中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志 ›› 2023, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (2): 183-191.doi: 10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2023.02.009
马冰村1(), 刘玉英1, 张甜甜1, 雷雯2, 马霄2, 刘寿1,*(
)
收稿日期:
2022-06-28
修回日期:
2022-09-22
出版日期:
2023-04-23
发布日期:
2023-04-23
通讯作者:
刘寿
作者简介:
马冰村(1998-),女,硕士研究生,从事传染病流行病学研究。E-mail:fjskckkfkskxk@163.com
基金资助:
MA Bingcun1(), LIU Yuying1, ZHANG Tiantian1, LEI Wen2, MA Xiao2, LIU Shou1,*(
)
Received:
2022-06-28
Revised:
2022-09-22
Online:
2023-04-23
Published:
2023-04-23
Contact:
LIU Shou
Supported by:
摘要: 目的 探索青海省棘球蚴病的主要影响因素,为开展干预提供科学依据。方法 在青海省棘球蚴病的重点流行区(果洛州、海北州、海南州、海西州、黄南州、玉树州)和非重点流行区(海东市、西宁市)对成年人棘球蚴病患者的感染因素开展病例对照研究。以居住地、年龄、性别、民族为匹配因素,按照1:2成组匹配对照,以是否患病为因变量进行单因素分析,构建logistic回归模型,分析居民患棘球蚴病的影响因素。使用SPSS 22.0统计学软件进行统计学分析。结果 本研究符合纳入标准的病例组共1 447人,平均年龄为(38.7 ± 13.3)岁;男性58.3%(844/1 447),女性41.7%(603/1 447);藏族65.2%(944/1 447),汉族22.9%(332/1 447),回族6.6%(95/1 447)。对照组共2 894人,平均年龄为(38.5 ± 13.0)岁;男性58.3%(1 688/2 894),女性41.7%(1 206/2 894);藏族60.5%(1 751/2 894),汉族26.4%(763/2 894),回族6.0%(175/2 894)。单因素分析结果显示,养犬、养犬方式、犬的用途、犬经常接触饮水、犬粪未经处理、经常与犬接触、养家畜等25个因素在病例组和对照组间的差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 143.53、46.88、40.26、80.63、38.77、107.16、117.27,均P < 0.01)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,养犬方式(OR = 1.37,95% CI:1.03~1.82)、犬的用途(OR = 1.59,95% CI:1.01~2.51)、犬接触饮用水(OR = 1.63,95% CI:1.19~2.24)、犬粪处理(OR = 2.51,95% CI:1.95~3.26)、近一年在家屠宰牲畜(OR = 1.44,95% CI:1.09~1.91)、家周围有屠宰场或肉店(OR = 1.67,95% CI:1.21~2.26)、犬喂食生的家畜脏器(OR = 1.53,95% CI:1.18~2.03)、家周围有野生动物(OR = 1.53,95% CI:1.19~1.95)、饮用未煮沸的水(OR = 1.42,95% CI:1.05~1.91)、饮用水储存方式(OR = 1.88,95% CI:1.37~2.59)、防治知识(OR = 1.75,95% CI:1.36~2.28)等11个因素是成年人棘球蚴病患病的主要危险因素。结论 犬相关行为、卫生习惯、生产生活方式和防治知识知晓情况与青海省成年人患棘球蚴病高度相关,是青海流行区棘球蚴病干预的核心行为学因素。
中图分类号:
马冰村, 刘玉英, 张甜甜, 雷雯, 马霄, 刘寿. 青海省棘球蚴病影响因素的病例对照研究[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2023, 41(2): 183-191.
MA Bingcun, LIU Yuying, ZHANG Tiantian, LEI Wen, MA Xiao, LIU Shou. A case-control study on the influencing factors of echinococcosis in Qinghai Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, 2023, 41(2): 183-191.
表1
影响棘球蚴病患病的多因素分析变量赋值
变量 Variable | 赋值及含义 Assignment and meaning | 变量 Variable | 赋值及含义 Assignment and meaning |
---|---|---|---|
因变量 Dependent varible | 饮水储存方式 Drinking water storage mode | 0 = 加盖容器 0 = Capped container | |
棘球蚴病患病情况 Prevalence of echinococcosis | 0 = 未患病 0 = Not sick | ||
1 = 患病 1 = Sick | 1 = 无盖容器 1 = Uncapped container | ||
自变量 Independent varible | |||
养犬 Keep a canine | 0 = 否 0 = No | 2 = 其他 2 = Others | |
养犬方式 Canine keeping method | 1 = 是 1 = Yes | 近一年在家屠宰牲畜 Slaughtering livestock at home in the past year | 0 = 否 0 = No |
0 = 拴养 0 = Tethering | 1 = 是 1 = Yes | ||
1 = 放养 1 = Stocking | |||
犬的用途 Use of canines | 0 = 宠物 0 = Pets | 家周围有屠宰场/肉店 Slaughterhouse/butcher’s shop around the house | 0 = 否 0 = No |
1 = 看家 1 = House keeping | 1 = 是 1 = Yes | ||
犬接触饮用水 Canines exposed to drinking water | 2 = 放牧 2 = Graze | ||
0 = 从不 0 = Never | 犬喂食生的家畜脏器 Canines feed raw livestock viscera | 0 = 从不 0 = Never | |
1 = 偶尔 1 = Sometimes | 1 = 偶尔 1 = Sometimes | ||
2 = 经常 2 = Often | 2 = 经常 2 = Often | ||
0 = 无害化处理/做化肥 0 = Harmless treatment/as fertilizer | 病变脏器喂犬Feeding canines with diseased organs | 0 = 不会 0 = No | |
犬粪处理 Disposal of canine feces | |||
1 = 会 1 = Yes | |||
1 = 不处理 1 = No deal | 家周围有流浪犬 With stray canines around the house | 0 = 从不 0 = Never | |
与犬接触 Contact with canines | 0 = 从不 0 = Never | 1 = 偶尔 1 = Sometimes | |
1 = 偶尔 1 = Sometimes | 2 = 经常 2 = Often | ||
2 = 经常 2 = Often | 家周围有野生动物 With wild animals around the house | 0 = 从不 0 = Never | |
养家畜 Raising livestock | 0 = 否 0 = No | 1 = 偶尔 1 = Sometimes | |
1 = 是 1 = Yes | 2 = 经常 2 = Often | ||
家畜与犬共用水 Livestock and canines share drinking water | 0 = 否 0 = No | 动物内脏处理 Disposal of animal visceral | 0 = 无害化处理 0 = Harmless treatment |
1 = 是 1 = Yes | |||
1 = 扔进公共垃圾区1 = Put into the public garbage area | |||
生病家畜接受治疗 Sick livestock receiving treatment | 0 = 经常 0 = Often | ||
1 = 偶尔 1 = Sometimes | 2 = 喂犬 2 = Feed a canine | ||
2 = 从不 2 = Never | 3 = 煮食 3 = Boil to eat | ||
近一年在野外游泳 Swimming in the wild for nearly a year | 0 = 否 0 = No | 放牧方式 Grazing mode | 0 = 不放牧 0 = No grazing |
1 = 是 1 = Yes | 1 = 放牧 1 = Graze | ||
饭前洗手 Handwashing before eating | 0 = 每次 0 = Every time | 防治知识 Prevention and control knowledge | 0 = 不合格 0 = Unqualified |
1 = 偶尔 1 = Sometimes | 1 = 合格 1 = Qualified | ||
2 = 从不 2 = Never | 参加相关宣教活动 Participate in relevant publicity and education activities | 0 = 否 0 = No | |
接触动物后洗手 Wash hands after touching animals | 0 = 不会 0 = No | 1 = 是 1 = Yes | |
1 = 会 1 = Yes | |||
饮用生水 Drinking raw water | 0 = 从不 0 = Never | 学习相关资料 Read relevant materials | 0 = 否 0 = No |
1 = 偶尔 1 = Sometimes | 1 = 是 1 = Yes | ||
2 = 经常 2 = Often |
表2
调查对象一般人口学信息
变量 Variables | 病例组(n = 1 447) Case group (n = 1 447) | 对照组(n = 2 894) Control group (n = 2 894) | χ2值 χ2 value | P值 P value | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
人数 No. | 占比/% Proportion/% | 人数 No. | 占比/% Proportion/ % | |||||||||||
婚姻状况 Marital status | ||||||||||||||
未婚 Unmarried | 310 | 21.4 | 591 | 20.4 | 4.92 | > 0.05 | ||||||||
已婚 Married | 1 028 | 71.0 | 2 130 | 73.6 | ||||||||||
其他 Other | 109 | 7.6 | 173 | 6.0 | ||||||||||
教育程度 Education level | ||||||||||||||
小学及以下 Primary school and below | 869 | 60.1 | 1 549 | 53.5 | 29.97 | < 0.01 | ||||||||
初高中(含中专) Junior/senior high school (including technical secondary school) | 430 | 29.7 | 884 | 30.5 | ||||||||||
大专及以上 College and above | 148 | 10.2 | 461 | 16.0 | ||||||||||
职业 Occupation | ||||||||||||||
农民 Farmer | 392 | 27.1 | 859 | 29.7 | 33.82 | < 0.01 | ||||||||
牧民 Herdsman | 613 | 42.4 | 970 | 33.5 | ||||||||||
其他 Others | 442 | 30.5 | 1 065 | 36.8 | ||||||||||
宗教信仰 Religious belief | ||||||||||||||
无 No | 466 | 32.2 | 956 | 33.0 | 13.37 | < 0.01 | ||||||||
有 Yes | 981 | 67.8 | 1 938 | 67.0 | ||||||||||
家庭月收入/元 Monthly household income/yuan | ||||||||||||||
≤ 1 000 | 345 | 23.8 | 675 | 23.3 | 53.56 | < 0.01 | ||||||||
1 001~3 000 | 644 | 44.5 | 1 143 | 39.5 | ||||||||||
3 001~5 000 | 364 | 25.2 | 674 | 23.3 | ||||||||||
> 5 000 | 94 | 6.5 | 402 | 13.9 | ||||||||||
居住方式 Living style | ||||||||||||||
定居 Settledown | 1 028 | 71.0 | 2 301 | 79.5 | 49.16 | < 0.01 | ||||||||
半游牧 Semi-nomadic | 270 | 18.7 | 436 | 15.1 | ||||||||||
游牧 Nomadic | 149 | 10.3 | 157 | 5.4 | ||||||||||
生产生活方式 Production and life style | ||||||||||||||
近一年在家屠宰牲畜 Slaughtering livestock at home in the past year | 636 | 44.0(636/1 447) | 929 | 32.1(929/2 894) | 58.78 | < 0.01 | ||||||||
家周围有屠宰场/肉店 Slaughter house/butcher’s shop around the house | 418 | 28.9(418/1 447) | 432 | 14.9(432/2 894) | 119.40 | < 0.01 | ||||||||
犬喂食生的家畜脏器 Canines feed raw livestock viscera | 128.09 | < 0.01 | ||||||||||||
从不 Never | 694 | 48.0(694/1 447) | 1 900 | 65.7(1 900/2 894) | ||||||||||
偶尔 Sometimes | 641 | 44.3(641/1 447) | 871 | 30.1(871/2 894) | ||||||||||
经常 Often | 112 | 7.7(112/1 447) | 123 | 4.2(123/2 894) | ||||||||||
病变脏器喂犬 Feeding canines with diseased organs | 566 | 39.1(566/1 447) | 786 | 27.2(786/2 894) | 64.35 | < 0.01 | ||||||||
家周围流浪犬 Stray canines around the house | 9.60 | < 0.01 | ||||||||||||
从不 Never | 507 | 35.0(507/1 447) | 1 070 | 37.0(1 070/2 894) | ||||||||||
偶尔 Sometimes | 808 | 55.8(808/1 447) | 1 636 | 56.5(1 636/2 894) | ||||||||||
经常 Often | 132 | 9.2(132/1 447) | 188 | 6.5(188/2 894) | ||||||||||
家周围有野生动物 With wild animals around the house | 31.69 | < 0.01 | ||||||||||||
从不 Never | 696 | 48.0(696/1 447) | 1 652 | 57.1(1 652/2 894) | ||||||||||
偶尔 Sometimes | 629 | 43.5(629/1 447) | 1 052 | 36.4(1 052/2 894) | ||||||||||
经常 Often | 122 | 8.4(122/1 447) | 190 | 6.6(190/2 894) | ||||||||||
动物内脏处理 Disposal of animal visceral | 65.52 | < 0.01 | ||||||||||||
无害化处理 Harmless treatment | 399 | 27.6(399/1 447) | 1 015 | 35.1(1 015/2 894) | ||||||||||
扔进公共垃圾区 Put it into the public garbage area | 356 | 24.6(356/1 447) | 752 | 26.0(752/2 894) | ||||||||||
喂犬 Feed a canine | 504 | 25.6(504/1 447) | 683 | 23.6(683/2 894) | ||||||||||
煮食 Boil to eat | 188 | 22.2(188/1 447) | 444 | 15.3(444/2 894) | ||||||||||
放牧方式 Grazing mode | 143.34 | < 0.01 | ||||||||||||
不放牧 No grazing | 325 | 22.5(325/1 447) | 1 181 | 40.8(1 181/2 894) | ||||||||||
放牧 Graze | 1 122 | 77.5(1 122/1 447) | 1 713 | 59.2(1 713/1 447) | ||||||||||
防控相关知识 Prevention and control related knowledge | 114.19 | < 0.01 | ||||||||||||
防治知识 Prevention and control knowledge | 835 | 57.7(835/1 447) | 2 133 | 73.7(2 133/2 894) |
表3
青海省棘球蚴病病例组和对照组高危行为的单因素分析结果
行为分类 Behavior category | 病例组(n = 1 447) Case group (n = 1 447) | 对照组(n = 2 894) Control group (n = 2 894) | χ2值 χ2 value | P值 P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
人数 No. | 占比/% Proportion/% | 人数 No. | 占比/% Proportion/% | ||||
犬相关行为 Canine related behavior | |||||||
养犬 Keep a canine | 743 | 51.3(743/1 447) | 942 | 32.6(942/2 894) | 143.53 | < 0.01 | |
养犬方式 Canine keeping method | 46.88 | < 0.01 | |||||
拴养 Tethering | 400 | 53.8(400/743) | 660 | 70.1(660/942) | |||
放养 Stocking | 343 | 46.2(343/743) | 282 | 29.9(282/942) | |||
犬的用途 Use of canines | 40.26 | < 0.01 | |||||
宠物 Pets | 94 | 12.7(94/743) | 77 | 8.2(77/942) | |||
看家 House keeping | 365 | 49.1(365/743) | 607 | 64.4(607/942) | |||
放牧 Graze | 284 | 38.2(284/743) | 258 | 27.4(258/942) | |||
犬接触饮用水 Canines exposed to drinking water | 80.63 | < 0.01 | |||||
从不 Never | 335 | 45.1(335/743) | 630 | 66.9(630/942) | |||
偶尔 Sometimes | 258 | 34.7(258/743) | 199 | 21.1(199/942) | |||
经常 Often | 150 | 20.2(150/743) | 113 | 12.0(113/942) | |||
犬粪处理 Disposal of canine feces | 38.77 | < 0.01 | |||||
无害化处理/做肥料 Harmless treatment/as fertilizer | 224 | 30.1(224/743) | 424 | 45.0(424/942) | |||
不处理 No deal | 519 | 69.9(519/743) | 518 | 55.0(518/942) | |||
给犬驱虫 Deworming for canines | 5.54 | > 0.05 | |||||
定期 Regular | 250 | 33.6(250/743) | 299 | 31.7(299/942) | |||
偶尔 Sometimes | 347 | 46.7(347/743) | 490 | 52.0(490/942) | |||
从不 Never | 146 | 19.7(146/743) | 153 | 16.3(153/942) | |||
与犬接触 Contact with canines | 107.16 | < 0.01 | |||||
从不 Never | 461 | 31.9(461/1 447) | 1 377 | 47.6(1 377/2 894) | |||
偶尔 Sometimes | 710 | 49.1(710/1 447) | 1 172 | 40.5(1 172/2 894) | |||
经常 Often | 276 | 19.0(276/1 447) | 345 | 11.9(345/2 894) | |||
家畜相关行为 Livestock related behaviors | |||||||
养家畜 Raising livestock | 819 | 56.6(819/1 447) | 1 136 | 39.3(1 136/2 894) | 117.27 | < 0.01 | |
家畜驱虫 Deworming for livestocks | 4.21 | > 0.05 | |||||
定期 Regular | 310 | 37.9(310/819) | 379 | 33.4(379/1 136) | |||
偶尔 Sometimes | 366 | 44.7(366/819) | 546 | 48.1(546/1 136) | |||
从不 Never | 143 | 17.4(143/819) | 211 | 18.5(211/1 136) | |||
家畜与犬共用饮水 Livestock and canines share drinking water | 345 | 42.1(345/819) | 414 | 36.4(414/1 136) | 1.65 | < 0.05 | |
生病家畜接受治疗 Sick livestock receiving treatment | 8.64 | < 0.05 | |||||
经常 Often | 252 | 30.8(252/819) | 335 | 29.5(335/1 136) | |||
偶尔 Sometimes | 417 | 50.9(417/819) | 642 | 56.5(642/1 136) | |||
从不 Never | 150 | 18.3(150/819) | 159 | 14.0(159/1 136) | |||
卫生习惯 Hygienic habits | |||||||
近一年在野外游泳 Swimming in the wild for nearly a year | 375 | 25.9(375/1 447) | 483 | 16.7(483/2 894) | 51.78 | < 0.01 | |
饭前洗手 Handwashing before eating | 34.94 | < 0.01 | |||||
每次 Every time | 610 | 42.2(610/1 447) | 1 492 | 51.6(1 492/2 894) | |||
偶尔 Sometimes | 708 | 48.9(708/1 447) | 1 205 | 41.6(1 205/2 894) | |||
从不 Never | 129 | 8.9(129/1 447) | 197 | 6.8(197/2 894) | |||
接触动物后洗手 Wash hands after touching animals | 922 | 63.7(922/1 447) | 2 035 | 70.3(2 035/2 894) | 19.36 | < 0.01 | |
饮用生水 Drinking raw water | 36.83 | < 0.01 | |||||
从不 Never | 632 | 43.7(632/1 447) | 1 532 | 52.9(1 532/2 984) | |||
偶尔 Sometimes | 641 | 44.3(641/1 447) | 1 023 | 35.3(1 023/2 894) | |||
经常 Often | 174 | 12.0(174/1 447) | 339 | 11.8(339/2 894) | |||
饮水储存方式 Drinking water storage mode | 146.96 | < 0.01 | |||||
加盖容器 Capped container | 524 | 36.2(524/1 447) | 1 607 | 55.5(1 607/2 894) | |||
无盖容器 Uncapped container | 376 | 26.0(376/1 447) | 480 | 16.6(480/2 894) | |||
其他 Others | 547 | 37.8(547/1 447) | 807 | 27.9(807/2 894) |
表4
青海省棘球蚴病患病影响因素的logistic回归分析结果
变量分类Variables categories | β | Wald | P | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
养犬方式 Canine keeping method | |||||
拴养(对照)Tethering(ref) | |||||
放养 Stocking | 0.30 | 44.06 | < 0.05 | 1.37 | (1.03~1.82) |
犬的用途 Use of canines | |||||
看家(对照)House keeping(ref) | |||||
放牧 Graze | 0.26 | 15.62 | > 0.05 | 1.29 | (0.99~1.70) |
宠物 Pets | 0.48 | 62.71 | < 0.05 | 1.59 | (1.01~2.51) |
犬接触饮用水 Canines exposed to drinking water | |||||
从不(对照)Never(ref) | |||||
偶尔 Sometimes | 0.67 | 156.67 | < 0.01 | 1.89 | (1.28~2.78) |
经常 Often | 0.50 | 134.39 | < 0.01 | 1.63 | (1.19~2.24) |
犬粪处理 Disposal of canine feces | |||||
无害化处理/做化肥(对照)Harmless treatment/as fertilizer(ref) | |||||
不处理 Without treatment | 0.97 | 184.88 | < 0.01 | 2.51 | (1.94~3.25) |
近一年在家屠宰牲畜 Slaughtering livestock at home in the past year | |||||
否(对照)No(ref) | |||||
是 Yes | 0.39 | 58.51 | < 0.05 | 1.44 | (1.09~1.91) |
家周围有屠宰场/肉店 Slaughterhouse/butcher’s shop around the house | |||||
否(对照)No(ref) | |||||
是 Yes | 0.51 | 134.47 | < 0.01 | 1.67 | (1.21~2.26) |
犬喂食生的家畜脏器 Canines feed raw livestock viscera | |||||
从不(对照)Never(ref) | |||||
偶尔 Sometimes | 0.43 | 20.82 | > 0.05 | 1.52 | (0.96~2.39) |
经常 Often | 0.46 | 123.28 | < 0.01 | 1.53 | (1.18~2.03) |
饮用生水 Drinking raw water | |||||
从不(对照)Never(ref) | |||||
偶尔 Sometimes | 0.07 | 3.63 | > 0.05 | 1.07 | (0.70~1.59) |
经常 Often | 0.36 | 58.11 | < 0.05 | 1.42 | (1.05~1.91) |
家周围有野生动物 With wild animals around the house | |||||
从不(对照)Never(ref) | |||||
偶尔 Sometimes | 0.42 | 119.90 | < 0.01 | 1.42 | (1.25~1.63) |
经常 Often | 0.46 | 123.27 | < 0.01 | 1.53 | (1.19~1.95) |
饮水储存方式Drinking water storage mode | |||||
加盖容器(对照)Capped container(ref) | |||||
无盖容器 Uncapped container | 0.22 | 10.58 | > 0.05 | 1.23 | (0.91~1.73) |
其他 Other | 0.62 | 156.58 | < 0.01 | 1.88 | (1.37~2.59) |
防治知识 Prevention and control knowledge | |||||
合格(对照)Qualified(ref) | |||||
不合格 Unqualified | 0.57 | 148.92 | < 0.01 | 1.75 | (1.36~2.28) |
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