中国奶牛源微小隐孢子虫分子流行病学及其亚型分布

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.03.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在全球范围内,大多数微小隐孢子虫亚型为人兽共感染虫株。奶牛是微小隐孢子虫自然感染的重要宿主,也是人隐孢子虫病的重要传染来源。本文阐述了奶牛源微小隐孢子虫分子流行病学研究进展,分析中国奶牛源微小隐孢子虫Ⅱd亚型的分布特征和多样性分布规律,探讨Ⅱd亚型变异发展趋势,这对微小隐孢子虫病的防控具有重要意义。

关键词: 微小隐孢子虫, 奶牛, 流行病学, 中国

Abstract:

Globally, most strains of Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes cause zoonotic infections. Dairy cattle are the important host for the natural infection of C. parvum and the important source of infection for human cryptosporidiosis. In this paper, the molecular epidemiology of C. parvum from dairy cattle was reviewed. The Ⅱd subtype distribution of C. parvum in dairy cattle in China was analyzed. The diversity distribution of Ⅱd subtype was summarized and the development trend of Ⅱd subtype was predicted. This review is of great significance for the prevention and control of C. parvum.

Key words: Cryptosporidium parvum, Dairy cattle, Epidemiology, China

中图分类号:

R531.5

陈远才, 黄建营, 李俊强, 张龙现. 中国奶牛源微小隐孢子虫分子流行病学及其亚型分布[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2022, 40(3): 278-284.

CHEN Yuan-cai, HUANG Jian-ying, LI Jun-qiang, ZHANG Long-xian. Molecular epidemiology and subtype distribution of Cryptosporidium parvum from dairy cattle in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, 2022, 40(3): 278-284.

图/表 4

表1

表2

表3

图1

参考文献 116

[1]	Feng YY,, Ryan UM,, Xiao LH. Genetic diversity and population structure of Cryptosporidium[J]. Trends Parasitol, 2018, 34(11): 997-1011. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.009
[2]	Ryan UM,, Feng Y,, Fayer R, et al. Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia--a 50 year perspective (1971—2021)[J]. Int J Parasitol, 2021, 51(13/14): 1099-1119.
[3]	Xu N,, Yin JH,, Shen YJ, et al. Advances in molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2018, 36(6): 661-665, 672. (in Chinese)
	( 徐宁,, 尹建海,, 沈玉娟, 等. 隐孢子虫和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫分子流行病学研究进展[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2018, 36(6): 661-665, 672.)
[4]	Kotloff KL,, Nataro JP,, Blackwelder WC, et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study[J]. Lancet, 2013, 382(9888): 209-222. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2 pmid: 23680352
[5]	Ryan U,, Fayer R,, Xiao LH. Cryptosporidium species in humans and animals: current understanding and research needs[J]. Parasitology, 2014, 141(13): 1667-1685. doi: 10.1017/S0031182014001085 pmid: 25111501
[6]	O’Handley RM. Cryptosporidium parvum infection in cattle: are current perceptions accurate?[J]. Trends Parasitol, 2007, 23(10): 477-480. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.08.005
[7]	Fayer R,, Santin M,, Trout JM. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in mature dairy cattle on farms in eastern United States compared with younger cattle from the same locations[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2007, 145(3/4): 260-266. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.009
[8]	Gatei W,, Hart CA,, Gilman RH, et al. Development of a multilocus sequence typing tool for Cryptosporidium hominis[J]. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 2006, 53(Suppl 1): S43-S48.
[9]	Leoni F,, Mallon ME,, Smith HV, et al. Multilocus analysis of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from sporadic and outbreak-related human cases and C. parvum isolates from sporadic livestock cases in the United Kingdom[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2007, 45(10): 3286-3294. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02536-06
[10]	Gatei W,, Das P,, Dutta P, et al. Multilocus sequence typing and genetic structure of Cryptosporidium hominis from children in Kolkata, India[J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2007, 7(2): 197-205. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2006.08.006
[11]	Stensvold CR,, Elwin K,, Winiecka-Krusnell J, et al. Development and application of a gp60-based typing assay for Cryptosporidium viatorum[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2015, 53(6): 1891-1897. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00313-15 pmid: 25832304
[12]	Xiao LH. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis: an update[J]. Exp Parasitol, 2010, 124(1): 80-89. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.03.018
[13]	Sulaiman IM,, Hira PR,, Zhou L, et al. Unique endemicity of cryptosporidiosis in children in Kuwait[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2005, 43(6): 2805-2809. doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.6.2805-2809.2005 pmid: 15956401
[14]	Amer S,, Honma H,, Ikarashi M, et al. The first detection of Cryptosporidium deer-like genotype in cattle in Japan[J]. Parasitol Res, 2008, 104(4): 745-752. doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1250-7
[15]	Karanis P,, Eiji T,, Palomino L, et al. First description of Cryptosporidium bovis in Japan and diagnosis and genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in diarrheic pre-weaned calves in Hokkaido[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2010, 169(3/4): 387-390. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.014
[16]	Nasir A,, Avais M,, Khan MS, et al. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Lahore (Pakistan) and its association with diarrhea in dairy calves[J]. Int J Agric Biol, 2009, 11(2): 221-224.
[17]	Inpankaew T,, Jittapalapong S,, Phasuk J, et al. Seroprevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection of dairy cows in three northern provinces of Thailand determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant antigen CpP23[J]. Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 2009, 76(2): 161-165.
[18]	Inpankaew T,, Jiyipong T,, Pinyopanuwat N, et al. Prevalence and genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp from dairy cow fecal samples in western Thailand[J]. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2010, 41(4): 770-775.
[19]	Inpankaew T,, Jiyipong T,, Sunanta C, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of bovine Cryptosporidium from dairy cows in Northern Thailand[J]. Acta Parasitol, 2017, 62(4): 772-774. doi: 10.1515/ap-2017-0092 pmid: 29035847
[20]	Keshavarz A,, Haghighi A,, Athari A, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of bovine Cryptosporidium in Qazvin Province, Iran[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2009, 160(3/4): 316-318. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.11.008
[21]	Khan SM,, Debnath C,, Pramanik AK, et al. Molecular characterization and assessment of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium from dairy cattle in West Bengal, India[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2010, 171(1/2): 41-47. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.008
[22]	Maurya PS,, Garg R,, Banerjee PS, et al. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium species reveals prevalence of zoonotic C. parvum subtype in bovine calves of north India[J]. Indian J Anim Sci, 2013, 83(10): 1018-1023.
[23]	Joute JR,, Gill JPS,, Singh BB. Prevalence and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum in dairy calves in Punjab (India)[J]. J Parasit Dis, 2016, 40(3): 745-749. doi: 10.1007/s12639-014-0571-y
[24]	Brar APS,, Sood NK,, Kaur P, et al. Periurban outbreaks of bovine calf scours in Northern India caused by Cryptosporidium in association with other enteropathogens[J]. Epidemiol Infect, 2017, 145(13): 2717-2726. doi: 10.1017/S0950268817001224 pmid: 28784188
[25]	Icen H,, Arserim NB,, Isik N, et al. Prevalence of four enteropathogens with immunochromatographic rapid test in the feces of diarrheic calves in east and southeast of Turkey[J]. Pak Vet J, 2013, 33(4): 496-499.
[26]	Lee SH,, VanBik D,, Kim HY, et al. Multilocus typing of Cryptosporidium spp. in young calves with diarrhea in Korea[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2016, 229: 81-89. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.09.019
[27]	Björkman C,, Svensson C,, Christensson B, et al. Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in calf diarrhoea in Sweden[J]. Acta Vet Scand, 2003, 44(3/4): 145-152. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-44-145
[28]	Silverlås C,, Näslund K,, Björkman C, et al. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium isolates from Swedish dairy cattle in relation to age, diarrhoea and region[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2010, 169(3/4): 289-295. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.003
[29]	Kvác M,, Kouba M,, Vítovec J. Age-related and housing-dependence of Cryptosporidium infection of calves from dairy and beef herds in South Bohemia, Czech Republic[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2006, 137(3/4): 202-209. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.027
[30]	Ondrácková Z,, Kvác M,, Sak B, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle in South Bohemia, the Czech Republic[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2009, 165(1/2): 141-144. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.06.035
[31]	Castro-Hermida JA,, Carro-Corral C,, González-Warleta M, et al. Prevalence and intensity of infection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Galicia (NW Spain)[J]. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health, 2006, 53(5): 244-246. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00946.x
[32]	Quilez J,, Torres E,, Chalmers RM, et al. Cryptosporidium species and subtype analysis from dairy calves in Spain[J]. Parasitology, 2008, 135(14): 1613-1620. doi: 10.1017/S0031182008005088 pmid: 18980704
[33]	Thompson HP,, Dooley JSG,, Kenny J, et al. Genotypes and subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in neonatal calves in northern Ireland[J]. Parasitol Res, 2007, 100(3): 619-624. pmid: 17031699
[34]	Brook EJ,, Anthony Hart C,, French NP, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium subtypes in cattle in England[J]. Vet J, 2009, 179(3): 378-382. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.10.023
[35]	Smith RP,, Chalmers RM,, Mueller-Doblies D, et al. Investigation of farms linked to human patients with cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales[J]. Prev Vet Med, 2010, 94(1/2): 9-17. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.12.005
[36]	Plutzer J,, Karanis P. Genotype and subtype analyses of Cryptosporidium isolates from cattle in Hungary[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2007, 146(3/4): 357-362. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.02.030
[37]	Misic Z,, Abe N. Subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from calves on farms around Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro, using the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene sequences[J]. Parasitology, 2007, 134(Pt 3): 351-358. pmid: 17076920
[38]	Geurden T,, Berkvens D,, Martens C, et al. Molecular epidemiology with subtype analysis of Cryptosporidium in calves in Belgium[J]. Parasitology, 2007, 134(Pt 14): 1981-1987. doi: 10.1017/S0031182007003460
[39]	Langkjaer RB,, Vigre H,, Enemark HL, et al. Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from pigs and cattle in Denmark[J]. Parasitology, 2007, 134(Pt 3): 339-350. pmid: 17076923
[40]	Martins S,, Sousa S, et al. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in northwest Portugal dairy calves and efficacy of halofuginone lactate on the prevention of cryptosporidiosis[J]. Cattle Pract, 2007, 15(2): 152-156.
[41]	Imre K,, Sala C,, Morar A, et al. First evidence of Cryptosporidium bovis in Romanian dairy calves[J]. J Biotechnol, 2012, 161: 34-34.
[42]	Delafosse A,, Chartier C,, Dupuy MC, et al. Cryptosporidium parvum infection and associated risk factors in dairy calves in western France[J]. Prev Vet Med, 2015, 118(4): 406-412. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.01.005 pmid: 25623968
[43]	Geurden T,, Goma FY,, Siwila J, et al. Prevalence and genotyping of Cryptosporidium in three cattle husbandry systems in Zambia[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2006, 138(3/4): 217-222. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.02.009
[44]	Soltane R,, Guyot K,, Dei-Cas E, et al. Cryptosporidium parvum (Eucoccidiorida ∶ Cryptosporiidae) in calves: results of a longitudinal study in a dairy farm in Sfax,Tunisia[J]. Parasite, 2007, 14(4): 309-312. pmid: 18225419
[45]	Amer S,, Honma H,, Ikarashi M, et al. Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes in dairy calves in Egypt[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2010, 169(3/4): 382-386. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.017
[46]	Naguib D,, El-Gohary AH,, Mohamed AA, et al. Age patterns of Cryptosporidium species and Giardia duodenalis in dairy calves in Egypt[J]. Parasitol Int, 2018, 67(6): 736-741. doi: S1383-5769(18)30212-5 pmid: 30055334
[47]	Kang'ethe EK,, Mulinge EK,, Skilton RA, et al. Cryptosporidium species detected in calves and cattle in Dagoretti,Nairobi, Kenya[J]. Trop Anim Health Prod, 2012, 44(Suppl 1): S25-S31.
[48]	Taha S,, Elmalik K,, Bangoura B, et al. Molecular characterization of bovine Cryptosporidium isolated from diarrheic calves in the Sudan[J]. Parasitol Res, 2017, 116(11): 2971-2979. doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5606-8
[49]	Baroudi D,, Khelef D,, Hakem A, et al. Molecular characterization of zoonotic pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in calves in Algeria[J]. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports, 2017, 8: 66-69. doi: S2405-9390(16)30097-1 pmid: 31014640
[50]	Benhouda D,, Hakem A,, Sannella AR, et al. First molecular investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. in young calves in Algeria[J]. Parasite, 2017, 24: 15. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2017014 pmid: 28497744
[51]	Ouakli N,, Belkhiri A,, de Lucio A, et al. Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhoea in neonatal calves in Algeria[J]. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports, 2018, 12: 78-84. doi: S2405-9390(17)30241-1 pmid: 31014813
[52]	Manyazewal A,, Francesca S,, Pal M, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in Addis Ababa and its environs, Ethiopia[J]. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports, 2018, 13: 79-84. doi: S2405-9390(16)30165-4 pmid: 30101204
[53]	Olson ME,, Guselle NJ,, O’Handley RM, et al. Giardia and Cryptosporidium in dairy calves in British Columbia[J]. Can Vet J, 1997, 38(11):703-706. pmid: 9360789
[54]	Trotz-Williams LA,, Jarvie BD,, Martin SW, et al. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in southwestern Ontario and its association with diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves[J]. Can Vet J, 2005, 46(4): 349-351. pmid: 15943123
[55]	Coklin T,, Farber J,, Parrington L, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2007, 150(4): 297-305. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.09.014
[56]	Trotz-Williams LA,, Martin SW,, Leslie KE, et al. Association between management practices and within-herd prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum shedding on dairy farms in southern Ontario[J]. Prev Vet Med, 2008, 83(1): 11-23. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.03.001 pmid: 17481752
[57]	Coklin T,, Uehlinger FD,, Farber JM, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy calves from 11 farms in Prince Edward Island, Canada[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2009, 160(3-4): 323-326. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.096
[58]	Dixon B,, Parrington L,, Cook A, et al. The potential for zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. from beef and dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2011, 175(1-2): 20-26. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.032
	Dixon B,, Parrington L,, Cook A, et al. The potential for zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. from beef and dairy cattle in Ontario, Canada[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2011, 175(1/2): 20-26. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.032
[59]	Maldonado-Camargo S,, Atwill ER,, Saltijeral-Oaxaca JA, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum in Holstein Freisian dairy calves in central México[J]. Prev Vet Med, 1998, 36(2): 95-107. pmid: 9762732
[60]	Santín M,, Trout JM,, Xiao LH, et al. Prevalence and age-related variation of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in dairy calves[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2004, 122(2): 103-117. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.03.020
[61]	Nydam DV,, Lindergard G,, Santucci F, et al. Risk of infection with Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis in dairy cattle in the New York City watershed[J]. Am J Vet Res, 2005, 66(3): 413-417. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.413
[62]	Fayer R,, Santín M,, Trout JM, et al. Prevalence of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium found in 1-2-year-old dairy cattle in the eastern United States[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2006, 135(2): 105-112. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.08.003
[63]	Fayer R,, Santin M,, Trout JM. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in mature dairy cattle on farms in eastern United States compared with younger cattle from the same locations[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2007, 145(3/4): 260-266. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.009
[64]	Santín M,, Trout JM,, Fayer R. A longitudinal study of cryptosporidiosis in dairy cattle from birth to 2 years of age[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2008, 155(1/2): 15-23. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.04.018
[65]	Almeida AJ,, Oliveira FCR,, Flores VMQ, et al. Risk factors associated with the occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves[J]. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec, 2010, 62(6): 1325-1330. doi: 10.1590/S0102-09352010000600005
[66]	Meireles MV,, Oliveira FP,, Teixeira WFP, et al. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy calves from the state of São Paulo, Brazil[J]. Parasitol Res, 2011, 109(3): 949-951. doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2336-1 pmid: 21472404
[67]	Homem CG,, Nakamura AA,, Silva DC, et al. Real-time PCR assay targeting the actin gene for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in calf fecal samples[J]. Parasitol Res, 2012, 110(5): 1741-1745. doi: 10.1007/s00436-011-2694-8
[68]	Silva FMPE,, Lopes RS,, Araújo-Junior JP. Identification of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in dairy cattle in Brazil[J]. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet, 2013, 22(1): 22-28. doi: 10.1590/S1984-29612013005000010
[69]	do Couto MC,, Lima M,, do Bomfim TC. New Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes of Ⅱa subfamily in dairy calves from Brazil[J]. Acta Trop, 2014, 130: 117-122. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.11.002
[70]	Toledo RD,, Martins FDC,, Ferreira FP, et al. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in feces and water and the associated exposure factors on dairy farms[J]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(4): e0175311.
[71]	Avendaño C,, Ramo A,, Vergara-Castiblanco C, et al. Genetic uniqueness of Cryptosporidium parvum from dairy calves in Colombia[J]. Parasitol Res, 2018, 117(5): 1317-1323. doi: 10.1007/s00436-018-5818-6
[72]	Learmonth JJ,, Ionas G,, Pita AB, et al. Identification and genetic characterisation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium strains in humans and dairy cattle in the Waikato Region of New Zealand[J]. Water Sci Technol, 2003, 47(3): 21-26.
[73]	Grinberg A,, Pomroy WE,, Weston JF, et al. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum, Campylobacter and Salmonella in newborn dairy calves in the Manawatu region of New Zealand[J]. N Z Vet J, 2005, 53(5): 315-320. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2005.36566
[74]	Abeywardena H,, Jex AR,, Nolan MJ, et al. Genetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from dairy calves: discovery of species/genotypes consistent with those found in humans[J]. Infect Genet Evol, 2012, 12(8): 1984-1993. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.004 pmid: 22981927
[75]	Al Mawly J,, Grinberg A,, Prattley D, et al. Risk factors for neonatal calf diarrhoea and enteropathogen shedding in New Zealand dairy farms[J]. Vet J, 2015, 203(2): 155-160. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.010 pmid: 25653209
[76]	Nolan MJ,, Jex AR,, Mansell PD, et al. Genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum from calves by mutation scanning and targeted sequencing: zoonotic implications[J]. Electrophoresis, 2009, 30(15): 2640-2647. doi: 10.1002/elps.200900071
[77]	Waldron LS,, Dimeski B,, Beggs PJ, et al. Molecular epidemiology, spatiotemporal analysis, and ecology of sporadic human cryptosporidiosis in Australia[J]. Appl Environ Microb, 2011, 77(21): 7757-7765. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00615-11 pmid: 21908628
[78]	Abeywardena H,, Jex AR,, Firestone SM, et al. Assessing calves as carriers of Cryptosporidium and Giardia with zoonotic potential on dairy and beef farms within a water catchment area by mutation scanning[J]. Electrophoresis, 2013, 34(15): 2259-2267. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300146 pmid: 23712797
[79]	Jia D,, Dan JM,, Sun Y, et al. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium infection in pre-weaned dairy calves in Sichuan Province[J]. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis, 2019, 37(4): 422-427. (in Chinese)
	( 贾丁,, 但佳明,, 孙燕, 等. 四川省奶牛犊牛隐孢子虫流行情况及其分子特性分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2019, 37(4): 422-427.)
[80]	Cui ZH,, Wang RJ,, Huang JY, et al. Cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium parvum subtype ⅡdA15G1 at a dairy farm in Northwestern China[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2014, 7: 529. doi: 10.1186/s13071-014-0529-z
[81]	Zhang ZJ,, Su DL,, Meng XN, et al. Cryptosporidiosis outbreak caused by Cryptosporidium parvum subtype ⅡdA20G1 in neonatal calves[J]. Transbound Emerg Dis, 2022, 69(2): 278-285. doi: 10.1111/tbed.13976
[82]	Li N,, Wang R,, Cai M, et al. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to Cryptosporidium parvum subtype ⅡdA19G1 in neonatal calves on a dairy farm in China[J]. Int J Parasitol, 2019, 49(7): 569-577. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.02.006
[83]	Guo YQ,, Ryan U,, Feng YY, et al. Emergence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum in China[J]. Trends Parasitol, 2022, 38(4): 335-343. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.12.002
[84]	Zahedi A,, Monis P,, Gofton AW, et al. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in animals inhabiting drinking water catchments in three states across Australia[J]. Water Res, 2018, 134(33): 327-340. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.02.005
[85]	Ng-Hublin J,, Combs B,, Reid S, et al. Comparison of three cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Western Australia: 2003, 2007 and 2011[J]. Epidemiol Infect, 2018, 146(11): 1413-1424. doi: 10.1017/S0950268818001607 pmid: 29974834
[86]	Ibrahim MA,, Abdel-Ghany AE,, Abdel-Latef GK, et al. Epidemiology and public health significance of Cryptosporidium isolated from cattle, buffaloes, and humans in Egypt[J]. Parasitol Res, 2016, 115(6): 2439-2448. doi: 10.1007/s00436-016-4996-3 pmid: 27044415
[87]	Feng YY,, Xiao LH. Molecular epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in China[J]. Front Microbiol, 2017, 8: 1701. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01701
[88]	Liu AQ,, Gong BY,, Liu XH, et al. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of human Cryptosporidium infection in China during the past three decades (1987—2018)[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2020, 14(3): e0008146.
[89]	Wang YF,, Li N,, Guo YQ, et al. Persistent occurrence of Cryptosporidium hominis and Giardia duodenalis subtypes in a welfare institute[J]. Front Microbiol, 2018, 9: 2830. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02830
[90]	Yu FC,, Li DF,, Chang YK, et al. Molecular characterization of three intestinal protozoans in hospitalized children with different disease backgrounds in Zhengzhou, central China[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2019, 12(1): 543. doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3800-5
[91]	Wang L,, Zhang HW,, Zhao XD, et al. Zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2013, 51(2): 557-563. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02758-12 pmid: 23224097
[92]	Li F,, Wang H,, Zhang Z, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Beijing, China[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2016, 219: 61-65. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.023
[93]	Wang YL,, Cao JK,, Chang YK, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Gansu, northwest China[J]. Parasite, 2020, 27: 62. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2020058
[94]	Zhang XX,, Tan QD,, Zhou DH, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle, northwest China[J]. Parasitol Res, 2015, 114(7): 2781-2787. doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4537-5
[95]	Zhang ZJ,, Hu SH,, Zhao WT, et al. Population structure and geographical segregation of Cryptosporidium parvum Ⅱd subtypes in cattle in China[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2020, 13(1): 425. doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04303-y
[96]	Feng YY,, Gong XQ,, Zhu KX, et al. Prevalence and genotypic identification of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pre-weaned dairy calves in Guangdong, China[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2019, 12(1): 41. doi: 10.1186/s13071-019-3310-5
[97]	Hu SH,, Liu ZZ,, Yan FB, et al. Zoonotic and host-adapted genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in dairy cattle in Hebei and Tianjin, China[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2017, 248: 68-73. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.10.024
[98]	Wang RJ,, Wang HL,, Sun YR, et al. Characteristics of Cryptosporidium transmission in preweaned dairy cattle in Henan, China[J]. J Clin Microbiol, 2011, 49(3): 1077-1082. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02194-10
[99]	Zhao ZF,, Dong HJ,, Wang RJ, et al. Genotyping and subtyping Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia duodenalis carried by flies on dairy farms in Henan, China[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2014, 7: 190. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-190
[100]	Qi M,, Huang JY,, Wang CR, et al. Identification of Cryptosporidium species in dairy cattle and oocyst collection by animal experiment[J]. Chin J Vet Sci, 2016, 36(1): 85-89. (in Chinese)
	( 齐萌,, 黄建营,, 王臣荣, 等. 奶牛源微小隐孢子虫的分子鉴定及动物感染试验[J]. 中国兽医学报, 2016, 36(1): 85-89.)
[101]	Zhao JF,, Qi M,, Wang HY, et al. Species and genotype identification of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle in Kaifeng, China[J]. Chin J Zoonoses, 2015, 31(8): 733-736. (in Chinese)
	( 赵金凤,, 齐萌,, 王海燕, 等. 开封地区奶牛隐孢子虫种类及基因型鉴定[J]. 中国人兽共患病学报, 2015, 31(8): 733-736.)
[102]	Wang YC,, Zhang BH,, Li JP, et al. Development of a quantitative real-time PCR assay for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. infection and threatening caused by Cryptosporidium parvum subtype ⅡdA19G1 in diarrhea calves from northeastern China[J]. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2021, 21(3): 179-190. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2674
[103]	Zhang WZ,, Wang RJ,, Yang FK, et al. Distribution and genetic characterizations of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned dairy calves in Northeastern China’s Heilongjiang Province[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(1): e54857. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054857
[104]	Tao W,, Li YJ,, Yang H, et al. Widespread occurrence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in dairy cattle from northeast China: public health concerns[J]. J Parasitol, 2018, 104(1): 10-17. doi: 10.1645/17-140
[105]	Huang JY,, Yue DY,, Qi M, et al. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Ningxia, northwestern China[J]. BMC Vet Res, 2014, 10(1): 292. doi: 10.1186/s12917-014-0292-6
[106]	Cai M,, Guo YQ,, Pan BL, et al. Longitudinal monitoring of Cryptosporidium species in pre-weaned dairy calves on five farms in Shanghai, China[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2017, 241: 14-19. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.005
[107]	Qi M,, Wang HY,, Jing B, et al. Occurrence and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy calves in Xinjiang, Northwestern China[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2015, 212(3/4): 404-407. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.002
[108]	Wu YY,, Zhang KK,, Zhang Y, et al. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium parvum in neonatal dairy calves in Xinjiang, China[J]. Pathogens, 2020, 9(9): 692. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9090692
[109]	Qi M,, Zhang KK,, Huang MG, et al. Longitudinal detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in 1-10-week-old dairy calves on a farm in Xinjiang, China[J]. Parasitol Res, 2020, 119(11): 3839-3844. doi: 10.1007/s00436-020-06904-z
[110]	Zhang KK,, Wu YY,, Jing B, et al. Seasonal monitoring of Cryptosporidium species and their genetic diversity in neonatal calves on two large-scale farms in Xinjiang, China[J]. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 2022, 69(2): e12878.
[111]	Wang RJ,, Zhao GH,, Gong YY, et al. Advances and perspectives on the epidemiology of bovine Cryptosporidium in China in the past 30 years[J]. Front Microbiol, 2017, 8: 1823. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01823
[112]	Qi M,, Cai JZ,, Wang RJ, et al. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis from yaks in the central western region of China[J]. BMC Microbiol, 2015, 15: 108. doi: 10.1186/s12866-015-0446-0
[113]	Wang RJ,, Zhang LX,, Axén C, et al. Cryptosporidium parvum Ⅱd family: clonal population and dispersal from Western Asia to other geographical regions[J]. Sci Rep, 2014, 4: 4208. doi: 10.1038/srep04208
[114]	Björkman C,, Lindström L,, Oweson C, et al. Cryptosporidium infections in suckler herd beef calves[J]. Parasitology, 2015, 142(8): 1108-1114. doi: 10.1017/S0031182015000426 pmid: 25899555
[115]	Vieira PM,, Mederle N,, Lobo ML, et al. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium (Apicomplexa) in children and cattle in Romania[J]. Folia Parasitol (Praha), 2015, 62: 2015. 002.
[116]	Mammeri M,, Chevillot A,, Chenafi I, et al. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates from diarrheal dairy calves in France[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2019. 18: 100323.

位点（缩写）	片段大小/bp	多态特性
微卫星
GP60	800~850	TCA, TCG, TCT
CP47	380~500	TAA, TGA/TAG
Chom3T	480~680	单核苷酸多态性
MSC6-5	389~443	TCT/TCC
ML2	约340	GA
小卫星
HSP70	1 030~1 100	12 bp, 单核苷酸多态性
MSC6-7	545~564	15 bp
Mucin1	650~900	63 bp
DZ-HRGP	590~640	30 bp
RPGR	400~460	18 bp
单核苷酸多态性
ZPT	约630	单核苷酸多态性
CP56	660~750	单核苷酸多态性

国家	样品数量/头	阳性数量/头	感染率/%	参考文献
亚洲
日本	130	35	26.92	[14-15]
巴基斯坦	250	68	27.20	[16]
泰国	1 342	81	6.04	[17⇓-19]
伊朗	272	37	13.60	[20]
印度	724	135	18.64	[21⇓⇓-24]
土耳其	192	42	21.88	[25]
韩国	21	2	9.52	[26]
欧洲
瑞典	494	37	7.49	[27-28]
捷克共和国	5 268	559	10.61	[29-30]
西班牙	1 021	251	24.58	[31-32]
英国	1 110	296	26.67	[33⇓-35]
匈牙利	79	21	26.58	[36]
塞尔维亚	103	62	60.19	[37]
比利时	499	67	13.43	[38]
丹麦	366	80	21.86	[39]
葡萄牙	183	137	74.86	[40]
罗马尼亚	84	10	11.90	[41]
法国	968	402	41.53	[42]
非洲
赞比亚	250	22	8.80	[43]
突尼斯	30	7	23.33	[44]
埃及	344	40	11.63	[45-46]
科尼亚	1 734	17	0.98	[47]
苏丹	149	39	26.17	[48]
阿尔及利亚	694	34	4.90	[49⇓-51]
埃塞俄比亚	392	19	4.85	[52]
北美洲
加拿大	2 439	630	25.83	[53⇓⇓⇓⇓-58]
墨西哥	512	128	25.00	[59]
美国	3 510	469	17.01	[60⇓⇓⇓-64]
南美洲
巴西	1 785	215	12.04	[65⇓⇓⇓⇓-70]
哥伦比亚	432	71	16.44	[71]
大洋洲
新西兰	2 220	222	10.00	[72⇓⇓-75]
澳大利亚	686	193	28.13	[76⇓-78]

省（直辖市、自治区）	亚型（/个）	参考文献
北京	ⅡdA15G1(4),ⅡdA17G1(1), ⅡdA19G1(1)	[92]
甘肃	ⅡdA15G1(2),ⅡdA19G1(4)	[93-94]
广东	ⅡdA19G1(15)	[95-96]
河北	ⅡdA19G1(5),ⅡdA20G1(53)	[81,95,97]
河南	ⅡdA19G1(130)^a	[98⇓⇓-101]
黑龙江	ⅡdA15G1(24),ⅡdA19G1(21), ⅡdA20G1(53)	[95,102⇓ -104]
吉林	ⅡdA19G1(1)	[102]
江苏	ⅡdA19G1(79)	[82]
辽宁	ⅡdA19G1(40)	[102]
宁夏	ⅡdA15G1(147)^a,ⅡdA20G1(1)^a	[80,94,105]
山东	ⅡdA15G1(1)^a,ⅡdA19G1(5)^a, ⅡdA21G1(4)^a
上海	ⅡdA19G1(67)	[106]
四川	ⅡdA15G1(7)	[79]
天津	ⅡdA19G1(5)	[97]
新疆	ⅡdA14G1(113),ⅡdA15G1(177),ⅡdA19G1(13),ⅡdA20G1(21)	[95,107⇓⇓ -110]
合计	ⅡdA14G1(113),ⅡdA15G1(362),ⅡdA17G1(1),ⅡdA19G1(386), ⅡdA20G1(128),ⅡdA21G1(4)