目的 分析四川省石渠县高山草甸生境中啮齿类动物体表寄生虫的物种组成、宿主关联及遗传结构，为区域人兽共患病风险评估提供基础数据。 方法 2023年10月和2024年8月，在四川省石渠县设置随机样方捕捉小型啮齿类动物，进行形态学鉴定。采用梳毛法收集啮齿类动物宿主体表的寄生虫并提取DNA，PCR扩增蚤类18S rRNA、螨类细胞色素c氧化酶亚基1（cox1）、蜱类16S rDNA基因片段，鉴定体表寄生虫虫种。获得的序列进行同源性比对分析，用DnaSP v6.12.03软件分析单倍型，通过MEGA 7.0软件采用最大似然法构建系统进化树分析遗传进化特征，用Python v3.13.2软件绘制桑基图构建啮齿类动物宿主-寄生虫定量关联网络。 结果 共捕获小型啮齿类动物7种472只，优势种为青海松田鼠（52.12%，246/472）和高原鼠兔（35.81%，169/472）。采集体表寄生虫32种147只，包括蚤13种94只、螨13种42只、蜱6种11只。蚤种中谢氏山蚤和Foxella ignota数量最多（均占24.47%，23/94），螨种中澳亚异肢螨数量最多（40.48%，17/42），蜱种中森林革蜱和安氏革蜱数量最多（均占3/11）。蚤、螨、蜱分别检出30、28、10个单倍型，单倍型多样性指数分别为0.863 5、0.981 8和1.000 0，均存在显著的遗传分化特征。系统进化分析结果显示不同的种属分支清晰。高原鼠兔与青海松田鼠体表分别发现23和16种寄生虫，构成核心宿主节点。87.5%（28/32）的寄生虫表现出宿主特异性，其中65.6%（21/32）的虫种寄生于单一宿主。 结论 四川省石渠县啮齿类动物体表寄生虫种类丰富，蚤、蜱和螨为主要寄生虫类群，高原鼠兔和青海松田鼠为关键宿主。多数虫种宿主特异性高，整体单倍型种类丰富，具有较高的基因多样性，且系统进化树呈现明显的聚类。

Objective To investigate the species composition, host associations, and genetic structure of ectoparasites on rodents from alpine meadow habitats in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province, so as provide baseline data for risk assessment of regional zoonoses. Methods Small rodents were captured using random quadrats with traps in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province in October 2023 and August 2024, and identified morphologically. Ectoparasites were collected from the host rodents by fur-combing, and DNA was extracted. Flea 18S rRNA, mite cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and tick 16S rDNA gene fragments were amplified using PCR assay for species identification. The obtained sequences were subjected to homology analysis. Haplotypes were analyzed using the software DnaSP 6.12.03, and phylogenetic trees were constructed using the maximum likelihood method in MEGA 7.0 to infer genetic evolutionary characteristics. In addition, a quantitative host-parasite association network was visualized as a Sankey diagram using the software Python 3.13.2. Results A total of 472 small rodents belonging to 7 species were captured, with Neodon fuscus (52.12%, 246/472) and Ochotona curzoniae (35.81%, 169/472) as dominant species. A total of 147 ectoparasites were collected and classified into 32 species, including 13 fleas species (94 individuals), 6 tick species (11 individuals), and 13 mite species (42 individuals), with Oropsylla silantiewi and Foxella ignota as the most abundant flea species (both accounting for 24.47%, 23/94), Poecilochirus austroasiaticus as the most abundant mite species (40.48%, 17/42), and Dermacentor silvarum and D. andersoni as the most abundant tick species (both accounting for 3/11). Fleas, mites and ticks displayed 30, 28, and 10 haplotypes, with haplotype diversity values of 0.863 5, 0.981 8 and 1.000 0, respectively, indicating significant genetic differentiation. Phylogenetic analysis showed clear clustering of distinct taxa. O. curzoniae and N. fuscus harbored 23 and 16 parasite species, respectively, representing core host nodes. 87.5% (28/32) of parasite species exhibited host specificity, with 65.6% (21/32) infesting only single host species. Conclusion Rodents harbor a rich diversity of ectoparasites in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province, with fleas, ticks, and mites as the main parasite groups, and O. curzoniae and N. fuscus as key hosts. The ectoparasite community exhibits a high host specificity, considerable haplotype richness, and pronounced genetic diversity, with phylogenetic analysis revealing distinct clustering patterns.