151). The coding region of the two genes contained 951 bp encoding a 316-amino-acid residue. Compared with Pf-LDH, Pv-LDH showed a nucleotide sequence identity of 75.1%, and an amino acid sequence identity of 90.2%. T cell epitope prediction indicated that there were 28 human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types which could recognize pLDH antigen epitopes. The common or similar epitopes accounted for about 75% of the predicted 180 epitopes. The number of specific epitopes of Pv-LDH and Pf-LDH proteins was 38 and 45, respectively. Western blotting analysis showed that the Pv-LDH recombinant antigen reacted with the sera of malaria patients, and the reactivity was much lower than that of sera of immunized rabbit. Neutralization ELISA showed that about 70.3% reactivity of Pv-LDH polyclonal antibodies could be suppressed by Pv-LDH, while only 30.5% by Pf-LDH. Conclusion There are differences in DNA sequences of LDH gene and LDH epitopes between P. vivax and P. falciparum. The antibodies induced by the specific epitopes account for a small proportion in the antibody repertoire.
    Identification of Taenia solium with Abnormal Number of Scolex Hooklets
    CHENZheng-hong;BAOHuai-en*;WUXiao-juan;YANGTing-xiu;HUXing-zhu
    2010, 28(2):  6-112. 
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    Objective To identify 3 suspected adults Taenia solium with abnormal number of hooklets on scolex collected from 3 patients of Dali in Yunnan Province. Methods Tapeworms were observed with unaided eyes. Morphology of the scoleces and gravid proglottids was observed under microscope. DNA of gravid proglottids of the 3 adult tapeworms was extracted. T. solium mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) fragment and the full cox1 gene were amplified by PCR. The cox1 gene of one isolate was sequenced. Eggs were hatched and oncospheres were inoculated into mice subcutaneously. Each mouse was subcutaneously injected with 1 mg dexamethasone once daily. Sixty days after infection, all mice were sacrificed and the morphology of cysticerci was observed. Two macaque monkeys were fed with eggs(2.5×105 per monkey). Euthanasia and autopsy were performed on day 47. Morphology of cysticerci were observed by light and scanning electron microscopy, and pathological changes of livers were observed. Results The number of hooklets on scoleces of the three tapeworms was 0, 4 and 10, respectively, and lateral uterine branches in gravid proglottids were 7-12. PCR results of cox1 gene fragment with species-specific primer for T. solium were all positive. The complete sequence of cox1 gene had 99.8% identity to the reported T. solium sequences. Cysticerci were obtained from hypoderm of mouse, muscles and hearts of monkey. Four suckers and 26-28 hooklets ranged in two rows around rostellum on scolex were microscopically observed. Milia-like lesions were found in monkey liver. Histological examination showed that there was fibrous connective tissue hyperplasia and eosinophil infiltration around lesion, and parasites were found in some cysts. Conclusion The three tapeworms with abnormal number of hooklets have all been identified as T. solium. The larvae can infect macaque and lead to muscle and liver cysticercosis.
    Effect of Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit onSAG1-ROP2 Compound Gene Vaccine of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoite
    ZHAOHong;HEShen-yi*;LITing;ZHAOGuang-hui;ZHOUHuai-yu;ZHAOQun-li
    2010, 28(2):  7-119. 
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    Objective To investigate the effect of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) as a genetic adjuvant in enhancing the immune response induced by Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite compound gene vaccine. Methods The eukaryotic expression plasmids of pcDNA3.1-SAG1-ROP2 and pEASY-E1-LTB were constructed. Eighty-eight BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups: PBS (group A), pcDNA3.1(B), pcDNA3.1-SAG1-ROP2 (C) and pcDNA3.1-SAG1-ROP2+pEASY-E1-LTB (D). Fifteen mice in each group were randomly selected, and intranasally immunized weekly with 20 μg plasmid or 20 μl PBS, respectively. Each mouse received four immunizations with the same dose of antigen. Two weeks after the final immunization, the antibodies and cytokines were detected, including the specific IgG and IgA antibodies in serum, sIgA in mucosa douche, IFN-γ and IL-4 in splenocyte culture supernatant. The remaining mice in each group were immunized three times weekly with 20 μg plasmid or 20 μl PBS, respectively, and challenged by T. gondii tachyzoites at four weeks after the final vaccination (1×103 per mouse). The survival time of mice was recorded. Results The recombinant plasmids pEASY-E1-LTB were constructed. The specific IgG (0.626±0.100) and IgA antibodies (1.086±0.138) in serum, sIgA (0.886±0.164) in mucosa douche, cytokines IFN-γ [(2 017±266)pg/ml] and IL-4 [(203±31)pg/ml] in splenocyte culture supernatant in group D were all higher than those in other groups (P<0.05). After challenged with T. gondii tachyzoites, the median survival time of mice in groups A, B, C, and D were 3, 4, 6, and 10 d, respectively. The survival time of mice in group D was longest (P<0.05). Conclusion E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin can enhance the immune response induced by the compound gene vaccine of T. gondii tachyzoites.
    Dynamic Observation of Chicken Egg Yolk Antibodies against Soluble Egg Antigen of Schistosoma japonicum Obtained by Two Immunization Routes
    CAIYu-chun;CHENJia-xu*;GUOJian;CHENShao-hong;TONGXiao-mei;TIANLi-guang
    2010, 28(2):  8-124. 
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    Objective To observe the dynamic changes of the specific chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) against soluble egg antigens (SEA) of Schistosoma japonicum by two immunization routes. Methods Seven New Zealand rabbits were infected with S. japonicum cercariae (1 500 per rabbit). After 42 days the rabbits were sacrificed to collect eggs and prepare SEA. Two groups each with 3 healthy hens were intravenously and subcutaneously immunized with 50 μg SEA, respectively. All hens received five immunizations by the same dose of antigen, with 2-week interval for the first two doses, and 4-week interval for the rest doses. Hen eggs were collected at pre-immunization and every two weeks after the first immunization. Crude IgY was extracted from egg yolk by water dilution method, and were analyzed by SEA-based ELISA, then purified by using EGGstract IgY Purifiction System from the 8th to 18th week after the first immunization. IgY concentration was determined by A260/A280 ratio. The expression of IgY was detected by agarose double diffusion method and SEA-based ELISA. The characteristics of IgY was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Results The titer of IgY reached a peak at the 8th week in the intravenous group (A492=1.28) and at the 12th week in the subcutaneous group (A492=0.78), respectively, and maintained at a high level in the intravenous group until the 18th week after the first immunization. The concentration of purified IgY was about 6.5-9.0 mg/ml. Agarose double diffusion method and SEA-based ELISA demonstrated that the peak titer of IgY in the intravenous group was 1 ∶ 16 and 1 ∶ 51 200, respectively. SDS-PAGE demonstrated that IgY contained two major protein bands(Mr25 000 and 68 000). IgY purified from immunized egg yolk specifically reacted with SEA. Conclusion The intravenous method is superior than the subcutaneous injection method in obtaining a high level of egg yolk antibodies against SEA of Schistosoma japonicum, and the purified IgY shows better specificity.
    Prokaryotic Expression and Immunologic Identification of P-29 Gene from Echinococcus granulosus Hydatid Cyst
    LIJie;WANGZhi-gang*;HAOXi-yan;CHENXian-wei;WANGHong-xia;LIShu-yu;YANGJiao-fu;YANGJun
    2010, 28(2):  9-128. 
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    Objective To clone and express P-29 gene of Echinococcus granulosus, and analyze its immunore-activity. Methods Total RNA was extracted from the hydatid cyst of E. granulosus and its P-29 gene was amplified by RT-PCR. The PCR product was cloned into pET44a(+) vector. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) and followed by expression of the protein induced by IPTG. The protein was purified, and tested by SDS-PAGE. Its immunoreactivity was examined by Western blotting. Results The recombinant expression plasmid was identified by PCR, double endonuclease digestion and sequencing. The recombinant Nus-P-29 was about Mr 93 000 with a concentration of 0.78 mg/ml. It was recognized by the sera of cystic echinococcosis patients. Conclusion The P-29 gene has been expressed with adequate immunoreactivity.
    Soluble Proteins of the Plerocercoid of Spirometra mansoni
    JIANGHong-tao;CHENYan*;TANGGui-wen;CHENLu
    2010, 28(2):  10-132. 
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    Objective To analyze soluble proteins of the plerocercoid of Spirometra mansoni. Methods The total protein of the plerocercoid of S. mansoni was separated by SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Western blotting was performed to find out distinct antigens by sera of plerocercoid-infected mice. Results A total of 33 protein bands were separated by SDS-PAGE (Mr 13 800-145 400). Four of them were high-abundance proteins with Mr 26 500, Mr 37 600, Mr 88 200, and Mr 130 200, respectively. At least two protein bands of Mr 31 600 and 37 600 reacted with the infected mice sera. 367 protein spots were detected on 2-DE gel, among which about 67% proteins were found within Mr 18 840-46 800 and isoelectric point (pI) 4-7. Western blotting showed 30 antigen spots specifically reacting with sera from mice infected by S. mansoni. Conclusion Two protein bands and thirty protein spots are specific acidic proteins of S. mansoni plerocercoid.
    Cloning and Expression of L-like Cysteine Protease of Anisakis simplex
    XUShi-san;NIFang;ZHANGShao-lei;LIUJiang;LUODa-min*
    2010, 28(2):  11-138. 
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    Objective To clone and express the full lenth of L-like cysteine protease gene of Anisakis simplex (AsCP) . Methods According to L-like cysteine protease encoding gene of A. simplex from GenBank EST database, specific primers were designed to amplify 3′-end of AsCP gene using rapid-amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), and the full lenth of the L-like cysteine protease gene was obtained. Specific primers were designed according to the full length of the gene. Using total RNA of A. simplex third-stage larvae, coding sequence of the AsCP gene was amplified by RT-PCR. The PCR product was digested by EcoR I and Sal I, and cloned into pET32а(+) vector. The recombinant plasmid was checked by double enzyme digestion and sequencing, and the positive recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Expression of the protein induced by IPTG of gradient concentration (0.2, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 mmol/L) and by the same concentration (1 mmol/L) of IPTG at different time(0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 h) was conducted. The expression situation of recombinant protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Results A 1 211 bp of 3′-end of AsCP gene was amplified by 3′RACE, full length of the gene was 1 462 bp and coding 411 amino acids. It showed 36.4% identity with the L-cysteine protease of Caenorhabditis elegans. Double enzyme digestion of the constructed recombinant plasimid pET32a(+)-AsCP showed that there was about 1 150 bp fragment, the constructed recombinant plasmid was then identified by sequencing. SDS-PAGE showed that the recombinant protein (Mr 60 000) was identical with the target. IPTG showed little effect on the protein expression, and the production of protein was up to maximum after 2 hours induction. Conclusion The AsCP gene has been cloned and expressed.
    实验研究
    Early Kinetics of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Mice Infected Intragastrically with Tachyzoites by Chromogenic in situ Hybridization Targeting SAG2 mRNA
    MENGXiao-li;MAXiao-ming;YINGuo-rong*;LIUHong-li;YINLi-tian;SHENJin-yan;WANGHailong
    2010, 28(2):  12-142. 
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    Objective To observe the early kinetics of Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice inoculated with tachyzoites of RH strain. Methods Twenty BALB/c mice were administered intragastrically with tachyzoites of RH strain (2×104/mice). Parasite burdens in mesenteric lymph node (MLN), liver, spleen, lung and brain were determined by chromogenic in situ hybridization targeting SAG2 mRNA at 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 days postinfection. Five mice were inoculated with PBS as blank control. Results The MLN, liver and spleen were the first organs where tachyzoites were found on the first day after infection, followed by the lungs on the 4th day and the brain on the 6th day. On days 6 to 8 after infection, there was a significant difference on parasite load among the tissues(P<0.05), and the parasite load in MLN was highest, followed by that of liver, spleen, lungs and brain. The number of tachyzoites in various tissues was time-dependent. Conclusion T. gondii tachyzoites were first detected in MLN, liver and spleen, then in the lungs, and finally in the brain. The number of tachyzoites in the MLNs increased more rapidly.
    The Midgut Bacterial Flora in Lab-Reared Anopheles sinensis
    LIMei;TANGLin-hua*
    2010, 28(2):  13-147. 
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    Objective To screen Gram-negative bacteria in the midguts of lab-reared Anopheles sinensis at 3 development stages (larva, unfed adult and engorged adult). Methods Twenty engorged adult An. sinensis mosquitoes were dissected, and bacteria were isolated from their midguts by plate cultivation. The bacteria were identified by using 16S rDNA V3 sequence and dyed with Gram-reaction solutions. Using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE), 16S rDNA clone libraries from common bacteria in the midguts of lab-reared An. sinensis at 3 development stages (20 engorged adults, 10 larva and 50 unfed adults) were constructed. Target Gram-negative bacteria were screened by phylogenetic analysis of all 16S rDNA V3 sequences. Results In engorged adult female An. sinensis, 16S rRNA sequencing placed the 28 screened bacterial colonies with their closest matches into 5 major groups. Except Gram-positive Brevibacillus sp., the other four, Aeromonas sp., Comamonas sp., Elizabethkingia sp., and A4 were Gram-negative. DGGE analysis showed that 4 distinct bands existed in 3 development stages of An. sinensis. 16S rDNA V3 segments revealed 5 species of bacteria which were Aeromonas sp., A4, Pseudomonas sp., Leucobacter sp., and one unclassified bacterium. Compared with 16S rDNA V3 region of Aeromonas sp. (GQ301543) and A4(FJ8701127), the matching 16S rDNA segments of midgut bacteria of engorged adults showed a nucleotide sequence similarity of 100%. Conclusion Aeromonas sp. and A4 were the common midgut Gram-negative bacteria of An. sinensis at 3 development stages.
    综述
    Research Status on DNA Vaccine against Cysticercus cellulosae Infection
    ZHOUBi-ying;CHENYa-tang;LIWen-gui*
    2010, 28(2):  14-152. 
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    DNA vaccine against Cysticercus cellulosae infection is a newly emerging vaccine in recent years. It can induce not only humoral immune response, but also a high level cellular immune response. The DNA vaccine displays prominent advantages in the prevention on cysticercosis. This article reviews the current situation on several DNA vaccines.
    Var Gene Family and Antigen Variation in Plasmodium falciparum
    FANGXiao-nan
    2010, 28(2):  15-156. 
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    An immunovariant adhesion protein family in Plasmodium falciparum named erythrocyte membrane protein 1(PfEMP1), encoded by var genes, is responsible for both antigenic variation and cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes at microvasculature sites throughout the body. The article summarizes antigen variation and pathogenicity, variation molecules expressed on infected erythrocytes, structure of var gene family, PfEMP1 adhesion properites, and regulation of variation in Plasmodium falciparum var gene family.
    研究简报
    IgG Antibody Level in Saliva from Rabbits Infected with Trichinella spiralis
    LiuJun-qin*;ShenLi-jie
    2010, 28(2):  16-114. 
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    Twenty-eight Japanese big ear rabbits were randomly divided into control group and experimental group. Twenty rabbits in experimental group were each infected with 3 000 larvae of Trichinella spiralis. Serum and saliva samples were collected at pre-infection and every week after infection, and were examined for IgG antibody by indirect ELISA using T. spiralis muscle larvae excretory-secretory antigen (MLESA). At 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks afer infection, the positive rate in saliva samples was 10%, 15%, 40%, 65%, 85%, and 95%, respectively; and that of serum samples was 35%, 50%, 80%, 90%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The positive rate was significantly different between saliva and serum samples at 1, 2 and 3 weeks post-infection (χ2=3.58, 5.23, 6.67, P<0.05), but no significant difference at 4, 5, and 6 weeks post-infection (χ2=0.12, 1.03, 1.03, P>0.05) . The results indicate that the indirect ELISA using MLESA to detect IgG antibody in saliva may be helpful for clinical diagnosis of trichinellosis.
    Epidemiological Investigation on Sparganosis mansoni and Animal Experiments
    LINXi-meng*;LIUChang-jun;ZHANGHong-wei;ZHENGLi-yuan;YANQiu-ye;HELi-jun;ZHAOXu-dong
    2010, 28(2):  17-134. 
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    The investigation was made in Luohe City of Henan Province from April to November, 2008. Cyclops were collected and plerocercoids of Spirometra mansoni were examined by microscope. Skin, muscle and internal organs of frogs and tadpoles were checked to detect spargana by naked eye and/or anatomical microscope. Feces of cats and dogs were collected to examine eggs after washing and precipitation. Spargana from tadpoles were collected to infect cats by oral inoculation. Results showed that the infection rate of plerocercoids in cyclops was 3.5%(3/85) and that of spagarna in tadpoles and frogs was 35.9% (120/334) and 16.8%(75/446), respectively. Among 3 cats and 31 dogs investigated, 1 and 6 (19.4%) were found infected respectively. Eggs of Spirometra mansoni were found in feces of cats 12 days after infection. 17 adult worms were found in the intestine of the cat on the 25th day. The habit of eating live tadpoles was found in local residents. The investigation reveals a high prevalence of Spirometra mansoni in the intermediate and final hosts. Eating live tadpoles seems a main reason of getting sparganosis mansoni.
    Infection Status of Freshwater Fishes with Metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in Liujiang River of Guangxi
    SHENHai-guang*;ZHOUZhen-zuo;HEQu-bo;MOHai-ying;TAOJing;HuangShui-qun
    2010, 28(2):  18-159. 
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    From March 2008 to March 2009, fishes were caught from the rivers in Sanjiang, Rongan, Rongshui, Liucheng, Liuzhou and Xiangzhou counties, and their metacercarial infections were examined by the muscle compression and digestion techniques. A total of 16 204 freshwater fishes of 35 species were collected. C. sinensis metacercariae were found in 32 species of fishes with an overall infection rate of 10.5% and a mean infection intensity of 4.6 metacercariae per gram. The highest prevalence (21.5%) and intensity of infection (9.9 per gram) were found in Pseudorasbora parva, followed by Zacco platypus (17.8% and 8.9 per gram, respectively). There were significant differences in infection rate among different localities. The infection rate in Xiangzhou County (12.3%) was higher than that in Sanjiang County (9.1%) and Liuzhou City (9.7%). The infection rate was higher in summer and autumn, but lower in spring and winter. Compared with low water layer, the infection rate was higher in the upper and medium water layers. The infection rates of omnivorous and herbivorous fishes were higher than that of carnivorous fishes.
    Epidemiology of Soil-transmitted Nematode Infections in Central Mountain Area of Hainan Province
    LINShao-xiong*;WANGShan-qing;HUXi-min;CHENDong-yan;TONGChong-jing;LIShan-wen
    2010, 28(2):  19-160. 
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    The epidemiology of soil-transmitted intestinal nematodes were observed in the central mountain area without anti-helminthic therapy from 1986 to 2008. The results showed that the overall prevalence decreased from 96.4% in 1986 to 35.7% in 2008. The prevalence of Ancylostoma duodinale, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichura decreased from 84.7%. 80.9%, 31.8% in 1986 to 32.5%, 0.3%, 4.2% in 2008, respectively. The proportion of light infection with Ancylostoma duodinale, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichura increased from 56.6%, 41.2%, and 66.9% in 1986 to 97.9%, 100%, and 83.7% in 2008, respectively. While that of heavy infection decreased from 6.8%, 11.9%, and 3.8% in 1986 all to zero in 2008. Water and toilet renovation, rural income increase and the improvement of sanitation and living conditions made the prevalence of soil-transmitted intestinal nematode decreased.
    病例报告
    One death due to imported falciparum malaria in Fengxian of Shanghai
    LIYang;ZOUPei-pei;LUlu;JINLi-fan
    2010, 28(2):  20-88. 
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    Cutaneous myiasis complicated with eosinophilic pneumonia in a child
    LIUXiang-hui
    2010, 28(2):  21-107. 
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    Heavy infection with Armillifer agkistrodontis in a child
    YeFang;YaoMin-hua;GuWei-zhong;MAOYa-fei;YANGXiu-zhen;ZHUChuan-lei
    2010, 28(2):  22-120. 
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    Combined infection of Strongyloides stercoralis in a case of Hodgkin’s disease
    LUFeng;YELi-ping*;ZHUZhi-hang;ZHANGJie-nan
    2010, 28(2):  23-封二. 
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