Table of Content

31 May 1989, Volume 7 Issue 2

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OBSERVATION ON THE EFFICACY OF COMBINED USE OF SOME NEW ANTIMALARIALS FOR THE TREATMENT OF FALCIPARUM MALARIA IN HAINAN PROVINCE

1989, 7(2):  81-84. 

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Field trials were carried out to assess the therapeutic effects including the combined use of piperaquine (PQ) with nitroquine (NQ) and pyronaridine (PYR) with NQ against falciparunt malaria in regions of Hainan Province with chloroquine-resistance in 3 successive autumns from 1985 to 1987.In an evaluation of PQ 750mg with NQ 25mg therapy in 33 falciparum malaria patients, the average fever subsidence time and parasite clearance time were 39 hours and 49 hours respectively, but within 28 days after medication, the recrudescence rates were 0-47% in different regions.In evaluations of PYR 600 mg with NQ 25 mg in 11 cases, PYR 800 mg with NQ 40 mg in 43 cases, PYR 800 mg with NQ 80 mg in 31 cases, the fever subsidence time were 31-35 hours, the parasite clearance time were 46-53 hours and the 28 days recrudescence rates were 13 - 18 %. In the control, the use of PYR 1200 mg alone in 42 cases, the average fever subsidence time and parasite clearance time were 33 hours and 48 hours respectively, the 28 days recrudescence rate was 12%. There was no statistically significant difference among them in their effects. The side-effects of all groups were mild.

EFFECT OF MURINE MALARIAL CIRCULATING IMMUNE COMPLEXES ON THE PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES BY PERITONEAL EXUDATE CELLS OF NORMAL MICE

1989, 7(2):  85-88. 

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Circulating immune complexes (CIC) isolated from sera of mice infected with Plasmodium berghei by precipitation with polyethylene glycol were examined for their ability to stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species by peritoneal exudate (PEC) of normal mice, using luminol-aided chemilnminescence (CL). CIC were found to be capable of stimulating the production of CL by normal mouse PEC. Weaker CL reiponses were observed when PEC were incubated with P. berghei soluble antigens. Normal mouse IgG and IgG1, IgG2b subclasses showed no effect on the stimulation of the production of CL. When normal mouse PEC were preincubated with CIC, their CL responses to opsonized zymosan were significantly depressed to 34% of the control level. The data suggest that CIC are capable of stimulating phagocytes to release reactive oxygen species and mediating pathological tissue damage.

FURTHER STUDY ON THE IMMUNITY INDUCED BY MUTAGENIC NTG ATTENUATED CERCARIAE OF SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM

1989, 7(2):  89-93. 

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In order to understand the immunity induced by NTG attenuated cercariae of S. japonicum, investigations were carried out on the survival rate of mice, worm reduction rate, liver and spleen granulation etc. at different intervals between immunization and challenge (4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 wk) in mice exposed percutaneously to NTG attenuated cercariae (30 μg/ml NTG for 15 min). Scanning electron microscopy on tegumental surface of schistosomes from immunized mice was also performed. Results showed that better protection was achieved at a challenge time of 8 wk after initial immunizing infection as demonstrated by the higher worm reduction rate and the longer survival rate with a lower degree of liver granulation. It is suggested that acquired immunity did develop against a challenge in mice exposed to NTG-attenuated cercariae, but there were different levels of immunity at different times post-immuniza-tion. Thus week 8 appeared to be the optimal time for acquired immunity developed against a challenge infection. The posibility of induction of different levels of immunity was discussed.

CHANGES IN POPULATIONS OF T LYMPHOCYTES IN MICE INFECTED WITH TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

1989, 7(2):  94-96. 

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Acid a-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE), a cytoplasmic marker was used to identify the T lymphocytes and their subpopulations in peripheral blood of mice experimemally infected with T. spiralis. The results showed that the absolute number of lymphocytes and T lymphocytes increased in parallel on d, after infection, reachiug the peak on d14, and remaining above normal level on d60. The spotted granular ANAE positive cells (Helper T cells, Th) were decreasing and the scattered granular ANAE positive cells (suppressor T cells, Ts) were increasing, leading to a lowering of the Th/Ts ratio which was most marked on d14 and returned to normal on d60. The depres-sion of host immune function during T. spiralis infection might be related to the lowering of Th/Ts ratio.

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF AN AMOEBA OF THE GENUS NAEGLERIA

1989, 7(2):  97-99. 

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One pathogenic free-living amoeba, strain W042302 (Fig. 1.), was first isolated from the cooling water of a power plant in Shanghai, in April, 1986. It could result in the deaths of mice, and recovered from the brain tissue of the dead mice. This pathogenic free living amoeba could be induced into trophozoite with two flagellae (Fig. 2.). Protein patterns obtained by PAGE showed twelve bands stained by Coomassie brilliant blue R250. The isoenzyme patterns of both acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase of the amoebic extract exhibit only a single band, while iactate dehydrogenase is devoid of noticeable activity. From the results obtained in the present study, it is inferred that strain W042302 may be belong to Naegleria australiensis.

QUANTITATIVE STUDY ON TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA BY ANOPHELES KUNMINGENSIS

1989, 7(2):  100-102. 

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From July to August 1987, a quantitative study on the vector potential of An. kunmingensis (sp. nov.) in comparison with An. sinensis was carried out in nine malaria endemic villages of Tengchong County of western Yunnan. All the villages contained only three anopheles species: An. kunmingensis, An. sinensis and An. macu-, latus, among which An. kunmingensis accounted for 77% of 14871 anopheline mosqui-toes collected inside the houses and cowsheds. Adult density, man-biting rate, human blood index, sporozoite rate, parity rate and sporogonic cycle of all the three species were determined. The vectorical capacity appraised by using the above-mentioned indices of An. kunmingensis was far in excess to that of An. sinensis, An. kunmingensis was thus incriminated as the main malaria vector based upon its indoor abundance, relatively high man-biting rate and the finding of a sporozoite-positive specimen during the peak malaria season. In the light of its endophilic characteristics,. residual insecticide has been used effectively in the control of An. kunmingensis.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CHROMOSOME C-BANDING IN DIPLOID AND TRIPLOID TYPES OF PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANI

1989, 7(2):  103-104. 

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Diploid and triploid types of Paragonimus westermani had similar cbromosomal karyotypes, however, they differed in chromosome c-band patterns. Two of three homologues of the triploid resembled those of the diploid in c-banding pattern, while the remaining chromosomes showed a different pattern. Heterogcneity in homologues was observed especially in chromosome Nos. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 (Fig. l, 2). In the diploid chromosome specimen, mitotic and meiosic phases were observed, while only the mitotic; phase was found in the triploid chromosome.

STUDIES ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII TACHYZOITE

1989, 7(2):  105-107. 

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Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite was crescent-shaped. The pellicle of the parasite consisted of two membranes. The anterior end contained the polar ring and conoid, the former being the thickened inner membrane and the latter a cylindrical organelle which was made up of about 10 filaments arranged in an oblique row. The subpelli-cular microtubules numbering 22 originated at the polar ring and extended to the posterior end. The rhoptries extended from the conoid and terminated anterior to the nucleus with a narrow dense neck and an enlarged posterior portion with a glandulat structure. The rhoptries perhaps had a secretory function and the conoid might be related to the invasion of the tachyzoite into the host cell.

STUDIES ON ECOLOGY OF FASCIOLOPSIS BUSKI AND CONTROL STRATEGY OF FASCIOLOPSIASIS

1989, 7(2):  108-111. 

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The development of eggs of Fasciolopsis buski requires oxygen and the eggs cannot survive anaerobic conditions. The eggs have some resistance to low temperature and can be maintained at 4℃ for 3 to 4 months; however, the eggs are killed at 50℃ in four hours. The presence of salts can influence the development time of the eggs and reduce their hatching rate.Encysted cercariae exist not only on aquatic plants, but also on the surface of the water. The number of encysted cercariae floating on the water surface is about 3.6% of that of the total encysted cercariae. By inquiring into the case history we found that 10.3-12.8% of the patients and 35.1-40% of the infested pigs were possibly infected by drinking water contaminated with encysted cercariae.The authors suggest the use of fermented silage to feed pigs instead of fresh aquatic green fodders to prevent infection in the animals. In addition, aquatic plants such as water chestnut should be boiled for 1 to 2 minutes before fating to kill the encysted cercariae on the plants.

A HANDY MEDIUM FOR IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF SENSITIVITY OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM TO CHLOROQUINE AND MEFLOQUINE IN THE FIELD

1989, 7(2):  112-114. 

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The use of liquid RPMI 1640 medium (added NaHCO3 and serum) in sealed ampoule for ire vtiro assessment of sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and meflopuine in the field was very successful. On chloroquine plates with WHO supplied medium, 9 of 13 isolates were interpretable (successful rate 69.296), the maturation rate from ring-forms to schizonts was 53.3%, the average number of nuclei per schizont 5.1. With lyophilized medium the successful rate was 100%, the maturation rate 65.9%, the average number of nuclei per schizont 7.4, while with medium in sealed ampoule, the corresponding figures were 92.3%, 65.1% and 7.3 respectively. On mefloquine plates with WHO supplied medium, 7 of 11 isolates were interpretable (63.6%). In control wells, 52.3% of schizonts matured, the number of nuclei per schizont was 5.1. With lyophilized medium the successful rate was 100%, the matura-tion rate 61.9%, the number of nuclei was 8.1, while those with liquid medium in sealed ampoule were 100%, 59.8% and 7.5 respectively.The results showed that the liguid medium in sealed ampoules stored within 56 days at 4℃ could still support the growth of Plasmodium falciparum, its supporting effect being better than that of WHO standard medium, but similar to lyophilized medium. The liquid medium in sealed ampoule had the advantages of easy carrying time-saving and more applicability under field conditions.

CT BRAIN SCANNING IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND LOCALISATION OF CEREBRAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS

1989, 7(2):  115-118. 

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CT scanning was performed on 25 cases of cerebral schistosomiasis. The images of the granuloma caused by schistosome eggs showed a high density mass shadow while the edema of the white matter showed a low density shadow. Combining CT scanning, with case history, clinical signs and immunologic assay we could make a correct diagnosis for each of the patients about the pathologic site and nature. The correlations between the images of CT scanning and clinical pathology were analysed and a better treatment regimen was discussed based on our experience. Some of the patients treated with praziquantel and checked by CT scanning showed pathologie changes of the granuloma disappeared during a follow-up period of 3-12 months.

A SURVEY OF ADVANCED SCHISTOSOMIASIS PATIENTS WITH UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING

1989, 7(2):  119-121. 

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Among 4 950 advanced schistosomiasis patients examined, 709 (14.3%) had upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and in patients who had been treated with splenectomy, 532 presented history of bleeding. Of the 338 cases with a history of bleeding, 268(79.3%) ceased bleeding after operation and 70 cases (.20.7%) bled again. In 194 cases (7%) who had no history of bleeding before operation, bleeding occurred, suggesting that simple splenectomy has certain effect in preventing upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the incidence of bleeding is higher in those who had a history of bleeding before operation. Gastrofibroscopic examinations in 50 cases who bled recently indicated that 74% of the patients had gastro-duodenal lesion as a concomitant disease.Prevention and treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding of advanced schisto somiasis patients are discussed.

SURVEILLANCE OF IMPORTED FALCIPARUM MALARIA IN YONGKANG COUNTY, ZHEJIANG PROVINCE

1989, 7(2):  122-124. 

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From August 1985 to February 1987, 43 cases with falciparum malaria were noted in Yongkang County of Zhejiang Province, an area breed from the disease. These patients had been to the border area between Yunnan Province and Burma, approxima-tely making up 5-7‰ of the returned population from the endemic area. Most of cases were found during the periods of January to March and June to August when they came home. No introduced case was reported due to prompt case diagnosis and treatment as well as immediate focal management.