目的 评价肝脏匀浆涂片镜检（病原学检测）、实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）和环介导等温扩增（LAMP）（核酸检测）等3种方法检测野鼠日本血吸虫感染情况的效果，为野鼠血吸虫感染的监测提供较优的实验室检测方法。方法 从安徽省东至县收集115份野鼠肝脏样品（村A 63份，村B 52份），分别进行肝脏匀浆涂片镜检、qPCR和LAMP方法检测，统计并比较样品的阳性率；以镜检检测结果为标准，对qPCR和LAMP检测结果进行一致性分析，并对病原学检测与核酸检测结果一致性较低的样品随机抽取70%进行DNA测序验证。结果 肝脏匀浆涂片镜检共计发现54份阳性样品，阳性率为46.96%（54/115），其中村A和村B的阳性率分别为46.03%（29/63）和48.08%（25/52）（χ² = 0.001, P > 0.05）。qPCR检测样品的阳性率为69.57%（80/115），高于镜检阳性率（χ² = 11.175，P < 0.01）。村A的阳性率（66.67%，42/63）与村B的阳性率（73.08%，38/52）之间的差异无统计学意义（χ² = 0.340，P > 0.05）。LAMP检测样品的阳性率为56.52%（65/115），与镜检结果差异无统计学意义（χ² = 1.741，P > 0.05）。此外，LAMP检测村A的样品阳性率（71.43%，45/63）高于村B（38.46%，20/52）（χ² = 11.293，P < 0.01）。一致性分析结果显示，qPCR检测结果和镜检结果一致性较好（Kappa值 = 0.524 4），LAMP检测结果和镜检结果一致性较低（Kappa值 = 0.154 5）。从村A的24份镜检阴性但LAMP阳性的样品中随机抽取17份样品进行测序，其中15份与日本血吸虫28S核糖体DNA（GenBank登录号为JF721395.1）序列一致性≥ 98%，鉴定为阳性。结论 3种检测方法检测野鼠日本血吸虫感染敏感性存在差异，qPCR检测的阳性率最高，与镜检一致性较好；LAMP法操作便捷，但与镜检一致性较低。

Objective To evaluate the performance of liver homogenate smear microscopy (parasitological detection), real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) assay and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild rodents, so as to provide an optimal laboratory diagnostic assay for surveillance of S. japonicum infection in wild rodents. Methods A total of 115 wild rodents liver samples (63 samples from Village A and 52 samples from Village B) were collected from Dongzhi County, Anhui Province, and detected by liver homogenate smear microscopy, qPCR assay and LAMP, respectively. The positive rates of the samples were calculated and compared. The consistency between qPCR and LAMP for detection of the liver samples was evaluated with microscopy as a standard, and 70% of liver samples with a low consistency between the parasitological assay and nucleic acid tests were randomly selected for validation with DNA sequencing. Results Liver homogenate smear microscopy detected 54 positive liver samples, with a positive rate of 46.96% (54/115), and the positive rate of liver samples was 46.03% (29/63) in Village A and 48.08% (25/52) in Village B (χ² = 0.001, P > 0.05). qPCR assay tested a 69.57% (80/115) positive rate of liver samples, which was higher than liver homogenate smear microscopy (χ² = 11.175, P < 0.01), and there positive rate was 66.67% (42/63) in Village A and 73.08% (38/52) in Village B (χ² = 0.340, P > 0.05). LAMP tested a 56.52% (65/115) positive rate of liver samples, which was comparable to liver homogenate smear microscopy (χ² = 1.741, P > 0.05), and the positive rate was higher in Village A(71.43%, 45/63) than in Village B (38.46%, 20/52) (χ² = 11.293, P < 0.01). There was a high consistency between qPCR assay and liver homogenate smear microscopy (Kappa value = 0.524 4), and a low consistency between LAMP and liver homogenate smear microscopy (Kappa value = 0.154 5). Among the 24 liver samples from Village A that were negative for liver homogenate smear microscopy but positive for LAMP, 17 samples were randomly selected for DNA sequencing, and 15 of these samples showed a sequence identity of 98% and higher with the 28S ribosomal DNA of S. japonicum (GenBank accession No.: JF721395.1) and were therefore identified as positives. Conclusion Three assays have diverse sensitivities for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild rodents. qPCR assay has the highest positive rate for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild rodents and a high consistency with liver homogenate smear microscopy, while LAMP is convenient to perform but has a low consistency with liver homogenate smear microscopy.