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Anti-Plasmodium activity and mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides
Wen-qi ZHENG, Xiu-lan SU
CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES    2018, 36 (6): 643-647.  
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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) consist of a diverse group of small molecular polypeptides that widely exist in organisms and act as an important part of the innate immune system. AMPs can not only effectively kill bacteria, but also kill fungi, viruses, parasites and even tumor cells. It has been proved that antimicrobial peptides can inhibit the growth of different stages of Plasmodium protozoan and no drug tolerance has been identified so far, making it valuable as a novel anti-malaria agent. Currently, a variety of AMPs with anti-malarial activities have been successively isolated and identified. It includes the AMPs that target Plasmodium within erythrocytes such as dermaseptins and their derivatives dermaseptin S3 and dermaseptin S4, cecropin B and its derivatives SB-37 and Shiva-1, Defensin DefMT2, DefMT3 and DefMT5, etc. Those AMPs targeting the sexual stage of Plasmodium mainly include duramycin, melittin, TP10 and Vida1-Vida3. In this paper, the inhibition effects of AMPs on different developmental stages of Plasmodium and the possible mechanisms are reviewed.

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Influence Factors of Schistosoma japonum Infection among Fishermen in Eastern Dongting Lake Region
YU Xin-ling1,ZHOU Jie1*,HE Yong-kang1,HUANG Ming-zhu2,LI Yue-sheng1
   2013, 31 (4): 13-307-309.  
Abstract680)      PDF(pc) (10273KB)(5130)       Save
Objective  To investigate schistosome infection among the professional fishermen in Yueyang County, East Dongting Lake Region and its influence factors.  Methods  A total of 275 fishermen from two fisherman villages in Yueyang County were selected in 2009. They were investigated by fecal examination and questionnairing. The stool-egg positive individuals were detected by B ultrasound. The multivariate unconditional Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the related factors of schistosome infection and liver in fishermen.  Results  The total infection rate in fishermen was 40.4%(111/275), and the geometric mean of EPG was 17.4±4.4. B ultrasound data showed among 111 egg positive individuals, 39(35.1%) cases manifested as hepatomegaly, 22(19.8%) had splenomegaly, 11(9.9%) had portal vein expansion and 65(58.6%) had hepatic fibrosis. Multivariate unconditional Logistic regression analysis showed that age groups(OR=0.630), fishing working years(OR=2.470), chemotherapy frequency(OR=0.425) and chemotherapy in 2008(OR=0.290) were the influence factors on schistosome infection(P<0.01).  Conclusion  Schistosome infection rate is high, Schistosoma japonicum-induced liver and spleen injuries are still severe in fisherman of Eastern Dongting Lake Region.
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Research development of CRISPR/Cas9 system on parasitic studies
Yi-xiu FU, Qing-ming KONG, Shao-hong LU
CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES    2017, 35 (3): 299-304.  
Abstract661)   HTML4)    PDF(pc) (2227KB)(4490)       Save

CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/(CRISPR-associated protein 9) is an efficient genome editing system for targeted gene disruption, site-specific insertion of foreign DNA, gene repair, etc., which provides an innovation platform of technology for functional analysis of parasite genes and selection of drug targets and vaccine candidates. Here, we review the mechanism of CRISPR/Cas9 and some recent findings on the use of CRISPR/Cas9 in parasite research, particularly in studies of Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and Leishmania. The challenges and optimization strategies of the CRISPR/Cas9 system at the present stage are also discussed.

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   2004, 22 (3): 23-191.  
Abstract1054)      PDF(pc) (219KB)(4279)       Save
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   1998, 16 (5): 388-393.  
Abstract2547)      PDF(pc) (347KB)(4055)       Save
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   2003, 21 (4): 1-196.  
Abstract774)      PDF(pc) (321KB)(3766)       Save
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Genetic diversity and differentiation time of human isolates of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis from Qinghai
WU De-fang, FU Yong, REN Bin, ZHANG Yao-gang, XU Xiao-lei, PANG Ming-quan, FAN Hai-ning
CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC DISEASES    2022, 40 (5): 610-615.   DOI: 10.12140/j.issn.1000-7423.2022.05.007
Abstract325)   HTML14)    PDF(pc) (3419KB)(3538)       Save

Objective To analyzed the genetic diversity, genetic differences between populations and differentiation time of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis of Qinghai isolates, in order to provide scientific basis for species tracing and prevention and control of Echinococcus in Qinghai Province, China. Methods For genetic analysis, 50 liver lesion samples were collected from hospitalized echinococcosis patients in the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University to extract genomic DNA and amplify mitochondrial dehydrogenase 1 gene (nad1). Sequence multiple alignment was performed using Clustal X v2.0 software. Geographic informatics mapping of patients’ residence was constructed using ArcGIS software. Sequence haplotype analysis was made with DnaSP v6 software. Modeltest 3.7 software and PAUP*4.0B10 software were used to calculate the minimum optimal nucleic acid evolution model. The Bayesian’s phylogenetic evolution tree was constructed with MrBayes-3.2.7 software. The differentiation time of each node in the phylogenetic tree was estimated with the Bayesian method using BEAST v2.6.3 software. Results We successfully identified 48 Echinococcus lesion samples specimen and obtained the full length of complete nad1 gene of 894 bp. Among them, 13 samples were identified as the G1 genotype of E. granulosus, and 35 samples as E. multilocularis. All the sequences showed > 99% similarity to those in GenBank. Four haplotypes were identified as H1-H4 in the two species respectively; H3 was the dominant haplotype in E. granulosus samples(10/13), which is present in Xining, Guoluo, Yushu, Haidong, Haibei and Huangnan. H2 haplotype was found dominant in E. multilocular samples (51.4%,18/35), which is present in Xining, Guoluo, Yushu, and Haidong. The phylogenetic tree showed that E. granulosus and G1 genotype clustered into one branch, and E. multilocularis and Asian strain clustered into one branch. The results of differentiation time showed that the nearest common ancestor of E. granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus was about 5.5 Mya (95% confidence interval 4.5-6.5 Mya), and the differentiation time of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis was about 2.5 Mya (95% confidence interval 2.3-4.1 Mya). Conclusion Both human E. granulosus and E. multilocularis in Qinghai Province show high genetic diversity. E. granulosus was found of G1 genotype, with H3 as the dominant haplotype, while in E. multilocularis samles H2 is the dominant. The two speies are widely distributed throughout Qinghai Province. The two species of Echinococcus exhit closer genetic relationship and differentiation timing.

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Antigen Analysis of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Different Developmental Stages
LIHua;CHENXiao-guang*;SHENHao-xian;PENGHong-juan;ZHAOXing-cun
   2005, 23 (1): 9-39.  
Abstract1574)      PDF(pc) (376KB)(3077)       Save

Objective To analyze the difference among antigens of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in different developmental stages and identify dominant diagnostic antigen for angiostrongyliasis. Methods Antigens of A.cantonensis in different developmental stages were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot. Results The protein bands of all developmental stages were similar on SDS-PAGE. The Mr 40 000 , 50 000 , 66 000 and 80 000 antigens reacted not only with the sera of rats infected by A.cantonensis but also with the sera of normal rats. The Mr 104 000 antigen could be discerned by sera of rats infected with A.cantonensis for 2 weeks. The Mr 32 000 antigen could be recognized by sera of rats 2 weeks after infection, and the reaction became stronger with the infection continued. Conclusion The Mr 40 000 , 50 000 , 66 000 and 80 000 antigens might result in the unspecific reaction in the immunodiagnosis of angiostrongyliasis using the crude antigen of A.cantonensis. The Mr 104 000 of larva, Mr 33 000 of adult females and Mr 32 000 of the worms might be used as candidate antigens in early diagnosis and epidemiological survey of angiostrongyliasis.

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Research Progress on Genotype and Genotype-associated Pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii
WANG Lin1,2, SHEN Ji-long2,3 *
   2013, 31 (4): 16-319-324.  
Abstract798)      PDF(pc) (25128KB)(2603)       Save
Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, which is widely prevalent in animals and human throughout the world. It causes serious harm to human health and the development of animal husbandry. T. gondii isolates were considered a single species without geographical boundaries. However, high diversity has been revealed within and between T. gondii populations collected from around the world defined by the multi-locus enzyme electrophoresis(MLEE), polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) or microsatellite analysis. Different strains of T. gondii may exhibit differences in virulence to mice. This paper summarizes the research progress on the genotypes from T. gondii isolates in different geographic regions around the world, and the relationship between genotype and virulence of T. gondii.
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Progress on Functional Genomics of Some Important Zoonotic Parasites
AI Lin-1, 2 , CHEN Shao-Gong-1, CHEN Jia-Xu-1 *
   2011, 29 (1): 13-58-63.  
Abstract1561)      PDF(pc) (285KB)(2516)       Save
With the development of molecular biology, genomics research has been expanded from structural genomics to functional genomics, and from single gene to massive batch. This paper summarizes the progress of structural genomics of some zoonotic parasites and major technical methods.
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A National Survey on Current Status of the Important Parasitic Diseases in Human Population
CoordinatingOfficeoftheNationalSurveyontheImportantHumanParasiticDiseases
   2005, 23 (增刊): 4-339.  
Abstract1735)      PDF(pc) (370KB)(2465)       Save
In order to understand the current status and trends of the important parasitic diseases in human population, to evaluate the effect of control activities in the past decade and provide scientific base for further developing control strategies, a national survey was carried out in the country (Taiwan, Hongkong and Macau not included) from June, 2001 to 2004 under the sponsorship of the Ministry of Health.
The sample sizes of the nationwide survey and of the survey in each province (autonomous region and municipality, P/A/M) were determined following a calculating formula based on an estimation of the sample size of random sampling to the rate of population. A procedure of stratified cluster random sampling was conducted in each province based on geographical location and economical condition with three strata: county/city, township/town, and spot, each spot covered a sample of 500 people. Parasitological examinations were conducted for the infections of soil-transmitted nematodes, Taenia spp, and Clonorchis sinensis, including Kato-Katz thick smear method, scotch cellulose adhesive tape technique and test tube-filter paper culture (for larvae). At the same time, another sampled investigation for Clonorchis sinensis infection was carried out in the known endemic areas in 27 provinces. Serological tests combined with questionnairing and/or clin-ical diagnosis were applied for hydatid disease, cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, trichinosis, and toxoplasmosis.
A total sampled population of 356 629 from the 31 P/A/M was examined by parasitological methods and 26 species of helminthes were recorded. Among these helminthes, human infections of Metorchis orientalis and Echinostoma aegypti were detected in Fujian Province which seemed to be the first report in the world, and Haplorchis taichui infection in Guangxi Region was the first human infection record in the country. The overall prevalence of helminth infections was 21.74%. The prevalence of soil-transmitted nematodes was 19.56% (including hookworm infection 6.12%, Ascaris infection 12.72% and Trichuris infection 4.63%), and the estimated number of population infected with soil-transmitted nematodes was 129 million (with 39.3, 85.93 and 29.09 million for hookworm, Ascaris and Trichuris infections respectively). The prevalence of Taenia infection was 0.28% with an infected population of 550 000. The prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis in the national survey was 0.58%. From the survey in the known Clonorchis endemic areas with a sample of 217 829, the prevalence was 2.40% by which the number of infections was estimated to be 12.49 million. The prevalence of En-terobius vermicularis infection in children under 12 years old was 10.28%. The positive rate of serological tests for hy-datid disease, cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, trichinosis, and toxoplasmosis was 12.04%(4 796/39 826), 0.58%(553/96 008), 1.71%(1 163/68 209), 3.38%(3 149/93 239)and 7.88%(3 737/47 444) respectively.
In comparison to the last national survey in 1990, the prevalence of hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections has been reduced by 60.72%, 71.29% and 73.60% respectively, and the number of infected people by soil-transmitted nematodes has declined remarkably. However, the prevalence of Clonorchis infection significantly increased in the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and Jilin by 182%, 164% and 630% respectively. A remarkable increase of the prevalence of Taenia infection was found in Sichuan and Tibet, by 98% and 97% respectively. Echinococcosis is important in the Western part of China. Many parasitic diseases are still highly prevalent in the rural and pastoral areas with higher prevalence, morbidity and certain case fatality in farmers and herdsmen, especially in women and children.
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   2004, 22 (6): 13-367.  
Abstract817)      PDF(pc) (384KB)(2401)       Save
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   1998, 16 (4): 300-303.  
Abstract876)      PDF(pc) (336KB)(2395)       Save
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SWOT Analysis of the National Survey on Current Status of Major Human Parasitic Diseases in China
ZHU Hui-hui,ZHOU Chang-hai,CHEN Ying-dan*,ZANG Wei,XIAO Ning,ZHOU Xiao-nong
  
Historical Review on the Development of Medical Parasitology in China During the Years of 1871-2006
QUFeng-yi
   2007, 25 (4): 1-273.  
Abstract1803)      PDF(pc) (592KB)(2310)       Save
【Abstract】 The present review deals with the representative research papers on human parasites and parasitic diseases in China over the past hundred years (1871-2006). As the views focused on the development of the medical parasitology,the historical background and progressive characters in the period of fermentation,origination,and expansion have been discussed. The check list of the first cases of human parasitic diseases reported in China during 1871-2006 contained 128 species of parasitic pathogens,and among them 38 species were the newly revisional records. The citation from Faust’s paper(1923) proved that previous record of “the first case of Eurytrema pancreaticum from Hongkong” was an absurdly mistake. The human infections of Diphyllobothrium latum,Toxocara canis,and Triodontophorus minor discovered by Lin(1924) from Beijing were the first records in the country. A doubtful malaria case reported from Chongqing by Hung(1944) should be revised as the first case of babesiosis in China. The above-presented examples suggest that the truthful record of parasitic pathogens is an important base for the discovery history of parasitic diseases. With comments on the research progress of human parasitic diseases in different historical stages,it seems that the trends of medical parasitology development in China have been synchronous with the research activities in the area.
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Prevalence and Control of Parasitic Zoonoses
WANG Tian-ping*
  
Gimenez Staining: A Rapid Method for Initial Identification of Legionella pneumophila in Amoeba Trophozoite
SHENJie;JIANGQing-wu;LIQing-xue;CHENHong-you;LIZi-hua
   2005, 23 (4): 13-242.  
Abstract1507)      PDF(pc) (200KB)(2040)       Save
Objective To establish a rapid staining method for facilitating initial identification of Legionella pneumophila in amoebal trophozoite. Methods Acanthamoeba polyphaga and Legionella pneumophila were co-cultured under laboratory condition. At consecutive time points during the culture, smears of the cultured products were made on glass slides for staining purposes. Different types of stainings including Gram′s staining, Gimenez staining, Giemsa staining and immunofluorescence were used to determine the best method for the identification of amoebal pathogens. Results Gimenez staining technique is simpler and yields better results as compared with the other three stainings. Gimenez stain gives the best color and contrast for amoeba and amoebal Legionella Amoeba trophozoites and/or cysts showed a distinct purplish blue with amoebal Legionella in red. Amoebal Legionella can be distinguished clearly at an earlier time of co-culture, providing a proper sensitivity. It takes only 10 minutes to finish the operation. The other techniques require the use of expensive reagents, are relatively time-consuming, and involve complex staining procedures. Conclusion Gimenez staining is of value for the initial identification of amoebal pathogens, and it is suitable for laboratory diagnosis.
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Research Advances in s48/45 Protein Family of Plasmodium falciparum
FAN Yan-ting1, 2, YOU Ping1, CHEN Jun-hu2 *
   2013, 31 (4): 15-315-318.  
Abstract764)      PDF(pc) (17163KB)(2022)       Save
The s48/45 domain is a β-sandwich fold domain, and usually includes 6-cysteines. Proteins containing s48/45 domain exist in each developmental stages of Plasmodium parasite, and play an important role in the invasion  into host cells. According to the features and functions of the protein molecule, members of the s48/45 protein family could be used as the vaccine candidates against Plasmodium falciparum in different stages. This article focuses on the research progress of P. falciparum protein family containing s48/45 domain.
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Advances in Biological Taxonomy and Classification of Human Parasites
ZHANGJin-shun
   2006, 24 (6): 15-470.  
Abstract1271)      PDF(pc) (260KB)(1925)       Save
Along with the further development of biological science and technology, the taxonomy of organisms as well as classification of parasites have been modified and improved. However the taxonomic system of parasites used in China nowadays was established 25 years ago. This paper outlined the advances of biological taxonomy and introduces the Cox′s new classification of parasites so as to promote parasitological research.
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CIRCULATING ANTIGEN DETECTION IN SCHISTOSOMIASIS JAPONICA PATIENTS BY SANDWICH ELISA USING POLYCLONAL AND MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
QIULishu;FENGZheng;ZHANGYonghong;LIHao
   2000, 18 (2): 8-93.  
Abstract1179)      PDF(pc) (124KB)(1921)       Save
 Objective] To detect circulating antigen in the patients with schistosomiasis. [Methods] Polyclonal antibody(PcAb) monoclonal antibody(McAb) sandwich ELISA. [Results] Sera from 150 patients with schistosomiasis were detected, the average sensitivity was 84.7%(72.0%~91.0%). No false positive reaction was detected in 40 normal controls and none but 2 patients(2/10) with paragonimiasis showed cross reactions among 74 cases with other parasitic infections. [Conclusion] PcAb McAb sandwich ELISA is a relatively ideal method for circulatling antigen detection.
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