Table of Content

28 February 1990, Volume 8 Issue 1

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ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF LEISHMANIA DONOVANI ANTIGEN BY IMMUNOGOLD LABELING TECHNIQUE

1990, 8(1):  1-3. 

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By using Lowicryl K4M, a kind of low temperature embedding resin, to embed promastigotes of Leishmania donovani at - 30℃, the protozoal structure was well preserved when visualized by electron microscope.We have determined the distribution of the promastigote antigen of human and canine isolates of Leishmania donovani from Sichuan using two monoclonal antibodies combined with biotinylated goat antimouse IgG and streptavidin/colloidal gold conjugates. The result showed that the antigen recognized by the protective monoclonal antibody 2H6-E3 was mainly distributed in the outer side of promastigote membrane of Leishma-nia donovani Sichuan canine isolate. According to the high density of localized gold particles this antigen might be abundant in the promastigote membrane (Fig.1). This result facilitates further research on the component, property and function of this antigen.Monoclonal antibody 1H7-C2-E7 recognized the promastigote antigen of both human and canine isolates of Leishmania donovani from Sichuan, suggesting that these two isolates might share a common antigen, and 1H7-C2-E7 antibody might be used to diagnose the leishmaniasis caused by these two isolates (Figs.2-3).

LIFE SPAN AND CERCARIA SHEDDING OF SCHISTOSOME-INFECTED SNAILS IN MOUNTAIN REGION OF YUNNAN

1990, 8(1):  4-7. 

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The life span and cercaria shedding of infected Oncomelania snails in a mountain region of Shitoudi village, Weishan County, Yunnan Province were observed in simulated local ecological environments. 135 infected snails were isolated for observation 3 months after exposure to miracidia in August, 1987. The snail survival rate from the day of initial cercaria shedding to next June, July, August and September was 27.4, 16.3, 13.3 and 11.9% respsctively, and the average number of cercariae shed was 139.9, 29.6, 39.2 and 75 per month respectively. The average life span of infected snails was 171.6 days. The average number of cercariae shed per snail in its whole life was 673.0. It was estimated that the average patent period of infected snails was over half a year.As this is the first report in our country in respect to the hfe span and cercariae shedding of infected snails in a mountain region, the result might be useful for quantitative analysis of epidemiological factors of schistosomiasis in this kind of endemic areas as well as for formulation of control strategy.

SNAIL DISTRIBUTION AND SUSCEPTIBLE ZONES OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN ENDEMIC AREAS AROUND POYANG LAKE

1990, 8(1):  8-12. 

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To understand the situation of snail distribution and to explore the criteria of suscep-tible zones of schistosomiasis in endemic areas around Poyang Lake, a total of 1222910 mu of marshland in lake regions were surveyed for three years from 1982 through 1984 by 400 skillful observers. This article reports the relation between mean density of infected snails and incidence of acute schistosomiasis in marshland. We divided all susceptible marshlands of Poyang Lake area into three types, and found that about one fourth of the area belongs to the first type of susceptible zones, i.e., with high risk to schistosomiasis infection. Longitudinal observation showed that the types of susceptible zones changed very little unless measures of schistosomiasis control were taken.The results of field study suggested that we should put stress of schistosomiasis control on the first type of susceptible marshlands of Poyang Lake in future.

FREE AMINO ACID AND SYNTHESIS OF POLYAMINES UN PLASMODIUM-BERGHEI-INECTED RBC

1990, 8(1):  13-17. 

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The contents of free amino acids and the activity of ornithine decarboxylase in infected RBC of chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium berghei(CS) were similar to those in chloroquine-resistant strain (CR). After treatment with chloroquine (10mp/kg im) no effect on the formation of free amino acids was found after 20th, but chloroquine (5mg/kg im) inhibited the enzymatic activity of the CS RBC by 79.6% whereas that of the CR by 55.7%.The contents of spermidine in CS and CR infected RBC were found to be 139 ±27 and 528±140 nmol/109 infected respectively. Cycloleucine inhibited the formation of spermidine by 44% in CS and 57% in CR groups, while co-administration of methionine (100mg/kg) with cycloleucine (80mg/kg) could reverse the inhibitory effect and raise the contants of spermidine to 294 ± 56 and 657±129 nmol/109 infected RBC in CS and CR groups respectively. This indicates that methionine had significant effect on the formation of spsrmidine in CS strain, but there was still a remarkable difference, when compared with CR strain. It is suggested that the activities of S-adenosyl-methionine synthetase and other enzymes involved in polyamine formation might be the causal factors.

MOSQUITO-NET SPRAYING WITH DELTAMETHRIN FOR MALARIA CONTROL

1990, 8(1):  18-21. 

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Mosquito-nets were sprayed with 9.6mg deltamethrin per square meter for control of malaria vectors in Yibin County, Sichuan Province in 1986- In the study area, the relative population indices of Anopheles anthrcpophagus and An sinensis in 35 mosquito-nets were 0.6 and 1.4 respectively; the man biting rates of these two vectors dropped by 97.8 and 90.8% respectively. The residual toxic effect of sprayed mosquito-nets, up to 104 days after spray, caused a mortality of 93.1-100% of An. anthropophagus and 87.1-100% of An. sinensis. The multiparous mosquito rate dropped by 48.4 and 51.3%. Indoor-intruding An. anthropophagus and An. sinensis were reduced by 76% and 78.3% respectively. The incidence of malaria decreased by 94.4%, the positive rate in school children declined by 77.5%. Both entomological and epidemilogical indices indicated that mosquito-nets sprayed with deltamethrin could effectively control the malaria prevalence. This measure is economical and practical for control of malaria.

ANALYSIS ON MIXED DISTRIBUTION OF TERTIAN MALARIA WITH LONG AND SHORT INCUBATION

1990, 8(1):  22-25. 

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The purpose of this paper is to make an epidemiological analysis of the mixed distribution of tertian malaria with long and short incubation by mathematical model. Using the Gram-Charlier series and the Marquardt's nonlinear least square dissecting method and the systematic computerized program for the dissection of mixed samples of tertian malaria with different incubation periods over the past 7 years in Changde City, Hunan Province, and discussing the influence of the climatic factor and epidemic process, it has been inferred that there were two kinds of incubation period of tertian malaria in this city. The long incubation period cases and the short ones have formed seasonal excessive distributions during the late spring and during the summer and autumn, respectively. The parameters estimated from the model had an optimal goodness of fitting to practical distribution (P=0.9967). According to the tests for initial data the model was demonstrated to to effective as there was no statistically significant difference between the theoretical and the actual values.

ECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE CERCARIAE OF ECHINOCHASMUS JAPONICUS

1990, 8(1):  26-28. 

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Results of ecological observation on the cercariae of Echinochasmus japonicus showed that their development in and emergence from Parajossarulus striatulus as well as their activity in infecting the fish host in water were closely related to temperature and light. The number of cercariae emerged varied with the temperature of water. When the infected snails were reared at water temperature of 27-32℃, the germinal cells and germ balls in the daughter radiae multiplied continually into cercariae a majority of which emerged. At water temperature below 24℃, multiplication was hindered and, emergence of cercariae obviously decreased. Cercaria shedding stopped at water temperature of 14℃, The reason why the rate and degree of infection with meta-cercariae of Echinochasmus japonicus in the small-sized species of fresh water fishes were higher than in the large-sized species was that the cercariae were tactic to light and so active in shallow water where they were constantly in contact with smaller fishes. Since the natural infection rate of Parafossa-rulus striatulus was found to be higher (32.2%; 37.3%) during the months of July-October than during the other months, investigations on the first intermediate host should be carried out in early autumn.

CHANGES IN BILE COMPOSITION IN RABBITS INFECTED WITH CLON ORCHIS SINENS1S

1990, 8(1):  29-31. 

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This article presents the changes in the concentration of bilirubin, cholesterol, phos-pholipid, bile acid and the activity of bacterial β-glucuronidase in hepatic bile of rabbits infected with metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis. We found that the activity of bacterial β-glucuronidase was significantly higher in the infected group (52.6 ±31.6u/dl) than that in control rabbits (12.5±20.5 u/dl) (P0.001), and no marked changes in the concentration of bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipid and bile acid were found. By using alcian blue-PAS combined stain method the authors also noticed that the amount of gly-coprotein in gobletcells has considerably increased and secreted increasingly to the biliary duct after infection with Clonorchis sinensis. As the increase in bacterial β-glucuronidase activity and glycoprotein in bile is in favour of the formation of pigment stone, this may explain why clonorchiasis is often complicated with cholelithiasis.

HISTOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN CLONORCHIS SINENSIS AFTER PYQUITON TREATMENT

1990, 8(1):  32-34. 

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Some histochemical changes in adult C. sinensis collected from rats infected artificially and treated with pyquiton were observed.1 h after administration the glycogen content showed a slight decrease which bscame prominent 24h later and almost disappeared at 48h post-medication. There was an increase in protein content in the parenchymal tissues of worms lh after treatment, especially in the reproductive organ 24h after treatment. RNA content was decreased lh post administration and continued decreasing gradually so that very little aould be seen 48h later. An increase in the activites of SDH, MDH and Ca-ATPase was seen at the beginning and became marked 24h after medication, while that for G-6-PDH was dtt-cted 48h after drug administration (Figs.1a-6b).No obvious changes in DNA, lipid, AKP, ACP and phenolase were detected within 1-48h after treatment.

STUDY ON CHROMOSOME C-BANDING IN PARAGONIMVS WESTERMANI. COMPARISON OF THE DIPLOID AND TRIPLOID TYPES

1990, 8(1):  35-37. 

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A comparative study was performed in detail on the c-band pattern of diploid and triploid types of Paragonimus westermani by using BSG method. The result revealed that both typas of P. westermani possessed the identical c-band pattern and c-band polymorphism. Thus the authors considered that the triploid type of P. westermani might be an autotriploid. The polymorphism of c-band pattern in diploid and the combination of homologous chromosomes with c-band polymorphism in triploid were reported for the first time (Figs.1-4).

COMPARISON OF SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH ALVEOLAR AND CYSTIC ECHINOCOCCOSIS

1990, 8(1):  38-40. 

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Serum IgG, IgA and IgM levels of 91 patients with alveolar echinococcosis and 83 patients with cystic echinococcosis were compared with 104 healthy adults as controls by single radial immunodiffusion. The mean IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations in patients with alveolar echinococcosis and the mean IgG and IgM levels in patients with cystic echinococcosis were found to be significantly higher than those of the normal controls.The mean IgG, IgA and IgM levels in patients with alveococcosis were 510 ± 413.06, 389.45±433.42 and 313.48 ±255.19, while those in cystococcosis were 308.36±339.24, 329.61±319 and 266.68± 255.68 respectively.The geometric mean of IgG and IgM levels in patients with alveococcosis was 1.67 and 1.25 times that in cystococcosis. 76.9% of alveococcosis patients had IgG levels reaching 200 IU/ml or above, being significantly higher than that in the cystic hydati-dosis (50.6%). 93.4% of alveolar echinococcosis cases showed elevated IgM levels up to 100IU/ml or more, being also significantly higher than that of cystic echinococcosis cases (78.3).Statistically, there was significant correlation between IgG concentration and ELISA antibody titre.

HUMAN PULMONARY ACARIASIS IN ANHUI PROVINCE: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY

1990, 8(1):  41-44. 

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924 subjects, 542 males and 382 females working in grainstoring, or herb-storing, from different parts of Anhui Province were examined for the possible existence of pulmonary acariasis. 49 cases(5.3%), 31 males and 18 females, were found positive for mites in their sputum. 83.7% of the sufferers aged 16-45. 22 out of the 49 sufferers developed a marked eosinophilia ranging from 4% to 48% and a count of 320-5 050/mm3, wheaeas X-ray films revealed varied degrees of widening lung hilum shadow with increased and disordered lung markings. In some cases, the chest-film showed a lot of scattered ncdular shadows 1-5mm in diameter in the lung lobes. The symptoms presented were cough, expectoration, depression in the chest, restlessness, low fever, asthma, hemoptysis, etc. 10 species of mites were found in the sputum of the 49 sufferers ,i.e. Acarus siro, Tyrophagus putreseltiae, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, Caloglyphus berlesei, C. myoophagus, Dermatophagoides jarinae, D. pteronyssinus, Euroglyphus may-net, Tarsonemus granarius, Cheyletus eruditus.

OBSERVATIOINS ON DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

1990, 8(1):  45-46. 

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Additional observations on some fine structures of Demodex folliculomm under SEM were presented in this paper, including supracoxal spines, hypostome, palpal claws, male and female podosomal setae, leg claw-basal spur, femoral spur, etc. The supracoxal spines were rivet-shaped and the hypostome was pearshaped. The claws on the tarsal coxa of the pulpus meander to the ventral side instead of meandering to the dorsal side. Based on these structural characteristics, it was inferred that podosomal seta may be a sensilla and claw-basal spur as well as femoral spur can protect mites against being expelled from follicules (Figs.A-M).

FURTHER OBSERVATION ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

1990, 8(1):  47-49. 

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In longitudinal sections, T. vaginalis visualized by TEM was round or ovoid with an ovoid nucleus situated close to the anterior one-third of the body. There was an independent and well-developed Golgi complex dorsal to the nuleus and parabasal filaments. The anterior end of the cell had a blepharoplast complex which consisted of three parts, i.e., periflagellar canal, C-shapd structure of the pelta in the wall of periflagellar canal and five blepharoplasts. Four anterior flagella and one posterior flagellum were extended respectively from each of the blepharoplasts, simultaneously with one costa and two parabasal filaments. The axostyle was divided into three parts, i.e., capitulum, trunk and caudal. The spoon-shaped axostylar capitulum originated from the peltar-axostylar junction was composed of many microtubules and extended around the side of the nucleus posteriorly and turned itself at the end of the nucleus forming an axostylar trunk which projected externally in the form of a spicule (Figs.1-9).

STUDIES ON MAN-CATTLE-MAN INFECTION CYCLE OF SARCOCYSTIS HOMINIS IN YUNNAN

1990, 8(1):  50-53. 

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The present paper reports on the results of an experimental study on man-cattle-man infection of Sarcocystis hominis, found in Yunnan Province.About ten thousand sporocysts collected from the feces of persons naturally infected with Sarcocystis hominis were fed to a calf, which was dissected 150 days later. Numerous cysts of Sarcocystis hominis were found in the cardiac and skeletal muscles. By light microscopy, the cyst wall of fresh preparation showed numerous thick, finger-like projections, with maximum length of 7.9μm(Fig,1.). By electron microscopy, the cyst had a regularly folded, with primary wall forming palisade-like protrusions. Numerous sharp invaginations found infthe protrusions were sawtooth-shaped, covering the whole surface of the protrusions (Fig. 3). No fine fibrils were observed within the zone of ground substance beneath the primary cyst wall.Two rhesus monkeys were fed with beef infected with Sarcocystis hominis and sporocysts and oocysts were found in their feces 29 and 31 days later, the patent period of sporocyst excretion bieng 5 and 7 days, respectively.The senior author had taken voluntarily 60g beef of the experimentally infected calf, and presented clinical symptoms such as anaemia, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, fatigus and dizziness on ds post infection with sporocysts and oocysts found in the feces on d,. The patent period of sporocyst excretion was more than 42 days. The mean size of 50 sporocysts was 11.90±0.04 ×15.88± 0.03μm and that of 50 oocysts, 15.56 ± 0.05 × 19.76 ±0.04μm(Fig.4). On d50 he took acetylspiramycine tablets, the initial dose being 0.4g, followed by 0.2g qid. for 15 days. 10 days after acetylspiramycine administration, the symptoms disappeared and so did the sporocysts on fecal examination.

STUDIES ON MOLLUSCICIDAL EFFECT OF BROMOACETAMIDE AGAINST GANESELLA VIRGO

1990, 8(1):  54-56. 

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Molluscicldal effect of bromoacetamide against the snails in laboratory and field trials were observed. Grassland of Guiliu River in Keerqinyouyiquanqi District, Neimengol Autonomous Region was selected for field trials. The results showed that bromoacetamide was fairly effective against Ganesella virgo, the intermediate host of Dicrocoelium chinensis and Eurytrema pancreaticum. In field trials, 7 days after spraying at a dosage of 0.5g/m2, 74.7-84.7% of snails were killed. When a dosage of 1g/m2 was used, the mortality of snails reached 84.8-95.7%.