Table of Content

31 August 1986, Volume 4 Issue 3

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QUANTITATIVE STUDY ON THE ROLE OF ANOPHELES LESTERI ANTHROPOPHAGVS IN MALARIA TRANSMISSION

1986, 4(3):  161-164. 

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The study was carried out in Muai Township of Junlian County, Sichuan Province, from July 12 to September 10, 1984. Among 1746 febrile patients, amounting to 22.9% of the total population (7619), 648 had vivax malaria. The incidence was 8.51%. The parasite rate and the gametocyte rate of the inhabitants were 19.1% and 4.46% respectively. Among 19456 anophelines examined, the predominant species were A. lesteri anthropophagus, A; sinensis and A. minimus. The percentages of A. lesterl anthropophagus in the human dwellings in the daytime and night were 79.4% and 69.7% respectively; and those of A. sinensis were 18.7% and 29.8% respectively. Howe ver, A. sinensis accounted for more than 90% of all the anophelines caught in cattle sheds, and A. lesteri anthropophagus only less than 5%. A. minimus was scarce both in human dwellings and cattle sheds. The man-biting rates of A. lesteri anthropophagus and A. sinensis were 0.91 and 0.41 respectively. The human blood index was 0.825 for the former and 0.053 for the latter. Among 12757 A. lesteri anthropophagus dissected, 47 were found to be gland positive, the sporozoite rate was 0.37%. No positive mosquito was found in 2 965 A. sinensis or 262 A. minimus dissected. The vectorial capacity of A. lesteri anthropophagus was 0.654 while that of A. sinensis was 0.019.The entomological inoculation rate (he) of A. lesteri anthropophagus calculated by the product of man-biting rate and sporozoite rate was 0.003 367; while that of A. sinensis was 0.000 185 (sporozoite rate was calculated according to MacDonald's formula). According to Krafsur's (1978) formula (R= l - e-het), the probability of inoculation of sporozoite from A. lesteri anthropophagus to the local inhabitants within the 60 days was 0.1829, while that from A. sinensis 0.0110, i. e. 94.3% of the local malaria cases were likely transmitted by A. lesteri anthropophagus, while 5.7% were by A. sinensis.The results suggest that A. lesteri anthropophagus is a vector of high efficiency and its potential in malaria transmission might be 20 times that of A. sinensis.

SPLEEN CELL-ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY (ADCC) IN MICE INFECTED WITH PLASMODIVM YOELII YOELII

1986, 4(3):  165-168. 

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ADCC activity in normal and malarious mice was examined by 51Cr release assay using antibody-coated chicken erythrocytes as target cells and mouse spleen cells as effector cells. ADCC increased significantly during the early period of infection (1 to 6 days after infection), and decreased during the mid and late period (the ninth, twelfth and eighteenth day after infection) in acute non-lethal malarious mice. ADCC change was related with the quantity of plasmodia inoculated intraperitoneally in early period of infection. The sera from malarious mice with increased or decreased ADCC could induce or inhibit normal spleen cell-ADCC respectively, suggesting that factors which might influence ADCC activity, were present in serum in different periods of infection. Inhibition of ADCC accompanied generally by an increase of circulating immune complexes, suggesting that the immune complexes might block normal ADCC,

THE SANDFLY FAUNA AND ITS ROLE IN TRANSMISSION OF KALA AZAR IN FOUR LANDSCAPE ZONES OF AKSU REGION, XINJIANG

1986, 4(3):  169-172. 

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In 1984, a sandfly fauna survey in Aksu Region of Xinjiang revealed that the component of sandfly population was different in four landscape zones, where the soils are different. The mountainous area and ancient oasis are covered with brown calcareous soil and whitish oasis soil, where Ph. chinensis longiductus is the predominant species amounting to 91.1% and 92.5% of sandfly population respectively. In the stone desert area at the foot of the mountain covered with brown desert soil, Ph. alexandri was most prevalent, being 91.5%. While in the dry desert area covered with scrubby meadow soil where Populus diversifolia and Tamalix sp grow, Ph. major wui was' 60.9% and no Ph. chinensis longiductus or Ph. alexandri was found. According to the data of this paper and previous fauna survey made in Xinjiang, the authors suggested that the main factor influencing the geographical distribution of sandflies is the type of soil.Based on the results of the artificial infection of these 3 species of sandflies and natural infection of Ph. alexandri, it was demonstrated that all these sandflies play a role in kala azar transmission in Aksu Region. Different sandfly species play different roles in the transmission of kala azar in different areas.

ANALYSIS OF TARGET ANTIGENS OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM WITH HUMAN IMMUNE SERA

1986, 4(3):  173-176. 

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Surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum (schizonts and merozoits) were labeled by the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination method. 125I-labeled P. falciparum (schizonts and merozoites) were dissolved by 1% Triton X-100 and then immunoprecipitated by 11 human immune sera from areas endemic to malaria and 2 normal human sera from areas nonendemic to malaria. Immunoprecipitated target antigens of P. falciparum were analysed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography.The results showed that there were more than 20 labeled parasite antigens in the Triton X-100 extracts, most of which were recognized by human immune sera. The polypeptides with molecular weights of 270, 240, 200, 183, 160, 137, 104, 98, 74 and 63 KD are major target antigens immunoprecipitated by human immune sera. The polypeptides with molecular weights of 137, 104, 98 and 63 KD of these target antigens could be recognized by human immune sera with more than 3 infections, but could not be recognized by human immune sera with primary infection and normal human sera. It was suggested that these polypeptides might be associated with induced acquired immunity.It was shown that there were common antigen determinants on the surface of P. falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi (schizonts and merozoites) by crossed immuno-electrophoresis with human immune sera and rabbit anti-P. knowlesi serum.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION ON LATEX AGGLUTINATION TEST IN THE DETECTION OF ANTI-SCHISTOSOME ANTIBODY

1986, 4(3):  177-180. 

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Re-evaluation of latex agglutination test to detect the anti-schistosome antibody showed that the covalently bounded latex-egg antigen was highly sensitive and specific. The positive rates in 143 chronic and 32 acute schistosomiasis japonica patients were 89.5% and 93.8% respectively. All sera from 92 blood donors from Beijing and 142 blood donors from Atlanta, U. S. A. were negative, yet a false positive rate of 3% was found among 100 inhabitants in Shanghai. Covalently bounded latex-egg antigen cross-reacted with sera from patients of schistosomiasis mansoni and schistosomiasis haematobium, the cross reaction rates being 40.5% (17/42) and 45.5% (5/11) respectively. 7.7-10% cross reactions were found with sera from patients of filariasis clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis. It was found that covalently bounded latex agglutination test was a simple, rapid and reproducible method. It was easy to perform and suitable for field use.

A CELLULOSE ACETATE MEMBRANE COUNTER IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS TEST FOR IDENTIFICATION OF HOST SOURCE OF MOSQUITO BLOOD MEALS

1986, 4(3):  186-188. 

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A counter immunoelectrophoresis test using cellulose acetate membrane(CAMCIEP) was developed to identify the host source of mosquito blood meals. The optimum dilutions of antiserum and antigen for the test are 1:8 and 1:500 respectively. The technique was used on blood meal specimens from Anopheles sinensis 4, 12 and 24 hours after feeding through a membrane on fresh human or pig blood and after 6, 16 and 29 months storage at 4℃.1557 specimens collected from the field were examined and compared with the precipitin ring test (PRT). The results of the two methods were in good agreement. Similar results were also found in the identification of 444 specimens collected from the field using CAMCIEP and agar gel counter immunoelectrophoresis (AGCIEP), the positive rates were 99.8% in CAMCIEP and 99.3% in AGCIEP. It is suggested that the CAMCIEP test could be used to identify the host source of mosquito blood meals.

KINETICS OF IHA ANTIBODY RESPONSE BEFORE AND AFTER PYQUITON TREATMENT IN RATS INFECTED WITH PARAGON1MUS WESTERMANI

1986, 4(3):  189-191. 

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In the present study, the kinetic change of IHA antibody responses in rats infected with Paragonimus westermani was observed before and after pyquiton treatment. It was found that antibody tilers against both metacercaria and adult worm antigens were distinctly increased shortly after an effective treatment with peaks appearing both around the 10th day post-treatment. They began to decline thereafter and reached relatively low levels at the 120th and 90th day respectively. In unsuitable rat hosts, the anti-metacercaria antibodies, rather than the anti-adult antibodies and vice versa in suitable dog hosts, were shown to have increased to a higher level after treatment and maintained for a longer period, these results further confirmed that the antibody responses in Paragonsmus westermani-infected hosts were stage-specific.

INOCULATION OF MICROFILARIAE OF BRVGIA MALAYI INTO FOUR SPECIES OF MOSQUITOES

1986, 4(3):  192-195. 

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The apparatus and method of inoculating mosquitoes established by Rosen Gubler (1974) have been introduced to Shanghai by Dr. Gubler since October, 1984. Observations on inoculating microfilariae of Brugia malayi into four species of mosquitoes were carried out in our laboratory. Anopheles sinensis, An. lesteri anthropopha-gus, Aedes togoi and Culex pipiens pallens four to five days old were immobilized on wet ice. Each immobilized mosquito was placed on a slide under a binocular microscope. A needle was made by drawing out a glass capillary tube on the flame of an alcohol burner. The injection was made into the ventral surface of the neck membrane or the anepisternal cleft below the mesothoracic spiracle of the mosquito. B. malayi microfi lariae were taken from the peritoneal cavity of an infected mongolian jird. Inoculated mosquitoes were dissected every day or after an incubation period of 7-11 days at 27℃ in an insectary. Data showed that both An. sinensis and An. lesteri anthropo-phagus were susceptible to the inoculation of B. malayi microfilariae. The positive infective larva rates of Aw. sinensis and An. lesteri anthropophagus were 48.9% and 35.0% respectively. C. pipiens pollens was susceptible to B. malayi by inoculation too. Its positive infective larva rate to B. malayi was 51.6%. But the development of microfilariae in C. pipiens pollens was delayed for about two days than in An. sinensis. A less susceptibility to the inoculation of microfilariae of B. malayi was found in Ae. togoi.

APPLICATION OF DISCRIMINATION ANALYSIS TO TWO TYPES OF PARAGONIMVS WESTERMANI

1986, 4(3):  196-198. 

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Two discrimination functions in terms of the length and the width of two types of Paragonimus westermani (diploid type and triploid type) obtained from northeast China are derived. One of them is used for discrimination of meiacercariae, the other for discrimination of eggs. The test results with independent samples from above areas, and Jiangxi Province and Anhui Province show that they could be used to differen tiate the above mentioned two types of P. westermani.

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST LEISHMANIA DONOVANI

1986, 4(3):  199-202. 

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The fusion of sp2/o myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice immunized with Leishmania donovani promastigotes produced 7 hybridoma clones.In an immunodiffusion system with subclass-specific antisera, L8G5, L9E4, and L9F5 were shown to be IgG1, whereas L7B5, L7E12, L7A6 and L7C11 were IgM. The results showed that the monoclonal antibodies were not cross reactive with other species of Leishmania and Trypanosoma.Indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay with live leishmania showed that the monoclonal antibodies recognized only the antigens bound to the surface of L. donovani promastigotes.

KARYOTYPIC STUDIES ON PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI FROM SHAOXING COUNTY, ZHEJIANG

1986, 4(3):  203-205. 

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The karyotype of Paragonimus westermani from Lanting Commune, Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province, was investigated by the cell cultivation method of Tera-saki with slight modification; The chromosome number is 2n = 22, and the karyotype consists of one pair of large-sized metacentric, four pairs of medium-sized subtelocen trics, four pairs of small-sized submetacentrics and two pairs of small-sized metacen tries. These results are basically coincident with the diploid type of P. westermani presented by He Lianyin et al in 1982. In addition, spermatozoa were found in 98.0% of seminal receptacles of the adult worms, suggesting that this worm belongs to the bisexual type of P. westermani described by Terasaki. Since the worms under our observation were collected from the endemic area of paragonimiasis, it was suggested that P. westermani with diploid pattern (or bisexual type) might cause typical pulmonary manifestations.

PRELIMINARY KARYOTYPE STUDIES ON ASCARIS LUMBERICOIDES AND ASCARIS SUUM FROM GUANGZHOU

1986, 4(3):  206-208. 

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The karyotype and Giemsa banding pattern of chromosomes of the gonadal cells of Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum collected from Guangzhou, were studied.The chromosome number of spermatogonial metaphase was 20 (2n = 20, n = 10) in Ascaris lumbricoides. The karyotype consisted of 2 pairs of larger medium-sized metacentrics, 5 pairs of medium-sized metacentrics, 1 pair of smaller medium-sized submetacentric and 2 pairs of small-sized telocentrics.The chromosome number of spermatogonial and oogonial metaphase were 20 (2n = 20, n=10) in Ascaris suum. The diploid metaphase plate in both cells consisted one pair of large-sized submetacentric or metacentric, six pairs of medium-sized meta centrics, one pair of small-sized submetacentric, two pairs of small-sized subtelocentrics or telocentrics. As shown in Fig. 1-4,the arrangement of chromosomes by size showed two karyotypes in A. lumbricoides and A. suum.

PRELIMINARY CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS ON MEBENDAZOLE AND TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE TREATMENT IN 57 CASES WITH ECHINOCOCCOSIS

1986, 4(3):  209-211. 

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From Aug. 1979 to Mar. 1983, mebendazole or/and traditional Chinese medicine were used to treat 57 cases with echinococcosis, of whom 47 were unilocular or cystic type (liver, lung, peritoneal cavity, heart and spinal vertebra) and the other 10 belonged to liver multilocular or alveolar type. 57 cases were divided into 3 groups: (1) mebendazole was given alone in 20 cases; (2) traditional Chinese medicine was given alone in 23 cases; and (3) combined medication of mebendazole and traditional Chinese medicine were used in 14 cases. Mebendazole was given 400-600mg each time in adult, t.i.d.. One pill (10g) of Chinese herbs was given 2 or 3 times per day. One therapeutic course lasted 4 weeks. Most of the cases received 2-3 courses and a few patients exceeded 6 courses. The curative effects are determined by clinical findings, x-ray examination, ultrasonic echogram, and macro- or micro-scopic observations of the operated specimens (hydatid endocyst), and then graded as cured, improved, stable and progressive. The rates of these grades were successively calculated as 11.1%, 33.3%, 24.4% and 31.1% from 45 cases followed up for 0.5-2.5 year.

STUDIES ON ARTIFICIAL TRANSFORMATION OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM CERCARIAE TO SCHISTOSOMULA IN VITRO

1986, 4(3):  212-214. 

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Cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum were transformed into schistosomula by syringe passage or fresh serum incubation. It was observed that the serum complement played a role in the transformation of cercariae to schistosomula.Observations on physiological and morphological changes of schistosomula were made 3 or 12 hours after they were transformed. Some important physiological changes in schistosomula including the evacuation of the content in preacetabular glands, water sensitivity and negative CHR were observed. In addition, transmission electron microscopy revealed that the glycocalyx was almost disappeared from the surface of schistosomula. The outer membrane was increased from trilaminate into heptalaminate. All these changes of artificial schistosomula correlated well to those by skin penetration. The artificial schistosomula could be used as materials for the study of their immunology and pharmacology.

LIGHT AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF THE EGG-SHELL OF ENTEROBIVS VERMICULARIS

1986, 4(3):  215-217. 

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Spontaneously deposited eggs of E. vermicularis were suspended in 1:3 egg white mucilage and mounted on slides previously fixed with wax paper frame to avoid pressure of the coverslide and to give space to eggs deposited in any position. The variation of the contour of the egg shell at various planes was observed and a stereoscopic configuration of egg shell obtained.The egg-shell of E. vermicularis is asymmetrically ellipsoid. A pair of longitudinal ridges run parallelly over the convex or dorsal side of the shell. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of numerous minute pores distributed unequally over the shell surface and a foveola with an uneven base situated on the dorsal ridges. It is considered to be the hatching pore of the egg. The reason why eggs can present both asymmetric and symmetric contours is discussed.