目的 了解2023年全国内脏利什曼病疫情状况，为制定防治策略和措施提供科学依据。 方法 收集2023年中国疾病预防控制中心传染病报告信息管理系统报告的全国内脏利什曼病病例信息，剔除疑似病例、重复病例和皮肤利什曼病病例，建立数据库。采用Microsoft Excel 2016软件对内脏利什曼病三间分布进行描述性流行病学分析。 结果 2023年全国15个省（自治区、直辖市）的125个县共报告内脏利什曼病病例299例，发病率为0.02/10万，较2022年上升25.1%；其中犬源型（山丘型）内脏利什曼病病例237例，野生动物源型（荒漠型）内脏利什曼病病例7例，人源型内脏利什曼病病例1例，非流行区输入性病例54例。报告病例主要分布于山西（114例）、河南（54例）和陕西（38例）等3个省，合计占全国报告病例总数的68.9%（206/299）。125个县中，74个县属于流行区，共报告本地感染病例245例；其余51个县属于非流行区，共报告输入性病例54例。74个流行县中，山西省平定县、阳泉市郊区、襄汾县，河北省井陉县，陕西省华州区，河南省林州市和新安县等7个县为内脏利什曼病主要流行县，分别报告病例24、16、10、13、12、12和10例，合计报告病例占全国总病例数的32.4%（97/299）。山西省洪洞、黎城、临县、石楼、五台，河北省曲阳、阜平、涞源、平山、涉县、唐县、易县，河南省嵩县、禹州，甘肃省成县、康县，北京市延庆和陕西省澄城等18个县为内脏利什曼病复燃流行县，共报告本地感染病例23例。内脏利什曼病发病高峰为3月。男女病例比为1:0.4。农民占全部病例数的57.2%（171/299）。病例主要分布于45~74岁年龄段 (占64.5%)。 结论 我国内脏利什曼病呈低度流行态势，但发病率呈快速上升趋势，流行区范围逐渐扩大，农民是我国内脏利什曼病高风险人群，应加强对内脏利什曼病的监测和防控。

Objective To understand the epidemic situation of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in China in 2023 to provide scientific evidence for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods Data on VL cases reported in 2023 was collected from the web-based National Diseases Reporting Information System (NDRIS) operated by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. From the collected information, suspected cases, duplicate cases and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases were excluded to establish a database. Descriptive epidemiological analysis of the three-dimensional distribution of VL was conducted using Microsoft Excel 2016 software. Results A total of 299 VL cases were reported in 125 counties across 15 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in 2023, with an incidence rate of 0.02/100 000, showing a 25.1% increase from the year 2022. Among these, 237 cases were of mountain-type zoonotic VL (MT-VL), 7 cases were of desert-type zoonotic VL (DT-ZVL), 1 case was of anthroponotic VL (AVL), and 54 cases were imported cases from non-endemic regions. The reported cases were mainly distributed in Shanxi (114 cases), Henan (54 cases) and Shaanxi (38 cases) provinces, together accounting for 68.9% (206/299) of the total reported cases in China. Of the 125 counties, 74 were endemic counties, reporting 245 locally acquired cases, while the remaining 51 were non-endemic counties, reporting 54 imported cases. Among the 74 endemic provinces, seven counties including Pingding County, Suburb District of Yangquan, Xiangfen County in Shanxi Province, Jingxing County of Hebei Province, Huazhou District in Shaanxi Province, Linzhou City and Xin’an County of Henan Province were the major endemic counties. These counties reported 24, 16, 10, 13, 12, 12 and 10 VL cases, respectively, accounting for 32.4% (97/299) of the total cases reported nationwide. Eighteen counties, including Hongdong, Licheng, Linxian, Shilou, and Wutai counties in Shanxi Province; Quyang, Fuping, Laiyuan, Pingshan, Shexian, Tangxian, and Yixian counties in Hebei Province; Songxian and Yuzhou in Henan Province; Chengxian and Kangxian counties in Gansu Province; Yanqing District in Beijing; and Chengcheng County in Shaanxi Province, were new reemergence VL endemic counties, reporting 23 locally acquired cases. The peak incidence of VL occurred in March. The ratio of male to female cases was 1:0.4. Farmers accounted for 57.2% (171/299) of the total cases. The age distribution of VL cases was predominantly in the 45-74 years old group (64.5%). Conclusion VL in China exhibits a low prevalence but the incidence showed a rapid increasing trend, and the endemic area was in expanding. Farmers are recognized as the high-risk population for visceral leishmaniasis. It is imperative to strengthen the surveillance and prevention of visceral leishmaniasis.