四川省石渠县啮齿类动物体表寄生虫物种构成、宿主特异性及遗传多样性

doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2026.01.014

中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (1): 94-101.doi: 10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2026.01.014

四川省石渠县啮齿类动物体表寄生虫物种构成、宿主特异性及遗传多样性

杨扬¹^,²^,³()(), 王旭³, 李梦晴³, 薛垂召³, 左清秋³, 尹建海³, 曹建平¹^,²^,³^,^*()()

¹ 上海交通大学医学院-国家热带病研究中心全球健康学院，上海 200025
² 上海交通大学公共卫生学院，上海 200025
³ 中国疾病预防控制中心寄生虫病预防控制所（国家热带病研究中心），传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室，国家卫生健康委员会寄生虫病原与媒介生物学重点实验室，世界卫生组织热带病合作中心，科技部国家级热带病国际联合研究中心，上海 200025

收稿日期:2026-01-12 修回日期:2026-02-12 出版日期:2026-02-28 发布日期:2026-02-28
通讯作者: * 曹建平（ORCID：0000-0002-1974-0047），男，博士，研究员，从事寄生虫感染免疫和热带病防治研究。E-mail：caojp@chinacdc.cn
作者简介:杨扬（ORCID：0009-0000-5376-1725），女，硕士研究生，从事啮齿类动物体表寄生虫流行病学研究。E-mail：yy3190834533@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(82404325)

Species composition, host specificity and genetic diversity of ectoparasites on rodents in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province

YANG Yang¹^,²^,³()(), WANG Xu³, LI Mengqing³, XUE Chuizhao³, ZUO Qingqiu³, YIN Jianhai³, CAO Jianping¹^,²^,³^,^*()()

¹ School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
² School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
³ National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research; National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases; NHC Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China

Received:2026-01-12 Revised:2026-02-12 Online:2026-02-28 Published:2026-02-28
Contact: *E-mail: caojp@chinacdc.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82404325)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的分析四川省石渠县高山草甸生境中啮齿类动物体表寄生虫的物种组成、宿主关联及遗传结构，为区域人兽共患病风险评估提供基础数据。方法 2023年10月和2024年8月，在四川省石渠县设置随机样方捕捉小型啮齿类动物，进行形态学鉴定。采用梳毛法收集啮齿类动物宿主体表的寄生虫并提取DNA，PCR扩增蚤类18S rRNA、螨类细胞色素c氧化酶亚基1（cox1）、蜱类16S rDNA基因片段，鉴定体表寄生虫虫种。获得的序列进行同源性比对分析，用DnaSP v6.12.03软件分析单倍型，通过MEGA 7.0软件采用最大似然法构建系统进化树分析遗传进化特征，用Python v3.13.2软件绘制桑基图构建啮齿类动物宿主-寄生虫定量关联网络。结果共捕获小型啮齿类动物7种472只，优势种为青海松田鼠（52.12%，246/472）和高原鼠兔（35.81%，169/472）。采集体表寄生虫32种147只，包括蚤13种94只、螨13种42只、蜱6种11只。蚤种中谢氏山蚤和Foxella ignota数量最多（均占24.47%，23/94），螨种中澳亚异肢螨数量最多（40.48%，17/42），蜱种中森林革蜱和安氏革蜱数量最多（均占3/11）。蚤、螨、蜱分别检出30、28、10个单倍型，单倍型多样性指数分别为0.863 5、0.981 8和1.000 0，均存在显著的遗传分化特征。系统进化分析结果显示不同的种属分支清晰。高原鼠兔与青海松田鼠体表分别发现23和16种寄生虫，构成核心宿主节点。87.5%（28/32）的寄生虫表现出宿主特异性，其中65.6%（21/32）的虫种寄生于单一宿主。结论四川省石渠县啮齿类动物体表寄生虫种类丰富，蚤、蜱和螨为主要寄生虫类群，高原鼠兔和青海松田鼠为关键宿主。多数虫种宿主特异性高，整体单倍型种类丰富，具有较高的基因多样性，且系统进化树呈现明显的聚类。

关键词: 啮齿类动物, 体表寄生虫, 种类构成, 遗传进化, 石渠

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the species composition, host associations, and genetic structure of ectoparasites on rodents from alpine meadow habitats in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province, so as provide baseline data for risk assessment of regional zoonoses. Methods Small rodents were captured using random quadrats with traps in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province in October 2023 and August 2024, and identified morphologically. Ectoparasites were collected from the host rodents by fur-combing, and DNA was extracted. Flea 18S rRNA, mite cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and tick 16S rDNA gene fragments were amplified using PCR assay for species identification. The obtained sequences were subjected to homology analysis. Haplotypes were analyzed using the software DnaSP 6.12.03, and phylogenetic trees were constructed using the maximum likelihood method in MEGA 7.0 to infer genetic evolutionary characteristics. In addition, a quantitative host-parasite association network was visualized as a Sankey diagram using the software Python 3.13.2. Results A total of 472 small rodents belonging to 7 species were captured, with Neodon fuscus (52.12%, 246/472) and Ochotona curzoniae (35.81%, 169/472) as dominant species. A total of 147 ectoparasites were collected and classified into 32 species, including 13 fleas species (94 individuals), 6 tick species (11 individuals), and 13 mite species (42 individuals), with Oropsylla silantiewi and Foxella ignota as the most abundant flea species (both accounting for 24.47%, 23/94), Poecilochirus austroasiaticus as the most abundant mite species (40.48%, 17/42), and Dermacentor silvarum and D. andersoni as the most abundant tick species (both accounting for 3/11). Fleas, mites and ticks displayed 30, 28, and 10 haplotypes, with haplotype diversity values of 0.863 5, 0.981 8 and 1.000 0, respectively, indicating significant genetic differentiation. Phylogenetic analysis showed clear clustering of distinct taxa. O. curzoniae and N. fuscus harbored 23 and 16 parasite species, respectively, representing core host nodes. 87.5% (28/32) of parasite species exhibited host specificity, with 65.6% (21/32) infesting only single host species. Conclusion Rodents harbor a rich diversity of ectoparasites in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province, with fleas, ticks, and mites as the main parasite groups, and O. curzoniae and N. fuscus as key hosts. The ectoparasite community exhibits a high host specificity, considerable haplotype richness, and pronounced genetic diversity, with phylogenetic analysis revealing distinct clustering patterns.

Key words: Rodent, Ectoparasite, Species composition, Genetic evolution, Shiqu

中图分类号:

R384

杨扬, 王旭, 李梦晴, 薛垂召, 左清秋, 尹建海, 曹建平. 四川省石渠县啮齿类动物体表寄生虫物种构成、宿主特异性及遗传多样性[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2026, 44(1): 94-101.

YANG Yang, WANG Xu, LI Mengqing, XUE Chuizhao, ZUO Qingqiu, YIN Jianhai, CAO Jianping. Species composition, host specificity and genetic diversity of ectoparasites on rodents in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, 2026, 44(1): 94-101.

图/表 7

表1

表2

表3

四川省石渠县啮齿类动物体表寄生虫的构成情况

体表寄生虫类型 Type of ectoparasites	目 Order	科 Family	属 Genus	种 Species	数量 Number	构成比/% Proportion/%
蚤类 Fleas	蚤目 Siphonaptera	角叶蚤科 Ceratophyllidae	倍蚤属 Amphalius	鼠兔倍蚤 A. runatus	18	19.15
蚤类 Fleas		角叶蚤科 Ceratophyllidae		哗倍蚤 A. clarus	1	1.06
			盖蚤属 Callopsylla	斧形盖蚤 C. dolabris	1	1.06
			角叶蚤属 Ceratophyllus	不等单蚤 C. anisus（M. anisus）	1	1.06
			Foxella	F. ignota	23	24.47
			Kohlsia	K. keenani	1	1.06
			巨槽蚤属 Megabothris	具刺巨槽蚤 M. calcarifer	1	1.06
			山蚤属 Oropsylla	谢氏山蚤 O. silantiewi	23	24.47
			Traubella	T. grundmanni	1	1.06
		切唇蚤科 Coptopsyllidae	切唇蚤属 Coptopsylla	叶状切唇蚤 C. lamellifer	1	1.06
		栉眼蚤科 Ctenophthalmidae	纤蚤属 Rhadinopsylla	宽臂纤蚤 R. cedestis	3	3.20
		细蚤科 Leptopsyllidae	寄禽蚤属 Ornithophaga	异样寄禽蚤 O. anomala	9	9.58
			Sigmactenus	S. toxopeusi	11	11.71
螨类 Mites	中气门目 Mesostigmata	皮刺螨科 Dermanyssidae	皮刺螨属 Dermanyssus	D. carpathicus	5	11.91
螨类 Mites		皮刺螨科 Dermanyssidae		D. hirsutus	4	9.52
				D. longipes	1	2.38
				D. natricis	1	2.38
				鸡皮刺螨 D. gallinae	1	2.38
				燕皮刺螨 D. hirundinis	1	2.38
		巨鳌螨科 Macrochelidae	巨鳌螨属 Macrocheles	家蝇巨螯螨 M. muscaedomesticae	1	2.38
		厉螨科 Laelapidae	麝鼠厉螨属 Ondatralaelaps	多刺麝鼠厉螨 O. multispinosus	1	2.38
		寄螨科 Parasitidae	Aclerogamasus	A. similis	3	7.15
			寄螨属 Parasitus	P. fimetorum	2	4.76
				P. wangdunqingi	4	9.52
			异肢螨属 Poecilochirus	澳亚异肢螨 P. austroasiaticus	17	40.48
				P. davydovae	1	2.38
蜱类 Ticks	硬蜱目 Ixodida	硬蜱科 Ixodidae	革蜱属 Dermacentor	安氏革蜱 D. andersoni	3	3/11
	硬蜱目 Ixodida			西藏革蜱 D. everestianus	1	1/11
				银盾革蜱 D. niveus	1	1/11
				草原革蜱 D. nuttalli	1	1/11
				森林革蜱 D. silvarum	3	3/11
			璃蜱属 Hyalomma	杆足璃蜱 H. truncatum	2	2/11

表3

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图2

图3

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体表寄生虫类类型 Type of ectoparasites	基因 Genes	引物序列（5'→3'） Primer sequence (5'→3')	产物大小/bp Production length/bp
蚤类 Fleas	18S rRNA	F：CCTGAGAAACGGCTACCACATC R：GAGTCTCGTTCGTTATCGGA	1 000
螨类 Mites	细胞色素c氧化酶亚基1 cox1	F：GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG R：TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA	710
蜱类 Ticks	16S rDNA	F：CTGCTCAATGATTTTTTAAATTGCTGTGG R：CCGGTCTGAACTCAGATCAAGT	460

目 Order	科 Family	属 Genus	种类 Species	数量 Number	构成比/% Proportion/%
啮齿目 Rodentia	仓鼠科 Cricetidae	松田鼠属 Neodon	高原松田鼠 N. irene	14	2.97
			白尾松田鼠 N. leucurus	34	7.20
			青海松田鼠 N. fuscus	246	52.12
			青海-高原松田鼠杂交 N. fuscus × N. irene	5	1.06
			白尾-青海松田鼠杂交 N. leucurus × N. fuscus	3	0.64
			白尾-高原松田鼠杂交 N. leucurus × N. irene	1	0.21
兔形目 Lagomorpha	鼠兔科 Ochotonidae	鼠兔属 Ochotona	高原鼠兔 O. curzoniae	169	35.80
合计 Total				472	100

四川省石渠县啮齿类动物体表寄生虫物种构成、宿主特异性及遗传多样性

Species composition, host specificity and genetic diversity of ectoparasites on rodents in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province

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