Table of Content

28 February 2022, Volume 40 Issue 1

Previous Issue    Next Issue

EXPERT VIEWPOINTS

The origin, connotation and prospect of One Health

LIU Jing-shu, ZHANG Xiao-xi, GUO Xiao-kui

2022, 40(1):  1-11.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.001

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1520KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

With the acceleration of globalization, increased migration, the rapid development of international trade and tourism, and the intensified environmental changes, complex health problems and the resulting public crises frequently occur, which population health at serious risk as well as the animals and plants. People became aware of the close connections between human health, animal health, and the ecological system, from which the new concept and connotation of health have emerged. Under the guidance of this new concept, starting from a holistic view of “human-animal-environment” health, and with multi-institutional, interdisciplinary, and cross-regional collaboration, people began to use the theory of One Health to solve complicated health problems. In this paper, we systematically expound the One Health concept from three levels: the origin, connotation and prospect, and propose a framework of One Health connotation system to explore the ways to achieve One Health and predict the future direction of One Health.

Advancing the prevention and control of zoonoses supported by One Health approach

ZHOU Xiao-nong

2022, 40(1):  12-19.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.002

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1886KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

With the acceleration of globalization, the sustained increase of mobility, the intensification of global warming and environmental changes, the transmission of diseases has become more diverse. In recent years, the corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) has caused huge economic losses and social unrest around the world. A single-discipline has been unable to solve such complex public health problems effectively. The proposal and development of the One Health approach is closely related to the issues on veterinary medicine and zoonoses. One Health focuses on intradisciplinary, multi-sectoral, and cross-fields collaboration at three levels, including local, regional and global levels, to explore the humans-animals-environment interface complexity. In this review, the development process of One Health approach was introduced. The relationship between the One Health and zoonoses, the role of the One Health in the prevention and control of zoonoses, and how to effectively implement the One Health approach in the real world were explored, providing references for research on zoonoses prevention and control, anti-microbial resistance, food safety, and the impact of climate change on health.

Application and prospect of multidisciplinary new detection technology in the diagnosis of parasite infections

JING Wen-wen, CHENG Xun-jia

2022, 40(1):  20-27.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.003

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (997KB) ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

In recent years, the infection rate of parasitic diseases in our country has been declining. However, parasitic diseases remain a significant threat to human life and health worldwide, bringing severe challenges to the prevention and control of imported parasitic diseases in our country. Timely and accurate detection of parasitic infection is the key to the prevention and control of parasitic diseases, and it is also of great significance to clinical treatment. The key to improving the ability to detect parasite infections is the continuous innovation and application of detection technologies. Therefore, here we summarize the commonly used and novel detection technologies in the detection of parasitic infections from a multidisciplinary perspective and prospect for the new technologies that may be applied to the detection of parasite infections in the future. We hope to provide a reference to improve the detection of parasitic infection in our country.

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Effect and mechanism of high-dose clodronate liposomes treatment on Plasmodium yoelii growth in mice

CHEN Sui-lin, GAO Yuan-li, GUO Shuai, FAN Yong-ling, LIU Tai-ping, XU Wen-yue

2022, 40(1):  28-35.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.004

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1941KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of high-dose clodronate liposomes (CL) treatment on the growth of Plasmodium yoelii 17XL (Py17XL) in mice. Methods Sixty one female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to five groups: high dose CL treatment group (CL treatment group, 23 mice) and control liposome treatment group (29 mice), healthy CL treatment group (3 mice) and healthy control liposome treatment group (3 mice), and blank control group (3 mice). The CL treatment group mice (23) were injected via tail vein with high-dose CL (5 μg/μl 200 μl) on d1 prior to infection and on d2 and d5 post-infection of Py17XL respectively; the control liposome treatment group mice (29) were injected intravenously with the same volume of control liposome at the respective time points. The healthy CL treatment group mice (3) and the healthy control liposome treatment group mice (3) were given intravenously with high-dose CL (5 μg/μl 200 μl) or the same amounts of control liposomes at the corresponding time points. The blank control group mice (3) were not treated. Tail vein blood samples from the mice of CL treatment group and control liposome treatment group(5 mice each) were collected daily post-infection, of which the smears were examined microscopically for estimating parasitemia and survival rate. Spleen samples were collected from the two groups on d0, d3 and d6 post-infection, and then the splenic lymphocytes were isolated to detect the proliferation of Plasmodium-specific CD4 ⁺ T cell and CD8⁺ T cells and the secretion of interferon γ (IFN-γ) using flow cytometry. The mice serum IgG antibodies against Plasmodium were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on d6 post-infection. On d2, d4 and d6 post-infection, spleen lymphocytes of the CL treatment group, control liposome treatment group and blank control group (3 mice each time) were isolated, and the cell types depleted by CL were determined by flow cytometry. Plasmodium infection in the spleen dendritic cells of the control liposome treatment group (2 mice each time) was microscopically observed by Giemsa staining. Results In both the CL treatment group and control liposome treatment group, mice death occurred on d7 post-infection (2 in CL treatment group, 3 in control liposome treatment group), and all mice died on d8 post-infection, with no significant difference between the groups (χ ² = 0.360, P > 0.05). After infection, the parasitemia in the CL treatment group was apparently lower than that in control liposome treatment group. On d6 post-infection, the parasitemia in the CL treatment group (34.537 ± 8.165)%, was significantly different from that in the control liposome treatment group (61.303 ± 8.799)% (F = 1.821, P < 0.05). On d2, d4 and d6 post-infection, the spleen cell responses in the CL treatment group were assayed, showing that the proportions of CD11b ⁺ monocytes in the spleen were (6.240 ± 0.605)%, (8.277 ± 0.411)%, (6.573 ± 0.246)%, and that of CD11c ⁺ dendritic cells in the spleen were (3.700 ± 0.599)%, (8.003 ± 0.655)%, (3.920 ± 0.534)%, and that of F4/80 ⁺ macrophages in the spleen were (4.830 ± 0.695)%, (11.007 ± 1.121)%, (2.743 ± 0.395)%, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control liposome treatment group (F = 5.945, 2.075, 7.091, P < 0.05). On d3 and d6 post-infection, no statistical differences were found in proliferation of Plasmodium-specific CD4 ⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells, and secretion of IFN-γ between the CL treatment group and control liposome treatment group (P > 0.05). On d6 post-infection, the 10-fold-diluted serum IgG antibody level against Plasmodium in the CL treatment group (2.241 ± 0.056) was significantly lower than that of the control liposome treatment group (2.490 ± 0.090) (F = 27.66, P < 0.05). Microscopic examination indicated that no Plasmodium was observed by Giemsa staining in the CD11c⁺ cells of the control liposome treatment group on d2 and d4 post-infection, however, a large number of Plasmodium was found in almost all CD11c ⁺ cells on d6 post-infection. Conclusion After the macrophages, dendritic cells and monocytes were drained by high-dose CL intervention, regulation via innate immunity and adaptive immunity response against erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium in the mice may not involve in the suppression of Py17XL proliferation and growth.

Affect of Echinococcus multilocularis protein-mediated NK cell surface receptor NKG2A on the function of NK cells

ABUDUAINI Abulizi, PAIZULA Shalayiadang, TALAITI Tuergan, ZHANG Rui-qing, WANG Hui, ZHANG Chuan-shan, SHAO Ying-mei, TUERGANAILI Aji

2022, 40(1):  36-42.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.005

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1519KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To investigate the affect of Echinococcus multilocularis protein mediated natural killer (NK) cell surface inhibitory receptor NK cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C member A (NKG2A) on the function of NK cells. Methods Peripheral blood samples were colleted from the participants for NK cell purification. An aliquate of 0.3 × 10 ⁶ NK cells were resuspended in 100 μl RMPI 1640 medium, which was transferred into a 96-well plate. Four test groups were assigned, including blank control, negative control, E. multilocularia protein (Emp) group, and transforming growth factor-β 1(TGF-β1) group (positive control group). The blank conrol group underwent no further treatment. For the negative control group, 1 μl interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-15 (of 1 μg/ml each) were added, while the Emp group was treated with 1 μl IL-12 and IL-15 (at 1 μg/ml each) and 2.5 μl Emp (7 081 μg/ml); to the TGF-β1 group, 1 μl TGF-β1 (1 μg/ml) were added. RPMI 1640 medium was used to adjust the wells to a final volume of 104.5 μl when appropriate. Flow cytometry analysis was used to quantify the expression of NKG2A on NK cells and functional changes of NK cells and NKG2A ⁺NK in secretion of cytokines [interferon-γ (IFN-γ), granzyme B, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and perforin] after culture stimulated for 24 hours in vitro. The data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA for difference analysis, and LSD or Dunnett test for comparison of the difference between groups. Results The percentage of NKG2A⁺NK cells in Emp group and TGF-β1 group were (3.40 ± 1.53)% and (3.00 ± 1.07)%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that in the negative control group (0.70 ± 0.56)% (P < 0.01). In the Emp group, the percentage of NK cells secreting IFN-γ was (42.38 ± 15.94)%, having was no significant difference compared to the negative control group (61.18 ± 7.18)% (P > 0.05). The percentage of NKG2A⁺NK cells secreting IFN-γ was (25.25 ± 11.57)%, which was lower than that in the negative control group (48.88 ± 12.78)% (P < 0.05); the difference in the percentage of NK and NKG2A⁺NK cells secreting granzyme B, TNF-α, and perforin was insignificant between the Emp griyog and negative control secreting NK cells and NKG2A⁺NK cells (P > 0.05). In the TGF-β1 group, the percentage of NK and NKG2A⁺NK cells secreting IFN-γ was (12.77 ± 2.56)% and (15.17 ± 6.34)%, respectively, which were lower than that in the negative control group (P < 0.01); there was no significant difference in the percentage of NK and NKG2A⁺NK cells secreting granzyme B, TNF-α, and perforin was forund between the Emp and negative control. Of the TGF-β1 group, the percentage of NK cells secreting IFN-γ upon stimulation was lower than that in the Emp group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion Emp mediates up-regulation of the expression of NK cell surface receptor NKG2A and inhibits the function of NK cells secretging IFN-γ.

The affect of metformin on autophagy and apoptosis of Echinococcus multilocularis cysts and protoscoleces

SHAO Han, LI Si-yuan, LI Jun

2022, 40(1):  43-49.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.006

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2548KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To investigate the affect of different concentrations of metformin on autophagy and apoptosis of Echinococcus multilocularis cysts and protoscoleces cultured in vitro. Methods The E. multilocularis cysts and protoscoleces were co-cultured in vitro with 1, 5, and 10 mmol/L metformin for 24 and 48 h, respectively, while PBS was used in culture as control. The cysts were observed a microscopically for their viability, size and transparency, and the protoscoleces were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and observed for viability to estimate survival rate. After co-cultured with metformin at 1, 5, and 10 mmol/L for 48 h, the cell apoptosis-related enzymatic activity of caspase3 and caspase9 in protoscoleces were determined using assay kit. The germinal layer cells in the cysts were collected for determination the apoptosis using flow cytometry. Proteins from the cysts and protoscoleces were extracted to analyze the expression of apoptosis related cleaved-caspase3, casapase9, and B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 using Western blotting. After the cysts and protoscoleces were co-cultured with 1, 5, 10 mmol/L metformin for 48 h, the changes in expression of adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-dependent protein kinase (P-AMPK), mammalian rapamycin target protein (mTOR), autophagy-related genes, and autophagy-related protein LC3-Ⅱ, were analyzed using Western blotting. The difference between the two groups was compared by t test, and the difference between multiple groups was compared by analysis of variance. Results After co-culturing of the cysts with metformin at concentration of 1, 5, and 10 mmol/L, the cyst viability gradually decreased with time, the internal structure was disordered, and the turbidity increased. Apoptotic body-like structures were observed in the cysts after 48 h co-culturing with 10 mm/L metformin. After 24 h of co-cultivation of protoscoleces with different concentrations of metformin, the survival rate in the 1, 5, and 10 mmol/L groups was 0.91 ± 0.10, 0.80 ± 0.12, 0.57 ± 0.11, respectively, which are lower than the control group (0.99 ± 0.02) (F = 95.829, P < 0.05). Afrer 48 h, the survival rate of the protoscoleces in the 1, 5, and 10 mmol/L groups was 0.68 ± 0.18, 0.46 ± 0.15, 0.04 ± 0.01, respectively, which are lower than the control group (0.80 ± 0.22) (F = 287.524, P < 0.05). After co-cultivation with 10 mmol/L metformin for 48 h, all the protoscoleces showed red stained. The relative expression levels of caspase3 in the 1, 5, and 10 mmol/L groups were 33.32 ± 2.94, 53.89 ± 1.01, 124.88 ± 26.44, respectively, which were higher than the control group (16.21 ± 6.20) (F = 36.628, P < 0.05). While the relative expression level of caspase9 were 47.48 ± 9.56, 54.50 ± 1.29, 165.09 ± 16.85, respectively, which was higher than that of the control group (25.29 ± 53.560) (F = 120.612, P < 0.05). The apoptosis rates of 1, 5, and 10 mmol/L group were (14.94 ± 1.35)%, (23.85 ± 2.97)%, (33.87 ± 4.93)%, respectively, which were higher than the control group (8.92 ± 1.95)% (F = 293.452, P < 0.05). The relative expression levels of cleaved-caspase3 and caspase9 in the 1, 5, and 10 mmol/L groups were higher than the control group (F = 144.574, 45.675, P < 0.05); the relative expression levels of Bcl-2 were all lower than the control group (F = 39.487, P < 0.05). After co-culturing the cysts with metformin at different concentrations for 48 h, the relative expressions of P-AMPK and mTOR in the 1, 5, and 10 mmol/L groups were higher than the control group (F = 33.342, 60.617, P < 0.05), and the relative expressions of Atg14 and LC3-Ⅱ was lower than the control group (F = 41.688, 41.375, P < 0.05). Following co-cultured of protoscoleces with metformin for 48 h, the relative expressions of P-AMPK, mTOR, Atg14, and LC3-Ⅱ were higher than the control group (F =25.853, 10.695, 12.528, 17.613, P < 0.05). Conclusion Metformin may suppress the viability of E. multilocularis cysts and protoscoleces and accelerate their apoptosis in vitro, showing concentration- and time-dependent pattern. It was demonstrated that AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway may contribute to initiate autophagy of the parasite.

Various surgical interventions in cases of complicated hepatic echinococcosis with intracystic bile leakage

ZHU Jiang, HUANG Hai-jun, ZHANG Wang, MEI Hu, ZHU Shi-yu, SONG Si-kai, ZHANG Jun

2022, 40(1):  50-55.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.007

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (628KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To explore an effective surgical intervention strategy for hepatic echinococcosis complicated with intracystic bile leakage. Methods The clinical data of patients of hepatic echinococcosis complicated with intracystic bile leakage were collected from January 2015 to February 2021 in the Third People Hospital of Xinjiang and analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to different surgical procedures. The cases that had experienced residual cavity drainage after inner cyst excised were categorized into the control group. The cases that had received additional T-tube drainage via common bile duct during operation were categorized into the drainage group. The cases that had received endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage were categorized into the endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage (ERBD) group. Of all three groups of patients, visible bile leaks in the residual cavity were routinely sutured. Operation time, amount of blood loss during operation, indwelling time of residual drainage tube, indwelling time of T-tube/inner stent, time length of hospital stay, the total number of hospital re-entry, post-surgery short-term complication rate and the occurrence rate of returning to hospital due to complication were compared, using SPSS 22.0 statistical software. Results A total of 70 patients hepatic echinococcosis complicated with intracystic bile leakage were enrolled, including 44 males and 26 females, 26 in the control group, 24 in the drainage group, and 20 in the ERBD group. The differences in patient characteristics between the three groups were not statistically significant (χ²_Gender = 0.24, F_Age = 1.12, χ²_{No. lesion} = 1.56, χ²_{Max diameter of lesion} = 0.36, χ²_{Primary location of lesion} = 0.45, χ²_{Type of lesion} = 2.61; P > 0.05). The operative time for the control group, the drainage group and the ERBD group were (154.42 ± 27.14), (188.13 ± 17.62), and (205.00 ± 22.48) min, respectively, with statistically significant difference between the goups (F = 29.62, P < 0.05). The volume of blood loss during operation for the control group, the drainage group and the ERBD group were (203.85 ± 43.37), (218.33 ± 43.61) and (210.00 ± 38.53) ml, showing no significant difference between the groups(F = 0.74, P > 0.05). The indwelling time of residual drainage tube for the control group, the drainage group and the ERBD group were (9.15 ± 9.95), (2.38 ± 0.49) and (2.80 ± 0.83) weeks respectively, presenting no significant difference between the drainage group and the ERBD group (t = 2.60, P > 0.05). However, the indwelling time in the drainage group and ERBD group was significantly shorter than that in the control group (F = 9.55, P < 0.05). The indwelling time of T-tube or stent in the drainage group and the ERBD group were (4.96 ± 0.69) and (7.15 ± 2.32) weeks respectively, of which the difference was statistically significant (t = 186.48, P < 0.05). The length of hospital stay (first + last) of the control group, the drainage group and the ERBD group were (4.04 ± 1.51), (2.17 ± 0.38) and (3.65 ± 0.67) weeks respectively, there was no significant difference between the drainage group and the ERBD group (t = 8.28, P > 0.05). However, the time length of hospital stay of drainage group and the ERBD group were both significantly shorter than that of the control group (F = 23.08, P < 0.05). The total number of hospital re-entry for the control group, the drainage group and the ERBD group were (0.58 ± 0.90), (0.08 ± 0.28) and (1.10 ± 0.31), among which the re-entry time of the drainage group was fewer than the control group, while the ERBD group showed more times (F = 29.62, P < 0.05). Eighteen patients had postsurgery short-term complications in the control group, 8 cases in the drainage group and 10 cases in the ERBD group, between them no significant difference was found (χ² = 3.35, P > 0.05). Fifteen patients were readmitted to hospitals due to related complications in the control group, 1 patient in the drainage group and 2 patients in the ERBD group. Readmission in the drainage group and the ERBD group were both significantly fewer than that in the control group (χ ² = 12.51, 7.94, P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the drainage group and the ERBD group (χ ² = 0.58, P > 0.05). Conclusion The technique of residual cavity drainage for inner cyst excision in combination with T-tube drainage via common bile duct or ERBD could significantly improve the clinical treatment efficacy and shorten the treatment cycle for those hepatic echinococcosis patients complicated with intracystic bile leakage with common bile duct larger than 6 mm in diameter.

Differential expression of microRNA in the liver of mice infected by Capillaria hepatica

ZHANG Ya-lan, JIANG Tian-tian, HE Zhi-quan, DENG Yan, CHEN Wei-qi, ZHU Yan-kun, ZHANG Hong-wei, ZHAO Dong-yang

2022, 40(1):  56-60.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.008

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2099KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To analyze the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles in the liver of mice infected with Capillaria hepatica, screening deferentially expressed miRNA, to provide basis for research on the mechanism of liver fibrosis caused by C. hepatica infection. Methods Six male BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to the C. hepatica infection group and control group, with 3 mice in each group. Each of the infection group mice was infected with 20 infective eggs of C. hepatica by gavage. For the control group, mice were given the same volume of saline. At 35 days post-infection, mice liver tissues from the two groups were collected for histo-section and hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining to observe the pathological changes microscopically. Mice liver tissue total RNA was extracted and purified for construction of liberary and high throughput sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis was used to screen differentially expressed miRNA, estimate target genes and perform gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate part of differentially expressed miRNAs. Results The liver tissue sections stained with HE showed egg-granulomatous lesion in the livers of infection group, accompanying with significant inflammatory cell infiltration, while the hepatocytes in control group remained morphologically intact, with no inflammatory cell infiltration, degeneration, necrosis and fibrosis. Based on miRNA sequencing, the screening found 16 differentially expressed miRNAs, among them 4 were expression up-regulated with elevating over 2-fold, of which mmu-miR-129-5p expression was elevated 4-fold; 12 miRNAs expression were down-regulated with lowering more than 50%, of which mmu-miR-21a-3p expression was lowered by more than 10%. The GO analysis of the miRNA target genes showed that the enriched genes were mainly involved in signal transduction, protein binding, transferase activity, G protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, negative regulation of apoptotic process, positive regulation of cell proliferation and regulation of transcription. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the enriched pathways were Hippo signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, sphingolipid signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway. qRT-PCR assay indicated that the relative expression level of up-regulated genes, mmu-miR-21a-3p and mmu-miR-181a-1-3p, in the infection group were 0.70 ± 0.30 and 0.68 ± 0.27, while the relative expression level of down-regulated genes, mmu-miR-409-5p and mmu-miR-129-5p, were 1.27 ± 0.24 and 2.61 ± 0.52, respectively, which were consistent with the changing trend expected by sequencing in comparison with the reference genes. Conclusion C. hepatica infection caused changes in miRNA expression profile in the liver tissue of infected mice. It was demonstrated mmu-miR-409-5p and mmu-miR-129-5p may be the potential genes involving in liver fibrosis.

Affect of niclosamide on the oxidative phosphorylation of Biomphalaria glabrata

ZHANG Su-yang, XING Yun-tian, YUAN Xuan, QU Guo-li, YAO Jia-kai, DAI Jian-rong

2022, 40(1):  61-67.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.009

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (968KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To study the affect of niclosamide on the oxidative phosphorylation of Biomphalaria glabrata, and to explore its molluscicide mechanisms. Methods The mitochondria of B. glabrata were extracted using the mitochondrial extraction kit, and the protein content of the extracted mitochondria was detected by Bradford method. The mitochondrial complex Ⅳ activity assay kit was used to measure the complex Ⅳ activity in the tissue fragment fluid, the discarded supernatant and the mitochondrial suspension during the extraction process to evaluate the purity of the extracted mitochondria. Mitochondrial complexes Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ of B. glabrata were extracted with the mitochondrial complex activity assay kit, and each complex was divided into 0.2 μg/ml, 1.0 μg/ml group and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) group, which were added with a final concentration of 0.2 and 1.0 μg/ml of niclosamide or 0.5% DMSO respectively, then the absorbance (A) of the groups were determined at different wavelengths to calculate the viability of the complexes. Mitochondrial suspensions with a protein concentration of 33 μg/ml were transferred to each well of a 96-well plate, and niclosamide at final concentrations of 0.2 and 1.0 μg/ml (0.2 μg/ml and 1.0 μg/ml groups) or 0.5% DMSO (DMSO group) were added respectively, the A₅₂₀ value at 10, 20, 30 min at 25 ℃ was measured to calculate the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) openness degree. To each well of the 96-well microplate containing JC-1 dye and mitochondrial suspension with a final concentrations of 5 μg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml protein, respectively, niclosamide was added at a final concentration of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 μg/ml as the niclosamide groups, 20 μg/ml carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) was added as the positive control group, and 0.5% DMSO was added as the negative control group, and then the fluorescence intensity was continuously detected for 30 min under the conditions of excitation wavelength 485 nm, emission wavelength of 590 nm, and 25 ℃. One-way ANOVA was used for comparison between groups. Results The total protein concentration of the extracted mitochondria was (4.24 ± 0.11) mg/ml, and the electron transport chain complex Ⅳ activity in the tissue fragmentation solution, discarded supernatant and mitochondrial suspension was (14.88 ± 1.80), (5.60 ± 0.96) and (24.19 ± 3.53) U/mg, respectively, with statistically significant differences between the three groups (F = 46.922, P < 0.01). The complexⅠactivity was (523.98 ± 120.37), (559.74 ± 238.48) and (796.64 ± 218.79) U/mg in the 0.2, 1.0 μg/ml and DMSO groups, respectively; the complex Ⅱ activity in the three groups was (3.70 ± 0.36), (3.54 ± 1.90) and (5.47 ± 2.18) U/mg; the complex Ⅲ activity in the groups was (6.03 ± 0.79), (5.01 ± 0.80) and (5.82 ± 0.69) U/mg; the complex Ⅳ activity in each group was (31.20 ± 3.99), (32.08 ± 3.20), (30.82 ± 4.21) U/mg; while the complex Ⅴ activity was (22.38 ± 3.83), (23.08 ± 6.50), (25.84 ± 6.86) U/mg, respectively. The differences between the mitochondrial complexes Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ activities in the 0.2 and 1.0 μg/ml groups and the DMSO group were not statistically significant (F = 1.658, 1.215, 1.181, 0.138, 0.298; P > 0.05). At 10 min of niclosamide addition, the mPTP openness in the 0.2 and 1.0 μg/ml and DMSO groups were (0.040 ± 0.005), (0.041 ± 0.002) and (0.039 ± 0.036), respectively; at 20 min of addition, those openness were (0.069 ± 0.008), (0.067 ± 0.002) and (0.065 ± 0.015); at 30 min of addition, those openness were (0.090 ± 0.009) and (0.088 ± 0.002) and (0.087 ± 0.012), respectively. The differences in mPTP openness between the 0.2 and 1.0 μg/ml groups and the DMSO group at niclosamide addition for 10, 20 and 30 min were not statistically significant(F = 0.025, 0.094, 0.060; P > 0.05). Compared to the DMSO group (1.000), the mitochondrial membrane potentials of the 0.6, 0.8 and 1 μg/ml groups at 15 min of addition were (0.874 ± 0.008), (0.843 ± 0.018) and (0.773 ± 0.027), respectively, which were lower than those of the DMSO group (F = 44.285, P < 0.05). When added for 30 min, the mitochondrial membrane potentials of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 μg/ml groups were (0.951 ± 0.051), (0.886 ± 0.022), (0.766 ± 0.019), (0.746 ± 0.016), (0.675 ± 0.021), respectively, except for the 0.2 μg/ml group, all other groups were lower than those of DMSO group (F = 125.738, P < 0.01). Conclusion Niclosamide below 1.0 μg/ml was not found to affect the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex activity of B. glabrata, nor did the openness of mPTP, but caused a dramatic decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential of B. glabrata, and affected its oxidative phosphorylation process as well.

Evaluation of habitat adaptability of Dermacentor niveus and Dermacentor marginatus in Xinjiang based on maximum entropy model

HE Wen-wen, WU Jun, HU Er-cha, A Li-mujiang, SHI Qian-yun, NUO Ming-dalai, GAN Lu, HAO Yun-wei, BAYIN Cha-han

2022, 40(1):  68-75.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.010

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (5095KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To evaluate the habitat adaptability of Dermacentor niveus and D. marginatus, and to provide reference for the prevention and control of the two tick species and their disease transmission. Methods The distribution sites of D. niveus and D. marginatus in Xinjiang from 1980 to 2017 were collected from the distribution and diversity data set of tick species in China, and the distribution sites of the two tick species in Xinjiang from 2017 to 2021 were collected through China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Baidu Academic, PubMed and other databases. Environmental variables were downloaded from the World Meteorological Database. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model was established with 75% data records as training subset and the remaining 25% as model evaluation subset. The main environmental variables were screened using the “Jackknife” method of MaxEnt model and the R software. MaxEnt species distribution prediction model and ArcGIS spatial analysis method were used to predict the breeding environment distribution of D. niveus and D. marginatus. The model output was presented using ArcMap 10.1, and the characteristics of ecological environment of the two tick species were predicted according to the response curves of bioclimatic variables plotted by MaxEnt model. Results A total of 46 and 64 distribution sites of D. niveus and D. marginatus were found from the screening, respectively, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of the model assessment test subsets of D. niveus and D. marginatus were 0.847 and 0.815, respectively. From the 19 environmental variables, 8 environmental factors were screened out, which affect the survival of D. niveus and D. marginatus. The natural habitat prediction showed that the suitable habitats for D. niveus in Xinjiang were in the Junggar Basin, the Turpan Basin and the Tarim Basin; the suitable habitats for D. marginatus were in the Junggar Mountains, the Tianshan Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains. The areas of non-suitable habitat, low suitable habitat, moderate suitable habitat and high suitable habitat for D. niveus accounted for 35.80%, 29.18%, 10.32% and 24.70% of the total area of Xinjiang; while those for D. marginatus accounted for 33.62%, 17.01%, 17.08% and 32.28%, respectively. By the Jackknife method, the data screening found that precipitation of the driest month (Bio14), seasonal temperature change (Bio4), and mean temperature of the wettest quarter (Bio8) were the main environmental variable factor of D. niveus distribution, while the precipitation of the driest quarter (Bio17), annual precipitation (Bio12) and precipitation of wettest quarter (Bio16) were the main environmental variable factor of the distribution of D. marginatus. The response curve of main environmental variables showed that when the Bio14 was 21 mm, the coefficient of variation of Bio4 was 1 510, and Bio8 was 20 ℃, the existence probability of D. niveus was the highest; when Bio17 was 71 mm, Bio12 was 230 mm and Bio16 was 269 mm, the existence probability of D. marginatus was the highest. Conclusion MaxEnt model established exhibits high prediction precision and accuracy. It was demonstrated that low altitude area was the preferable habitat for D. niveus, whereas the high altitude area was the preferable habitat for D. marginatus. The precipitation in the driest month was the main environmental factor affecting the two tick species; the temperature was the primary environmental variable affecting D. niveus distribution, and precipitation was the primary environmental variable affecting D. marginatus distribution.

Investigation and genotype analysis of piroplasms in ticks parasitized on wild animals in eastern Fujian

ZHOU Shu-heng, ZENG Zhi-wei, LIU Wei-jun, WANG Jia-xiong, XU Guo-ying, XIAO Fang-zhen

2022, 40(1):  76-83.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.011

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1168KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To investigate the infection and genetic characteristics of piroplasms in ticks parasitized on wild animals in eastern Fujian. Methods Tick specimens were collected from wild animals in eastern Fujian between 2014 and 2019. The tick species were identified by morphology and DNA barcoding determination technology. Genomic DNA was extracted from tick specimens, PCR was used to amplify 18S rRNA gene sequence of piroplasms, and the PCR products were sequenced for alignment by BLAST, and for constructing phylogenetic tree using the neighbour joining method. Rate variables were analyzed using the row-list χ ² test and Fisher’s exact test. Results In total, 372 ticks were collected, including 338 adults (181 females and 157 males), 29 nymphs and 5 larvae, belong to 12 species. The piroplasm 18S rRNA sequene was amplified in 372 tick DNA samples by PCR, and found 21 positives, revealing the overall piroplasm infection rate of 5.65% (21/327) in ticks. Among the infected, higher infection rate were found in Ixodes sinensis(3/9) and I. ovatus (4/13). The piroplasm infection rates of piriformis in different developmental stages of ticks were 5.32% (18/338) in adults, 10.34% (3/29) in nymphs and 0 (0/5) in larvae, respectively. The differences were not significant (Fisher’s exact test, P > 0.05). The piroplasm infection rates in adult ticks of different sexes were 7.18% (13/181) in females and 3.18% (5/157) in males, respectively, with no significant difference (χ² = 2.67, P > 0.05). The infection rates in the ticks parasitized on hare, muntjac, field rodents and wild boar were 2/7, 11.03% (15/136), 2.44% (1/41) and 1.60% (3/188) respectively, with significant difference between the wild animal groups (χ ² = 20.89, P < 0.01). Sequencing analysis showed that piroplasm 18S rRNA sequence was detected in 17 tick samples collected from 11 animals hosts’ body surface. The piropolasms detected belong to the genera Theileria (n = 8) and Babesia (n = 9). Specifically, the Thelieria comprises two species, T. capreoli and T. cervi, while the Babesia comprises B. microti as well as three undefined species. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that among the 17 positive sequences, 4 sequences sourced from Haemaphysalis formosensis, H. flava and I. ovatus clustered with T. capreoli, 4 sequences from I. sinensis and I. ovatus clustered with T. cervi, one sequence from H. yeni clustered with unknown Babesia 1, 2 sequences from unknown Haemaphysalis A clustered with unknown Babesia 2, 3 sequences from H. formosensis and H. hystricis clustered with unknown Babesia 3, and 3 sequences from I. ovatus and I. granulatus clustered with B. microti. Conclusion A variety of tick species parasitized on wild animals in eastern Fujian were found infected with Babesia and Theileria, there existing risks of transmission of the parasites to humans and animals.

Current status and control effect of soil-transmitted nematode infections in human population of Fujian Province from 2017 to 2019

CHEN Yun-hong, XIE Han-guo, XIE Xian-liang, JIANG Dian-wei, ZHANG Rong-yan

2022, 40(1):  84-87.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.012

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (563KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Objective To understand the current prevalence and control outcomes of soil-transmitted nematode (STN) in Fujian Province to provide scientific basis for and formulating the standard criteria of transmission control and transmission interruption. Methods According to the National Clonorchiasis and Soil-borne Nematode Surveillance Program (provisional version), 29 surveillance sites were selected from 10 cities in Fujian Province from 2017 to 2019. Each surveillance site includes 5 areas evenly distributed geographically in the east, south, west, north and middle, from which one administrative village from one township (town) was selected as the survey site. No less than 200 permanent residents aged 3-years or above were selected from each administrative village. Fecal samples were collected from the enrolled residents and were examined for STN eggs (two slide-reading per sample) using the modified Kato-Katz thick smear method to microscopically estimate infection rate and intensity. The hookworm species was identified by test-tube filter paper incubation. The infection rate between groups was compared by Chi-square test. Results A total of 30 614 local residents were examined for STN infection, showing 326 positives, with an overall infection rate 1.1%. The infection rates of hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides were 1.2% (295/30 614), 0.1% (28/30 614) and 0.0% (3/30 614), respectively. The STN infection rate in 2017—2019 was 1.3% (130/9 668), 1.0% (109/10 417) and 0.8% (87/10 529), respectively, showing a yearly decreasing trend, with significant differences between the years (χ ² = 12.79, P < 0.01). Among the ten cities, Sanming, Pingtan and Nanping had the highest infection rates of 13.5% (154/4 343), 2.0% (22/1 113) and 1.6% (49/3 054), respectively. The remaining seven cities had infection rates of less than 1.0%. Among the 295 hookworm infected cases, 71.5% (211/295) were mild infection, 26.4% (78/295) were moderate and 2.0% (6/295) were severe. Among the 28 T. trichiura infected cases, 85.7% (24/28) were mild and 14.3% (4/28) were moderate. Among the 3 A. lumbricoides infected cases, two were mild and one was moderate. No severe infection of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides was found. The infection rates of STN in male and female were 0.8% (139/14 782) and 1.1% (187/15 832) with statistically significant difference between the gender (χ ² = 4.12, P < 0.05). The highest infection rate was 3.2% (171/5 373) in the age group of ≥ 65 years, and the infection rate increased with age (Z = 30.32, P < 0.01). The infection rate was higher among farmers, with 1.8% (289/15 644) than in other occupations. The difference was statistically significant(χ ² = 187.91, P < 0.01). The highest infection rate was in illiterate residents 1.5% (113/7 351), and the infection rate decreased with higher educational levels (Z = 15.41, P < 0.01). Conclusion From 2016 to 2019, the infection rate of STN and intensity of STN infection in Fujian Province showed a significant decreasing trend. The infection rates in seven cities dropped below 1.0%, reaching the standard of transmission control.

REVIEWS

Research progress on the role of immune cells in liver fibrosis due to schistosomiasis

GAO Yuan, HU Yuan, CAO Jian-ping

2022, 40(1):  88-93.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.013

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (619KB) ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Schistosomiasis is a widespread zoonotic parasitic disease. After infected, Schistosoma japonicum deposit eggs in the host liver, forming granulomatous, and consequently leading to liver fibrosis, and even cirrhosis in severe cases. Recent studies have reported that immune cells play critical roles in liver fibrosis. Helper T 17 cells, γδ T cells and dendritic cells may advance schistosomiasis liver fibrosis, while regulatory T cells and natural killer cells suppress the liver fibrosis, and B cells, macrophages and natural killer T cells may play dual roles. Here we reviewed the action mechanisms of different types of immune cells in liver fibrosis of schistosomiasis.

Research progress on the effects of human skin microbiota on mosquito olfactory behavior

GUO Hong-xia, ZHAO Teng, WU Jia-hong, LI Chun-xiao

2022, 40(1):  94-98.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.014

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (591KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Mosquitoes are the vectors for many infectious diseases, including malaria, dengue and yellow fever. Mosquito control measures can reduce the transmission of these infectious diseases. In recent years, it has been discovered that the metabolites or volatile odorants produced by human skin microbiota are attractive to mosquitoes, which is expected to provide new methods for mosquito control approaches. In this review, we summarized the composition and distribution of human skin microbiota and the effects of volatile odorants on the mosquito olfactory behavior, which may provide a foundation for the development and implementation of novel mosquito repellents and attractants.

Role of Toll-like receptor 7 in anti-infective immunity

YIN Chang-zhu, LI Di, CAI Juan, XU Hong-ling, WANG Ling-jun, ZHENG Ming-hui, LIU Hui

2022, 40(1):  99-103.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.015

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (651KB) ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is a pattern recognition receptor mainly expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of the resting immune cells including plasmacytoid dendritic cell, mononuclear macrophages, T lymphocytes, neutrophils and non-immune cells including epithelial cells, endothelial cells and keratinocytes. During an infection, TLR7 is translocated to the endosome membrane from endoplasmic reticulum of the host cells. TLR7 can directly recognize single-stranded RNA or nucleic acid analogs and bind to specific recruiting proteins to activate nuclear factor-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase and interferon regulatory factors, which eventually triggers the innate or adaptive immune response against an infection. Here we have reviewed the structure and function of TLR7 and its ligand, the role of TLR7 against an infection and its signaling pathways to provide the scientific basis for further studies of TLR7 in infection and immunity.

Research progress on the chemical sensing system and repellents of ticks

KUANG Ce-yan, ZHOU Jin-lin

2022, 40(1):  104-108.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.016

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (652KB) ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Tick is an ectoparasite and disease vector. Ticks can cause malnutrition in the host and spread a variety of pathogens through its blood-feeding activity, which may inflicting economic loss and posing a threat to public health. Currently, chemical pesticide is the dominant approache for controlling tick. However, this approach also provides risk to the environmental and toxicity to the hosts. Therefore, it is necessary to explore novel targets responsible for chemical sense in ticks and natural and safe repellent. To date, it is know that chemical sensing system in ticks has a critical role in searching for hosts, providing opportunities for further research. This article reviewed the tick chemical sensing system and different repellents in order to facilitate the control of ticks.

Research progress on the immune regulation mechanism in alveolar echinococcosis

ZHANG Ling-hui, CHEN Gen, CHONG Shi-gui, SHEN Hui, MA Hui, ZHAO Yu-min

2022, 40(1):  109-113.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.017

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (918KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease that is endemic worldwide, providing high risk to public health. AE patients are often infected by accidentally eating eggs of Echinococcus multilocularis. AE is highly prevalent in many countries, including China. The most common lesion site is the liver. The invasive growth in the liver causes adjacent liver parenchymal damage, fibrosis and failure. The immune response mediated by macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells are closely related to the occurrence and development of AE. Macrophages and dendritic cells undergo changes in their functions after being stimulated by E. multilocularis, which in turn change CD4 ⁺ T cell subset profiles. These cells are involved in the immune regulation of AE. This article gives an overview of the immune mechanism of AE from the regulation of immune cells and related cytokines perspective, aiming to facilitate therapies against AE.

A discussion on the broad-spectrum and potential mechanism of artemisinin and its derivatives

LIU Chuang, SI Wen-wen, ZHANG Yin, LIU Rong, LIU Yi, OUYANG Rui-zhuo, SUN Jun

2022, 40(1):  114-120.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.018

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (1405KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Artemisinin and its derivatives have unique efficacies in treating of malaria and schistosomiasis, and have potential in the treatment and prevention of other diseases. Increasing evidences have shown that artemisinin and its derivatives have sophisticated functions, and their broad-spectrum characteristics are attracting attention. This article summarizes the existing research on the application of artemisinin class drugs in parasitic protozoa, and parasitic worms, viruses, bacteria, fungi, insects, plants, and other diseases such as cancer and discusses the potential mechanisms behind the broad functions of artemisinin and its derivatives, based on the broad spectrum characteristics of artemisinin class drugs, and their antimalarial, anti-schistosomiasis and antitumor activities through iron or heme.

SHORT COMMUNICATIONS

Evaluation of up-converting phosphor-lateral flow method for rapid detection of IgG antibodies in echinococcosis patients

LIU Jia, MA Jun-ying, ZHANG Xue-fei, WANG Hu, MA Xiao, CAI Hui-xia, GAO Qi, QIE Shuang, YIN Yan, WANG Wei, WANG Yong-shun, ZHANG Jing-xiao, LIU Yu-fang, LEI Wen, ZHAN Pei-zhen, ZHANG Qing

2022, 40(1):  121-123.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.019

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (550KB) ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

To evaluate the effect of up-converting phosphor-lateral flow (UPT-LF) method for rapid detection of IgG antibodies in echinococcosis patient, and compare the test results with that of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Serum samples from patients with clinically confirmed echinococcosis were collected at Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital and the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University from 2017 to 2018. Serum samples of healthy individuals who came for general healthy checks were also collected from the physical examination centers of those hospitals. The anti-echinococcosis IgG antibody in the samples was detected by UPT-LF and ELISA methods. The sensitivity, specificity, misdiagnosis rate, total coincidence rate and Yoden index were analyzed based on clinical diagnosis results. Chi-square test was performed to compare the results between the two methods. A total of 104 serum samples of echinococcosis patients, including 46 cases of alveolaris echinococcosis (AE), 58 cases of cyst echinococcosis (CE) and 165 serum samples from healthy individuals were collected. The sensitivity of UPT-LF and ELISA in echinococcosis patients were 94.2% (98/104) and 78.8% (82/104), respectively, with statistically significant difference between the two methods (χ² = 11.250, P < 0.01). The sensitivity of UPT-LF and ELISA in AE patients were 97.8% (45/46) and 89.1% (41/46), while 91.4% (53/58) and 70.7% (41/58) in CE patients, respectively. The specificity of UPT-LF and ELISA in non-echinococcosis patients were 95.2% (157/165) and 90.9% (150/165), respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the two methods (χ ² = 1.565, P > 0.05). Compared with the clinical diagnosis result, the coincidence rates of UPT-LF and ELISA were 94.8% (255/269) and 86.2% (232/269), respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the two methods (χ ² = 1.884, P > 0.05). The Youden index of UPT-LF and ELISA were 0.894 and 0.697, respectively. UPT-LF method showed higher sensitivity than that of ELISA, and has a good application prospect in the field for the rapid detection of echinococcosis.

Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pet dogs and cats in Wuhu City

JIANG Feng, CHEN Run, DU Ning-ning, ZHU Meng-yi, ZHONG Hao, CHEN Hui, XI Xu-xia, ZHAN Xiao-dong, LI Chao-pin

2022, 40(1):  124-126.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.020

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (397KB) ( )  

References | Related Articles | Metrics

Peripheral blood samples were collected from pet dogs and cats at a veterinary clinic in Wuhu from May to October, 2019, to investigate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pet dogs and cats in Wuhu urban area. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology was used to detect Toxoplasma gondii in pet dog and cat samples. T. gondii were detected from 26 of the 500 samples. The overall positive rate is 5.2% with 2.8% (7/250) for dogs, and 7.6% (19/250) for cats, respectively, the difference was statistically significant (χ ² = 5.842, P < 0.05). The positive rate in male and female pet dogs was 2.7% (4/147) and 2.9% (3/103), respectively, the positive rates in younger pet dogs (age ≤ 3 years) and elder dogs (age > 3 years) were 2.4% (4/166) and 3.6% (3/84), respectively, with no statistically significant difference (χ ² = 0.000, 0.014, P > 0.05). The positive rates in male and female cats were 8.3% (10/120) and 6.9% (9/130), respectively, with no statistically significant difference (χ ² = 1.177, P > 0.05). The positive rates in younger pets (age ≤ 3 years) and elder pets (age > 3 years) were 6.5% (12/185) and 10.8% (7/65), respectively. The difference was statistically significant (χ ² = 1.256, P < 0.05). The results suggested a relatively high prevalence of T. gondii in dogs and cats in Wuhu urban area, which may potentially infect human.

Analysis on the copy number variation of multidrug resistance-1 gene in 122 imported cases of falciparum malaria in Changsha

TIAN Bin, LIAO Yu, WEN Lan, XIAO Fang, ZHANG Bin, SHEN Xiao-jun

2022, 40(1):  127-131.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.021

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (569KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

To understand the copy number variation (CNV)of Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistence-1 (Pfmdr1) gene among imported Plasmodium falciparum, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect Pfmdr1 and β-tubulin (Pftub) gene from dried blood samples on filter paper collected from imported falciparum malaria cases in Changsha City from 2016 to 2019, with Pftub as the reference gene, for calculating the Pfmdr1 CNV in the samples examined. SPSS 23.0 statistic software was used to analyze the detection results and individuals’ clinical treatment information. The gene detection indicated that among 122 samples, 18 (14.8%) had Pfmdr1 CNV, with the variation rate 14.8% (18/122). The average of Pfmdr1 CNV in the samples collected from 2016 to 2019 was 1.020 ± 0.076, 1.136 ± 0.403, 1.387 ± 0.657 and 1.142 ± 0.349, respectively. The blood samples with CNV of the falciparum malaria cases were imported from Equatorial Guinea, Angola, Benin, Sierra Leone, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana and The Republic of Congo. The average Pfmdr1 CNV of the blood samples of the cases imported from East, West and Central Africa were 0.999 ± 0.073, 1.150 ± 0.368 and 1.249 ± 0.448, respectively, with significant difference between the regions (t = 2.663, 3.995, P < 0.05). The average medication duration for the cases with Pfmdr1 varied CNV was (5.93 ± 0.94) d, which was longer than that from non-varied CNV [(3.21 ± 1.23) d] (t = 8.930, P < 0.01). One month after medication, recrudescence occurred in two cases with varied CNV Pfmdr1, but in one case with non-varied CNV (likelyhood ratio χ ² = 3.831, P < 0.05). One year after treatment ended, recrudescence occurred in two cases with varied CNV, whereas in one case with non-varied CNV （likelyhood ratio χ ² = 5.372,P < 0.05). Gametocytes were detected in the blood smears of 5 cases with varies CNV, while in 3 cases with non-varied CNV （likelyhood ratio χ² = 10.599, P < 0.01). Pfmdr1 gene CNV was found in the imported P. falciparum parasite in Changsha, and the variation may result in longer treatment duration for the patients and unable to completely clear up the parasites.

CASE REPORT

Diagnosis and treatment of celiac-subcutaneous echinococcosis granulosus in an elderly

YAN Ji-can, YU Wen-hao, HOU Li-zhao, ZHANG Ling-qiang, XU Xiao-lei, WANG Hai-jiu, LU Qian, FAN Hai-ning

2022, 40(1):  132-135.  doi:10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.01.022

Asbtract ( )   HTML ( )   PDF (2413KB) ( )  

Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

An 82-year-old male patient, who was diagnosed with the left inferior abdominal giant cyst, was admitted at the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University on January 28, 2021. The patient had the left upper abdominal pain for more than 20 days, and a history of more than 40 years of hepatic echinococcosis, history of close contact with cattle, sheep and other animals and history of living in endemic areas. A solid lump about 10 cm × 5 cm in size was reached in the upper left abdomen at admission examination, with tough texture, clear boundary and positive tenderness. Laboratory tests showed positive echinococcus IgG antibody. In combination with the abdominal phase Ⅲ dynamic enhanced CT, abdominal MRI and other related imaging examinations, a diagnosed of“celiac-subcutaneous echinococcosiswas” made. The excision of intraperitoneal echinococcus granulosus cyst was performed after completing relevant examinations. Intraoperative exploration revealed that the lesion broke through the abdominal wall along the left 9th to 10th anterior intercostal space and grew outward to the subcutaneous area, which was connected with the abdominal hydatid. On the 7th postoperative day, the patient was discharged. The patient was prescribed with albendazole 15 mg/(kg·d) orally, divided after breakfast and dinner, and continued with the treatment for 6 months. One month after the surgery, the patient was followed up at the clinic. No special discomfort was reported, and postoperative changes were indicated after plain CT scan of abdomen and pelvic cavity, and no obvious abnormalities were observed.