Myotis fimbriatus ectoparasite infection and the morphological and phylogenetic analysis of Nycteribiidae in Dali, Yunnan Province

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2023.04.009

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective To analyze the prevalence of ectoparasites on the surface of Myotis fimbriatus in Dali, Yunnan Province, and describe the morphological characteristics of two Nycteribiidae, exploring their phylogenetic relationship. Methods In July 2022, M. fimbriatus were captured in Jianchuan County, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province. The ectoparasites were collected and identified. The constituent ratio, infection rate, mean abundance, and mean intensity were calculated for each ectoparasite. Dominant species were determined using the dominance index (Y). Their spatial distribution types were determined using the dispersion coefficient (C), I index, patchiness index (m*/m), and K index. The association coefficient (V) was used to analyze the interaction between dominant species. The morphological characteristics of the two Nycteribiidae were described. Genomic DNA was extracted from Nycteribiidae, and the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), cytochrome B (cytb) and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) was amplified by PCR and sequenced, then the sequences in tandem were used to construct the phylogenetic tree using the maximum likelihood method in MEGA 11. Results A total of 72 M. fimbriatus (24 males, 48 females) were captured, and the ectoparasites infection rate was 97.3% (70/72). A total of 1 745 ectoparasites were collected, including 1 463 gamasid mites belonging to 7 species in 5 genera and 2 families, namely Spinturnix myoti, Spinturnix kolenatii, Steatonyssus periblepharus, Macronyssus zhijinensis, Choronyssus scutatus, Eyndhovenia euryalis, and Macronyssus coreanus. Additionally, 282 Nycteribiidae were collected, which belongs to 2 species in 2 genera, namely Nycteribia formosana and Penicillidia dufourii. No other ectoparasites were detected. The infection rate, mean abundance, and mean intensity of gamasid mites are 94.4% (68/72), 20.32 and 21.53, respectively, all of which are higher than those of the Nycteribiidae [91.7% (66/72), 3.92, 4.27] (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.05; U = 700, 424; both P < 0.01). S. myoti, S. periblepharus and M. zhijinensis are the dominant species (Y = 0.30, 0.23, 0.22). The dominant species, including S. myoti (C = 1.98, I = 0.98, m*/m = 1.18, K = 5.55), M. zhijinensis (C = 9.43, I = 8.43, m*/m = 2.15, K = 0.87) and S. periblepharus (C = 6.50, I = 5.50, m*/m = 2.02, K = 0.98), exhibit an aggregated distribution among different individuals of M. fimbriatus. There is a positive correlation relationship between S. myoti and S. periblepharus (V = 0.33, P < 0.05), between S. myoti and M. zhijinensis (V = 0.34, P < 0.05), and between S. periblepharus and M. zhijinensis (V = 0.72, P < 0.01). N. formosana has a body length of about 3 mm. Its dorsal plate Ⅰ is wide and round, with about 25 long bristles at the tip. There are many long hairs between the dorsal plates Ⅱ and Ⅵ, and the dorsal plate Ⅵ has 6 long bristles and 10 long spikes. P. dufourii has a body length of 3.5-4.0 mm. The dorsal plate Ⅰ is elongated and wide, with a row of short bristles along the edges. The dorsal plate Ⅱ is approximately three times longer than it is width. At the back of the dorsal plate Ⅱ, there are two protrusions with concave surfaces. The posterior edge of the protrusions is sharp and has pigmented deposits. The cox1, cytb and 16S rRNA sequences of N. formosana were 875, 338 and 455 bp, respectively. The GenBank accession numbers are OQ127648, OQ134944, and OQ127330. The cox1, cytb and 16S rRNA sequences of P. dufourii were 832, 332 and 451 bp, respectively. The GenBank accession numbers are OQ119629, OQ129602, and OQ119632. The results of the phylogenetic tree analysis show that N. formosana and the N. parvula are clustered together in the same branch, and then they are clustered with P. dufourii. Conclusion The infection rate of ectoparasites on M. fimbriatus in Yunnan Dali is high, mainly with the presence of gamasid mites and Nycteribiidae, among them, N. formosana shows the closest genetic relationship to its congeneric N. parvula, while P. dufourii is related closer to N. formosana and N. parvula.

Key words: Myotis fimbriatus, Ectoparasites, Dali, Yunnan, Gamasid mites, Nycteribiidae

CLC Number:

R384

YANG Jinting, HUANG Xiaobin, WANG Yujuan, GUO Xianguo, ZHANG Xianzheng, YANG Huijuan, ZHENG Xiaoyan. Myotis fimbriatus ectoparasite infection and the morphological and phylogenetic analysis of Nycteribiidae in Dali, Yunnan Province[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES, 2023, 41(4): 452-458.

Figures/Tables 4

Table 1

Table 2

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References 34

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体表寄生虫种类 Species of ectoparasite	体表寄生虫数 No. ectoparasite	体表寄生虫构成比/% Constituent ratio of ectoparasite/%	蝙蝠感染数 No. bat infected	蝙蝠感染率/% Infection rate of bat/%	平均多度 Mean abundance	平均感染强度 Mean intensity
革螨 Gamasid mite
鼠耳蝠螨 Spinturnix myoti	393	22.5（393/1 745）	68	94.4（68/72）	5.46	5.78
柯氏蝠螨 Spinturnix kolenatii	137	7.8（137/1 745）	56	77.8（56/72）	1.90	2.45
围睫肪刺螨 Steatonyssus periblepharus	387	22.2（387/1 745）	47	65.3（47/72）	5.38	8.23
织金巨刺螨 Macronyssus zhijinensis	529	30.3（529/1 745）	48	66.7（48/72）	7.35	11.02
盾板浆刺螨 Ichoronyssus scutatus	15	0.8（15/1 745）	8	11.1（8/72）	0.21	1.88
宽埃螨 Eyndhovenia euryalis	1	0.1（1/1 745）	1	1.4（1/72）	0.01	1.00
朝鲜巨刺螨 Macronyssus coreanus	1	0.1（1/1 745）	1	1.4（1/72）	0.01	1.00
小计 Subtotal	1 463	83.8（1 463/1 745）	68	94.4（68/72）	20.32	21.52
蛛蝇 Nycteribiidae
台湾蛛虱蝇 Nycteribia formosana	186	10.7（186/1 745）	56	77.8（56/72）	2.58	3.32
叉笔虱蝇 Penicillidia dufourii	96	5.5（96/1 745）	49	68.1（49/72）	1.33	1.96
小计 Subtotal	282	16.2（282/1 745）	66	91.7（66/72）	3.92	4.27
合计 Total	1 745	100（1 745/1 745)	70	97.2（70/72）	24.24	24.93

性别 Gender	感染率/% Prevalence/%			平均多度 Mean abundance			平均感染强度 Mean intensity
性别 Gender	蛛蝇 Nycteribiidae	革螨 Gamasid mite	总体表寄生虫 Total ectoparasites	蛛蝇 Nycteribiidae	革螨 Gamasid mite	总体表寄生虫 Total ectoparasites	蛛蝇 Nycteribiidae	革螨 Gamasid mite	总体表寄生虫 Total ectoparasites
雄性 Male	83.3（60/72）	91.7（66/72）	91.7（66/72）	3.38	19.50	22.92	4.05	21.27	25.00
雌性 Female	95.8（69/72）	95.8（69/72）	100（72/72）	4.19	19.90	24.94	4.47	22.11	24.94
χ²/U	3.27	0.53		438.5	554.5	352.5	394.5	503.5	523.5
P	> 0.05	> 0.05	> 0.05	> 0.05	> 0.05	> 0.05	> 0.05	> 0.05	> 0.05