目的 构建多房棘球绦虫原头节体外向囊泡分化与向体节发育的双向发育模型，解析其转录组特征并筛选关键调控分子。方法 采用体外培养体系诱导原头节分别向囊泡分化及体节发育。分别选择早期分化阶段和结构稳定形成阶段作为代表性时间点，利用扫描电子显微镜观察虫体超微结构变化，并以囊泡分化成熟阶段和类体节形成阶段作为发育节点，提取虫体RNA进行转录组测序，以原头节为对照筛选差异表达基因（DEG），并进行基因本体论（GO）、京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）富集分析及蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（PPI）网络构建。结果 向囊泡分化第9天可见虫体边缘膨大、出现囊泡雏形，第30天原头节顶突退化且表面微绒毛减少，囊泡形成率为（34.2 ± 3.4）%；转录组分析显示，第30天检出3 910个差异基因（60.15%下调，2 352/3 910），显著高于第9天（43.79%下调，621/1 418）（χ² = 112.92，P < 0.01），主要富集于膜受体信号转导与跨膜转运等通路，枢纽基因主要涉及蛋白质合成及线粒体能量代谢相关过程。向体节发育第3天头节外翻、蠕动活跃，第15天可见明显的颈部缢缩与后部类体节膨大，类体节形成率为（33.8 ± 2.9）%；转录组分析显示，第15天检出1 520个差异表达基因（57.82%上调，879/1 520），显著高于第3天（51.97%上调，408/785）（χ² = 7.19，P < 0.01），主要富集于细胞周期及无翅型整合位点（Wnt）信号通路，枢纽基因为细胞周期调控相关分子等。结论 多房棘球绦虫原头节的双向发育由差异化的转录程序调控，其中，囊泡分化以代谢和膜系统调控为特征，体节发育以细胞周期及Wnt信号为主，揭示了原头节双向发育的分子调控规律。本研究为解析棘球绦虫发育调控机制及筛选潜在干预靶点提供了依据。

Objective To develop a bidirectional developmental model for the differentiation of Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces into vesicles and for the development of somite, decipher the transcriptomic characteristics, and screen hub regulatory molecules. Methods E. multilocularis protoscoleces were induced into vesicle differentiation and somite development using an in vitro culture system. The early differentiation stage and the stable structure-formation stage were selected as representative time points, and changes in the parasite ultrastructure were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The mature stage of vesicle differentiation and the stage of pseudosomite formation were used as developmental time points. RNA was extracted from parasites for transcriptome sequencing, and differential expression genes (DEGs) were screened with protoscoleces as controls. In addition, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was created. Results Swelling of the parasite margin and the visible vesicles were observed on day 9 of differentiation into vesicles, and the protoscolex rostellum degenerated with a reduction in microvilli on day 30 of differentiation into vesicles, with a vesicle formation rate of (34.2 ± 3.4)%. Transcriptomic analysis identified 3 910 DEGs on day 30 of differentiation into vesicles (60.15% of downregulated genes), which was significantly more than that (43.79% of downregulated genes, 621/1 418) on day 9 (χ² = 112.92, P < 0.01). These genes were mainly enriched in membrane receptor signaling and transmembrane transport pathways, and the hub genes were primarily involved in protein synthesis and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Evagination and active motility of protoscoleces was observed on day 3 of development into somite, while obvious neck constriction and posterior pseudosomite enlargement were seen on day 15, with a pseudosomite formation rate of (33.8 ± 2.9)%. Transcriptomic analysis identified 1 520 DEGs (57.83% of upregulated genes) on day 15, which was significantly more than that (51.97% of upregulated genes, 408/785) on day 3 (χ² = 7.19, P < 0.01). These genes were mainly enriched in cell cycle and external factor signaling pathways, and the hub genes were predominantly cell cycle regulatory molecules. Conclusion The bidirectional development of E. multilocularis protoscoleces is regulated by distinct transcriptional programs. Vesicle differentiation is characterized by metabolic and membrane system modulation, whereas somite development is dominated by cell cycle and Wnt signaling, deciphering the molecular regulatory patterns underlying bidirectional development of E. multilocularis protoscoleces. These findings provide the evidence for decoding the regulatory mechanisms of Echinococcus development and for screening potential targets.