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Table of Content

    30 April 2011, Volume 29 Issue 2
    Cloning and Expression of Metalloprotease Gene from Schistosoma japoncum and its Immunoprotective Efficiency
    XU Bin1, JU Chuan1,3, LEI Yan2, MO Xiao-Jin1, FENG Zheng1, HU Hua-Nian1, HU Wei1*
    2011, 29(2):  1-81-86. 
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    Objective   To clone and express a metalloprotease gene of Schistosoma japonicum, purify the expressed protein,and investigate the induced immune response in mice and its localization in the parasite.  Methods  Specific primers were designed according to the EST sequence and used for amplification of the encoding sequence from the S. japonicum cDNA clone containing S. japonicum metalloprotease. The gene was subcloned into pET-28a plasmid and expressed,and the recombinant protein was purified with HisoTag affinity chromatography. Western blotting was used to analyze the immunogenicity. Eighteen C57BC/6 mice were divided into two groups.  Mice in group A were immunized each with 25 μg purified recombinant SjB04 at every 2 weeks for 3 times. Mice in group B received only adjuvant as control. Each mouse was challenged by (40±2) cercariae at the third week after the last immunization. Fecal samples were collected for 6 days from 37th days after challenge. Eggs per gram feces and rate of egg reduction were calculated. S. japonicum adult worms were collected from infected mice,and used for preparing frozen sections and indirect immunofluorescence staining with specific polyclone antibody to S. japonicum metalloprotease.  Results  The metalloprotease gene SjB04 was cloned,sequenced and expressed. The immunofluorescence localization showed that SjB04 protein distributed mainly in the intestinal epithelium of the adult worm. The recombinant protein was specifically recognized by the S. japonicum-infected rabbit sera,showing that the expressed product possessed antigenicity. Mice immunized with the recombinant protein revealed a reduction in number of adult worms,eggs in feces by 27.1% and 57.8%,respectively.   Conclusion   The recombinant protein of S. japonicum metalloprotease has been obtained with Mr 36 500. The protein locates in the intestinal epithelium of adult worm. Immunization with the SjB04 protein induces significant reduction of fecal eggs.
    Preliminary Function Study on Mago nashi Gene of Schistosoma japonicum
    ZHANG Wei-Na1, ZHANG Feng1, LIU Miao1, LIN Cui-Beng1, HUANG Da-Ge1,2, CHEN Ji-Jia1*
    2011, 29(2):  2-87-92. 
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    Objective   To study the function of Mago nashi gene in reproductive system of Schistosoma japonicum.  Methods  dsRNA products of SjMago nashi gene and control gene (lacZ) were generated by in vitro transcription. SjMago nashi dsRNA and control (lacZ) dsRNA were electroporated into mechanically transformed schistosomula. Aliquots of parasites (1 000) were harvested at day 1, 3, and 5 after electroporation, respectively. Total RNA and proteins were isolated simultaneously using TRIzol reagent. Levels of SjMago nashi mRNA and protein were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis, respectively. About 1 000 dsRNA-electroporated schistosomula were injected into each BALB/c female mouse. Six weeks later the worms were collected, fixed, stained, clarified, dehydrated and mounted. The male and female reproductive organs were observed and measured under the confocal laser scanning microscope.  Results   At day 1, 3 and 5 post-electroporation, 22%, 69%, and 80% reduction in Mago nashi mRNA levels were detected respectively in SjMago nashi dsRNA-electroporated schistosomula (experiment group) compared to parasites treated with control dsRNA (control group); and schistosomula of experiment group exhibited 12%, 39%, and 56% decreased in Mago nashi protein expression levels in comparison to the control group, respectively. In experiment group there were many spermatozoa in testicular lobes and no changes were observed in ovary and vitelline gland. Compared to control group, adult worms in experiment group were smaller in the body width, the width and length of testicles and ovaries(P<0.05).  Conclusion   Mago nashi dsRNA can specifically inhibit the expression of target gene and protein. SjMago nashi gene is a reproduction-related gene.
    Inhibitory Effect of Paeoniflorin on the Collagen Production by Fibroblasts through IL-13/STAT6 Signaling Pathway
    DU Ming-zhan1,SHEN Ji-long2,WU Qiang1,HU Xiang-yang1,CHU De-yong2 *
    2011, 29(2):  3-93-98. 
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    Objective   To observe the effects of paeoniflorin on 3T3 fibroblast activation, proliferation and collagen production through IL-13/STAT6 signaling pathway.   Methods   3T3 cell strain was cultured with serum-free medium for 12 h, then stimulated by paeoniflorin (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1 000 mg/L) or rIL-13 (6.25, 12.5, 50, 100, and 200 μg/L) for another 24 h. At the same time the blank control group for paeoniflorin or rIL-13 was observed. 3T3 cell proliferation was assayed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), and an appropriate concentration (100 μg/L) of rIL-13 was chosen according to the result of cell proliferation. Subsequently, 3T3 cell cultured with serum-free medium for 12 h was stimulated by 100 μg/L rIL-13 for 12 h, and then was treated with different concentrations of paeoniflorin (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1 000 mg/L) for another 24 h. Untreated 3T3 cell served as blank control. Cell proliferation was measured by CCK-8. Hydroxyproline content in cell supernatant was determined by alkaline lysis method. IL-13Rα1, α-SMA and STAT6 protein expression were detected by Western blotting. Col-Ⅰ, Col-Ⅲ, IL-13Rα1 and STAT6 mRNA expression were analyzed by RT-PCR.   Results   Pae-oniflorin inhibited 3T3 cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner (r=-0.980, P<0.01), and there was a statistically significant difference among all groups (F=198.599, P<0.01). rIL-13 caused a remarkably concentration-dependent increase in proliferation of 3T3 cells (r=0.538, P<0.05). Paeoniflorin (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1 000 mg/L) inhibited proliferation of 3T3 cell stimulated by rIL-13 in a concentration-dependent manner (1.780±0.177, 1.636±0.073, 0.965±0.066, 0.623±0.037, 0.337±0.022, r=-0.971, P<0.01), and among all groups there existed a significant difference (F=198.537, P<0.01). Moreover, paeoni-florin also suppressed secretion of hydroxyproline from 3T3 cell stimulated by rIL-13 in a concentration-dependent manner (3.030±0.094, 2.976±0.047, 2.814±0.047, 2.652±0.124, 2.408±0.124, r=-0.916, P<0.01) with a statistical significance among all groups (F=13.642, P<0.01). Further investigations showed that paeoniflorin decreased both protein expression of α-SMA, IL-13Rα1, and STAT6, and mRNA expression of Col-Ⅰ, Col-Ⅲ, IL-13Rα1, and STAT6 in 3T3 cell stimulated by rIL-13.  Conclusion   Paeoniflorin inhibits activation, proliferation of fibroblasts and production of collagen from fibroblasts through IL-13/STAT6 signaling pathway, which might be one of mechanisms of anti-hepatic fibrosis of paeoniflorin in schistosomiasis japonica.
    Ageing Down-modulates the Immune Responses to Schistosoma japonicum Infection in Mice
    YANG Yun-fan1,SUN Qian1,SU Bin-tao2,LIN Lin3,LI Man-jun2,CHEN Lin2,XU Hong2,LEI Jia-hui2 *,LIU Wen-qi2,LI Yong-long2
    2011, 29(2):  4-101-104. 
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    Objective   To investigate the effect of ageing on the immune responses against Schistosoma japonicum infection in mice.   Methods   Female BALB/c mice were divided into young group (2 months) and old group (18 months), each composed of 8 mice. Each mouse was percutaneously infected with 40±1 S. japonicum cercariae. At 6 weeks post-infection, the mice were sacrificed, and the spleens were removed and single-cell suspensions of splenocytes were prepared. Worms were perfused from hepatic portal system and counted. The number of eggs in the liver was determined after KOH digestion. Mean single-egg granulomas sizes were determined in stained histological sections. Splenocyte proliferation responses were analyzed by MTT colorimetry. Level of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in the splenocyte culture supernatants was determined by ELISA.   Results   The worm burden and egg per gram of liver in old mice [19.75±1.95, (1.59±1.05)×104] were significantly lower than that of young mice [26.00±2.42, (2.08±0.87)×104] (P<0.05). The mean volume of single-egg granulomas of the livers in old mice [(30.13±10.97) ×10-3 mm3] was significantly lower than that of the young mice [(47.02±24.13) ×10-3 mm3] (P<0.05).  Results of T cell proliferation showed that the splenocytes had poorer immune reactivity to ConA in old mice (SI: 1.08±0.12) than that in young mice (SI: 1.31±0.14) (P<0.05). Levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 in the splenocyte culture supernatants [(24.05±6.24), (4.15±0.68) pg/ml] from old mice were lower than that of young mice [(34.25±8.69), (7.25±0.83) pg/ml](P<0.05).   Conclusion   Ageing down-modulates the immune responses and the poorer immune reactivity might decrease pathological alterations in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum.
    Effect of Ginsenoside Rg3 on Hepatic Fibrosis in Murine Schistosomiasis Japonica
    ZENG Jin,WANG Hong,JIA Xue-mei,LI Cui-ying,LI Fei*
    2011, 29(2):  5-107-110. 
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    Objective   To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of ginsenoside Rg3 on hepatic fibrosis in murine schistosomiasis japonica.  Methods   54 ICR-strain male mice were divided into 4 groups named as normal control group (A), infected control group (B), praziquantel+Rg3 treated group (C) and praziquantel treated group (D). There were 12 mice in each group, but 18 in group A. Mice in groups B,C,and D were infected with 20±2 cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum. At ten weeks post-infection, 10 mice of group A and 12 mice of group B were weighed and  sacrificed. Specimens from left hepatic lobes were taken and fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution. Mice in groups C and D were treated intragastrically with praziquantel at a single dose of 300 mg/kg. At the second day after praziquantel treatment, each mouse in group C was given 3 mg/(kg·d) ginsenoside Rg3 for 8 weeks. The rest mice were sacrificed on 8 weeks after treatment, and liver tissue samples from left hepatic lobes were prepared. The histological changes and collagen fiber deposition in the liver tissue sections were observed with hematoxylin-eosin staining and van gieson staining. Liver fibrosis was graded according to semi-quantitative scoring system (SSS) method.  Results  In group B, many eggs deposited in the hepatic lobules and portal areas, and eosinophilic abscesses and pseudo-tubercles developed in the liver, especially common in portal areas. There were many fibre hyperplasia and deposit inside abbacy and liver flocculus. Pipestem fibrosis formed around the portal areas, and some cord-like fibres extended into hepatic lobules, and formed in the fibrous septa. After 8-week treatment with ginsenoside Rg3, in group C, the livers were initially enlarged, firm and dust-color; and the degree of hepatomegly varied from mild to marked; but the degree of fibre hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration were mitigated compared with that of group B. Mean percentage of collagen area in group C[(2.32±0.99)%] was lower than that of groups B [(11.08±4.43)%] and D [(11.19±4.91)%](P<0.05). The SSS scores of hepatic fibrosis in group C (2.83±1.09) was lower than that of groups B (7.42±1.16) and D(8.08±1.76)(P<0.05).  Conclusion   Ginsenoside Rg3 shows anti-hepatofibrosis effects in murine schistosomiasis japonica after praziquantel treatment.
    Echinococcus granulosus Recombinant Antigen B Induced IDO Expression in Mouse Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells In Vitro
    SHAN Jiao-yu1,2,JI Wei-zheng1,Turgun Tursun1,LI Liang1,ZHANG Chuan-shan1,LIN Ren-yong1,WEN Hao1 *
    2011, 29(2):  6-111-116. 
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    Objective   To observe the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) after adding Echinococcus granulosus recombinant antigen B (rAgB) in vitro.  Methods  CD11c+ DCs generated from bone marrow precursor cells of C57BL/6 mice and cultured in the presence of recombinant mouse GM-CSF (rmGM-CSF). The morphology of DCs was observed by inverted microscope and scanning electronic microscope. The level of IA/IE,CD40,CD80,and CD86 on DCs were determined by flow cytometry. T cell proliferation induced by DCs were evaluated by using mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay. At day 6 postculture, the immature DCs were collected, and part of the immature DCs stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h were examined by flow cytometry. Immature DCs were divided into 3 groups: negative control group,positive control group (rmIFN-γ,1 000 U/ml) and rAgB group. Immature DCs of positive control group and rAgB group were induced with 1 000 U/ml rmIFN-γ and 15 μg/ml rAgB,respectively. IDO expression in DCs was examined 24 h after induction using immunohistochemical method and Western blotting.  Results   More than 80% CD11c+ DCs were harvested. The typical DCs were observed under inverted microscope and scanning electronic microscope. The level of CD40, CD80, and IA/IE(MHCⅡ) in mature DCs group was significantly higher than that of immature DCs group (P<0.05). In MLR,mitomycin-treated DCs can stimulate T lymphocytes proliferation activity. There were significantly differences in IDO expression in the negative control group [(4.544±1.752)%], positive control group [(20.464±4.452)%] and rAgB group [(11.148±1.966)%] (P<0.05). Western blotting result indicated that the ratio of IDO/GAPDH in rAgB group (0.573±0.129) was significantly higher than that of negative group (0.229±0.085) (P<0.05), and there were no significant difference in the ratio of IDO/GAPDH between IFN-γ group (0.794±0.114) and rAgB group (P>0.05).   Conclusion   rAgB can induce IDO expression in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells in vitro.
    Effect of Oral Administration of Tribendimidine at Different Dosages against Trichinella spiralis Encapsulated Larvae in Mice
    LI Run-Hua-1, GAO Jin-Hua-1, WANG Si-Fei-2, PEI Yan-Jiang-2, SHEN Jin-Yan-3, YAN Ping-Mei-1, YAN Guo-Rong-3 *
    2011, 29(2):  7-117-121. 
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    Objective   To observe the efficacy of oral administration of tribendimidine (TBD) at different dosages against Trichinella spirails encapsulated larvae in murine striated muscle.  Methods   A total of 88 BALB/c mice were divided equally into 11 groups. Each mouse was infected orally with 50 T.  spiralis encapsulated larvae. At day 29 after infection, TBD was each orally administered to mice of the 11 groups with doses of 0 (control group), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 mg/(kg·d), respectively. All mice were administered once a day and lasted for 6 d, and untoward drug reactions for mice were observed. Mice were sacrificed at the 7th day after administration of TBD, the encapsulated larvae in diaphragmatic muscle, jugomaxillary muscle, pectoral muscle and gastrocnemius muscle were examined by pellet method, and the total, survival and dead worms were counted. The therapeutic effect was estimated on the basis of average quantity of encapsulated larvae per gram muscle.   Results   During the administration period, no untoward reaction were observed in mice of 50-300 mg/(kg·d) groups. Mice in 350 and 400 mg/(kg·d) groups showed body hair dishevelment, emaciation and food-intake decrease, death rates were 25% and 50%, respectively. All mice in 450 and 500 mg/(kg·d) groups died on day 4 and 5 after TBD administration, respectively. In control group, the highest total burden (per gram) was found in diaphragmatic muscle, followed by jugomaxillary muscle, gastrocnemius muscles and pectoral muscles. TBD at dose of 50 mg/(kg·d) was unable to kill encapsulated larvae. In the rest groups, with the increase of drug dose, the total worm burden and the number of survival worms showed a decreasing trend in four kinds of muscles, and were significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In 300 mg/(kg·d) group the number of survival worms in diaphragmatic muscle, jugomaxillary muscle, pectoral muscle and gastrocnemius muscle [8.6±1.7, 2.8±0.7, 3.9±0.8, and 0, respectively] were significantly lower than that of the control group [3 648.1±989.2, 1 266.4±812.3, 701.9±196.4, and 711.6±334.6] (P<0.01). All encapsulated larvae in the four kinds of muscle died in 350 and 400 mg/(kg·d) groups. With the increase of TBD dosage, the mortality of encapsulated larvae increased in the muscles, reached up to 98.6%-100% in 300 mg/(kg·d) group (P<0.01), and 100% in 350 and 400 mg/(kg·d) groups (P<0.01).   Conclusion   Oral tribendimidine administered at 50 mg/(kg·d) to mice for 6 d is unable to reduce worm burden in muscle. Tribendimidine 300 mg/(kg·d) effectively kill encapsulated larvae and is a suitable dose against encapsulated larva stage. However, tribendimidine at doses of 350 mg/(kg·d) and above for 6 d is toxic to mice and even causing death.
    Immunogenicity of the Recombinant Plasmid of Leishmania donovani Amastin Gene
    LI Jin-fu1,CHEN Jian-ping2 *, TIAN Yu2,YANG Zhi-wei2,MA Ying2,HU Xiao-su2
    2011, 29(2):  8-122-125. 
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    Objective   To investigate the immunogenicity of recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1-amastin with Leishmania donovani amastin gene.  Methods   Eighteen female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Mice in experimental group and control group were intramuscularly injected with 50 μg recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1-amastin and blank plasmid vector pcDNA3.1(+), respectively, and then received equivalent dose of plamid after 2 weeks. On days 7, 14, and 21 after the second immunization, serum samples were collected from 3 mice each group. The mice were then sacrificed, spleens were removed and splenocytes were collected. Serum antibody level was determined by indirect ELISA. Splenocyte proliferation responses and cytotoxicity of spleen-derived lymphocytes were analyzed by MTT colorimetry after stimulation with ConA. Level of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4 in the splenocyte culture supernatants was determined by double antibody sandwich ELISA.   Results   On days 7, 14, and 21 after the second immunization, specific IgG antibody (more than 1 ∶ 640) was found in experimental group, but not in the control(P<0.01); stimulation index (SI) of spleen cells in experimental group (4.28±0.51, 5.01±0.60, and 4.39±0.50) was higher than that of control group (P<0.01); the level of IFN-γ[(42.06±4.26), (66.02±6.02), and (58.29±3.75) pg/ml] and IL-2 [(38.21±5.11), (64.79±8.67), and (52.69±7.15) pg/ml] in splenocyte culture supernatants of experimental group was higher than that of control group (P<0.01); IL-4 was not found in the two groups; cytotoxicity of spleen-derived lymphocytes in experimental group [(42.20±5.96)%, (63.66±5.44)%, and (52.24±4.56)%]was stronger than that of control (P<0.01).   Conclusion   The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1-amastin can induce specific humoral and Th1 type cellular immune responses in mice.
    Effect of 6 MeV Radiotherapy on Secondary Echinococcus multilocularis Infection in Rats
    BAO Yong-xing,ZHANG Yue-fen,NI Ya-qiong,XIE Zeng-ru,QI Hong-zhi,MAO Rui,YANG Yu-gang,WEN Hao*
    2011, 29(2):  9-127-129. 
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    Objective   To explore the effect of 6-MeV X-ray radiotherapy on secondary Echinococcus multilocularis infection in rats.   Methods   Female SD rats were used to develop a secondary infection model, and then randomly divided into experimental group and control group (5/group). Rats in experimental group received two irradiations at 7-day intervals with the same dose (20 Gy) which applied with 6-MeV ray. The rats in control group did not receive any treatment. At one month after the second irradiation, the pathomorphological changes of E. multilocularis cysts were observed.  Results   Cysts in experimental group showed different degrees of damage, including that the laminated layer and germinal layer became swollen and separated from each other, brood capsules and protoscoleces were rare. The structure of cysts was normal in control group, laminated layer and germinal layer were clear, and there were many protoscoleces in the brood capsule.  Conclusion   6 MeV radiotherapy can inhibit the growth of E. multilocularis.
    Extraction of Agglutinin from Oncomelania hupensis and its Haemagglutination Activity
    PENG Huai-ming1,2,LI Chao-pin1,LIU Hui1,ZHAO Jin-song1,ZHOU Shu-lin1 *
    2011, 29(2):  10-130-133. 
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    Objective   To explore the extraction methods of agglutinin from Oncomelania hupensis snail and study its haemagglutination activity.   Methods   Protein obtained by ammonium sulfate fractionation precipitation with 20%-100% saturation of ammonium sulfate. Its haemagglutination activity was determined by rabbit erythrocytes. The precipitation which could agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes was diluted with 2.5 mg/ml D-galactose, D-fructose, D-glucose, saccharose,maltose and lactose, respectively, and then their haemagglutination activity was tested. Snail agglutinin were incubated at different temperatures (25-90 ℃) and assayed for agglutinating activity. The effect of pH on the haemagglutination activity was determined by using the PBS buffer at different pH values (3.0-10.0).   Results   Oncomelania snail agglutinin exhibited high haemagglutination activity in 20%-40% saturated ammonium sulfate pellet. Lactose and galactose could inhibit the haemagglutination activity of snail agglutinin. The agglutinin showed maximum activity at pH 7.0. In temperature range of 30-70 ℃, the haemagglutination activity decreased with increasing temperature, and all activity lost beyond 80 ℃.  Conclusion   Galactose/lactose specific agglutinin exists in Oncomelania snail, its haemagglutination activity is affected by pH and temperature.
    Investigation on Malaria Vectors in Western Part of Cina-yanmar Border
    SHI Wen-qi1,ZHOU Xiao-jun1,ZHANG Yi1 *,ZHOU Xiao-nong1,HU Ling1,WANG Xue-zhong2,WANG Jian2,LI Yan-jun3
    2011, 29(2):  11-134-137. 
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    Objective   To reveal the distribution and composition of malaria-ransmitting vectors on the western part of China-yanmar border.  Methods   An entomological survey of malaria vectors was carried out in six villages of Yingjiang County and Xidong County on China-yanmar border between August and September, 2008. Mosquitoes in human dwellings and cattle sheds were collected by overnight trapping with ovitrap light. The mosquitoes were firstly identified morphologically, and then Anopheles minimus A and C,An. aconitus,and An. jeyporiensis were identified by using multiplex PCR. Some mosquitoes were selected to extract the total genomic DNA, and detect sporozoites by nested PCR.   Results  A total of 4 571 mosquitoes were captured with 54.32% (2 483/4 571) of anopheline mosquitoes. There was significant difference in Anopheles species composition in human dwellings and cattle sheds. The main species in human dwellings were An. kochi,An. minimus,and An. sinensis, while the principal species in cattle sheds consist of An. kochi(223), An. annularis(184), An. vagus(131),and An. jeyporiensis(129). Furthermore,the composition in human dwellings of villages with and without cattle was significantly different. An. minimus(260) and An. kochi(49) were the most important species in villages with cattle, whereas An. kochi(481) and An. sinensis(124) were the key species in villages without cattle. A total of 1 075 mosquitoes were examined for sporozoites and 9 mosquitoes were found to be infected. Only three species, i.e. An. minimus (7/408), An. aconitus (1/125) and An. pseudowillmori(1/101) were infected with malaria parasite. All sporozoites were identified as Plasmodium falciparum by  sequencing, the target fragment was 204 bp.  Conclusion   The species composition of mosquitoes is complex in the study sites on the western part of China-yanmar border, and An. minimus is the major malaria vector. Additionally, An. aconitus and An. pseudowillmori are also confirmed as potential malaria vector in this area.
    Progress on Regulation of Gene Expression in Giardia lamblia
    WANG Yi-hui,LI Ya-jie*
    2011, 29(2):  12-138-141. 
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    Giardia lamblia is an important human pathogen that causes diarrhea and malnutrition. As a late-branching eukaryote, G. lamblia may have special mechanisms for regulating gene expression which differ from other eukaryotes. In this paper, the mechanisms that governing regulation of G. lamblia gene expression, such as promoters, transcription factors, transcriptional regulation, translation initiation and epigenetic mechanisms are summarized.
    Research Progress on Anti-tumor Mechanism of Trichinella spiralis
    DUAN Ling-xin1,2,GUAN Xue-min1,ZHANG Chuan-sheng1,RUI Ping1,NI Jing1,SU Yong-mei1,CHEN Li-feng1,ZHANG Xi-chen2 *
    2011, 29(2):  13-142-146. 
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    Trichinella spiralis has restrain effect on tumors. Different amount of T. spiralis can emerge different tumor inhibition effect. T. spiralis infection can reduce tumor growth to various extents in mice bearing tumor cells at different times post infection. Each developmental stage of T. spiralis in the host may have anti-tumor effect. T. spiralis may play anti-tumor roles by stimulating cell-mediated immune response, and/or possessing tumor-associated antigen and anti-tumor active substances of the parasite.
    Insect Odorant Receptors and their Olfactory Signal Transduction Pathway  
    YU Ming-ming1,XU Wen-yue2 *
    2011, 29(2):  14-147-150,153. 
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    Protection against insect bites is one of the main strategies in prevention and control of the vector-borne diseases. However, due to the obvious shortcomings of traditional control methods, it is necessary to develop new control measures. Most insects rely on their olfactory systems for host and mate location. Interfering with insect olfactory systems is becoming a hot research area in the control of vector-borne diseases. As odorant receptors play a major role in perception of odorant molecules by insect olfactory system, this paper summarizes the recent progress on insect odorant receptors and their olfactory signal transduction.
    Progress on Transgenic Mosquitoes
    YANG Pin
    2011, 29(2):  15-151-153. 
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    The genetically modified mosquitoes have been developed aiming to control mosquito-borne diseases by either reducing population sizes or replacing existing populations with vectors unable to transmit the disease. This paper introduces some progress on the generation of transgenic mosquitoes and their fitness in wild population.
    Sequence Analysis of 16S rDNA Gene of Endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba sp. CB/S1 Isolated from Soil
    XUAN Ying-hua,CUI Chun-quan,ZHENG Shan-zi*
    2011, 29(2):  16-98-100. 
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    The endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba sp. CB/S1 was identified by orcein-carmine staining and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The endosymbiont bacteria were rod-shaped and darkly stained, and irregularly localized within the cytoplasm. The length of the 16S rDNA was 1 534 bp and its DNA sequence was closely related to those of Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus and Acanthamoeba sp. KA/E21 with 98% homology. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the endosymbiont of CB/S1, the endosymbiont of KA/E21, Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus, the endosymbiont of Ixodes scapularis,and the endosymbiont of Encarsia pergandiella constitute a monophyletic lineage in phylogenetic tree.
    Histology of the Alimentary Canal in Mature Larva of Simulium (Wilhelmia) xingyiense Chen and Zhang (Diptera︰Simuliidae)
    XUN Hui,YANG Ming*,WU Hui,CHEN Han-bin
    2011, 29(2):  17-104-106. 
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    The histology of alimentary canal of Simulium (Wilhelmia) xingyiense mature larva (with gill spots) was investigated by using paraffin serial section. The alimentary canal is composed of foregut, midgut and hindgut. The foregut includes pharynx, esophagus and proventriculus. The up-inside of buccal cavity invaginates to form the labral gland with irregular shape. Ossified cibarium exist in anterior pharynx. Canular proventriculus forms by the invagination of esophagus. The midgut begins with four big gastric caeca, and divides into three regions according to the epithelium cell shape. The hindgut consists of pylorus, ileum and rectal. The structure of the ileum is different from rectal. Four malpighian tubules diverge from the boundary between midgut and hindgut. The structure of silk duct is special.
    Preliminary Analysis of Chigger Mite Community on Eothenomys miletus in 19 Counties of Yunnan Province
    ZHAN Yin-zhu,GUO Xian-guo*,ZUO Xiao-hua,WANG Qiao-hua
    2011, 29(2):  18-154-156. 
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    Eothenomys miletus were captured in 19 counties of Yunnan Province. The distribution of species-abundance and the species-plots relationship between E. miletus and chigger mites were analyzed by using ecological statistic method. There were totally 40 052 chigger mites collected from the body surface of 1 741 E. miletus. 111 species of chigger mites were identified. The species-abundance distribution showed that with the increase of mite individuals, the number of chigger mite species gradually decreased. Most mite species were rare ones. Species-plot relation indicated that with the number of mouse plots (samples of E. miletus) increasing, the number of chigger mite species increased. E. miletus collected quantity up to date still could not reflect the exact species richness of chigger mite.
    Infection Status of Wild Freshwater Fish with Metacercariae of Clonorchis sinensis in West Liaoning
    LIU Xiao-gang*,LIU Gang,ZHANG Wen-wen
    2011, 29(2):  19-157-159. 
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    A total of 1 131 wild freshwater fishes were collected from Nver River, Gou River and Liao River in the west region of Liaoning Province, and examined for metacercariae by direct compression and artificial digestion (pepsin-HCl) method. All the 6 species fishes were infected by Clonorchis sinensis. The highest prevalence (82.8%, 216/261) were found in Pseudorasbora parva and the lowest (1.5%, 2/137) in Phoxinus lagowskii. The highest intensity of infection (2 390 per fish) was in Perccottus glehnidybowski and the lowest (30 per fish) in Phoxinus lagowskii.
    Investigation on Life Quality of Patients with Chronic Lymphatic Filariasis in Yuhang District of Hangzhou
    WANG Lai-gen*,HU Yong-qin,TANG Ai-qi,FANG Hang-yan,GAN Wei-qun
    2011, 29(2):  20-159-160,封三. 
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    Data were collected from chronic lymphatic filariasis patients and the public in Yuhang District of Hangzhou. Health status was assessed by using EuroQol (EQ)-5D. A total of 600 questionnaires were sent and 550 (91.7%) returned (276 chronic lymphatic filariasis patients and 274 members of the public). The EQ-5D index score for patients with chronic lymphatic filariasis (0.770±0.128) were lower than the general public (0.872±0.073). In contrast to the public(6.6%, 5.8%, 12.0%, 20.4%, and 10.6%), patients reported more problems with their mobility(43.8%), self-care(22.5%), daily activities (44.9%), anxiety/depression (47.8%), and pain/discomfort (29.0%) (P<0.01). Strength of association were 6.67, 3.86, 3.74, 2.73, and 2.34, respectively. These results indicated that chronic lymphatic filariasis shows an impact on patients′ health-related quality of life. It particularly causes great problems in the dimensions of mobility, self-care, and daily activities.
    Three imported cases of trichinosis
    LIU Yang,ZHANG Ying,LU Fu-rong
    2011, 29(2):  21-125-126. 
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    A case of Thelazia callipaeda infection
    LAN Wei-ming,JIANG Wei-sheng,DAI Kun-jiao, ZENG Xiao-jun
    2011, 29(2):  22-133. 
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    One case of plerocercoidosis
    QI Jing-Jiao-1, ZHANG Ping-2
    2011, 29(2):  23-146. 
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    Two cases of Cordylobia anthropophaga myiasis
    QIU Yan-Li
    2011, 29(2):  24-封二. 
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    A review of book “Clinical Laboratory Parasitology”
    WU Guan-Ling
    2011, 29(2):  25-92. 
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